Historical celebrities and cultural relics in Qufu

1. Qufu Historical Celebrities Explain in detail that among the "Three Emperors and Five Emperors" handed down from ancient history in China, four people left traces of activities in Qufu and created a developed ancient civilization.

Around 2 1 century BC, Qufu belonged to Xuzhou, one of the nine continents in the ancient Yao and Shun era. In Shang Dynasty after BC16th century, Qufu was the capital of Shang Dynasty.

BC 1066, the Western Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Shang Dynasty, and sealed his brother and kingdom to serve in Qufu, where he died and founded the country as Lu. Lu is the golden age in Qufu history, and it is the most developed city in China except Haojiang, the capital of Zhou Dynasty.

Especially in the late Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius, a famous thinker and educator, gathered in Lu to give lectures, and Lu became the national education center. Lu culture is highly developed, so people still use "Lu" as the abbreviation of Shandong Province.

In 223 BC, Qin destroyed Chu and entered Qin. In the 26th year of Qin Shihuang (22 1 year BC), China was unified and a county system was implemented. Xue Lu County originally belonged to Qufu and later to Xuzhou. In the third year of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty (BC 154), Liu Qi, Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, changed the king of Huainan to the king of Lu and made Lu County his capital.

King Lu built a large-scale, magnificent and luxurious building complex on the abandoned site of Zhou Lu Palace north of Panshui in Lunan Palace. In order to expand the area of the palace, when he demolished Confucius' former residence in Queli, he found the ancient classic bamboo slips collected by Confucius, such as Shangshu, Analects of Confucius, Book of Songs and Yili, which enabled Confucius' thoughts to spread and spread. In the fourth year of Emperor Wendi (584), Lu County was changed to "Christophe Wen", and it was changed to Lu County after the demise of Lu State. By the end of, Qufu took "Lu" as the county name, which lasted for 833 years.

In the sixteenth year of Emperor Yangdi, the county names Qufu and Qufu have been used as geographical terms for thousands of years. During the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, although Qufu was no longer the administrative center of southern Shandong, it was still valued as the hometown of Confucius, a "sage".

Through the rule of Zhenguan and the prosperity of Kaiyuan, Qufu's culture and economy have also developed unprecedentedly. In the late Tang Dynasty, only the Confucius family produced six top scholars and fourteen scholars.

Song County is the third ancient city in Qufu history after Zhou and Han Lucheng. Due to the worship of Confucianism in Song Dynasty, ministers and scholars who worshipped Huangdi, Shao Hao, Duke Zhou and Confucius came in an endless stream, and the cultural atmosphere was very mellow.

During this period, the Confucius Temple was named Dacheng Hall, and a stone instrument was built in front of Confucius' tomb. Overhaul Shao Hao's tomb, and set up a "ten thousand people worry" stone tablet.

In the second year of Song Gaozong's proposal (1 129), the Jin army invaded, which reduced the buildings, temples, temples and a large number of precious books in Yuan Xian County built in Qufu in the Northern Song Dynasty to ashes. Yuan Xian County was ruled by Jin people, and the old name of Qufu County was restored. Qufu has experienced four major changes in history.

The last time was in the middle of Ming Dynasty. In the sixth year of Zheng De (157 1), the peasant uprising army led by Liu Liu and Liu Qi, Hebei Province, "destroyed hundreds of houses in Qufu, burned down temples and ruled the county as a city".

Zhu Hou, Emperor Wuzong of the Ming Dynasty, ordered the Governor of Shandong to rebuild a new county, the existing ancient city of the Ming Dynasty, in the southwest corner of the ancient city of Lu. The local organizational system in Qufu in Qing Dynasty was similar to that in Ming Dynasty.

The emperors of Qing Dynasty made more than 10 pilgrimage to Qufu, and the literati and poets came to Qufu, leaving a hard-to-win cultural heritage.

2. Qufu historical celebrity Qufu historical celebrity [Shao Hao]-the son of the Yellow Emperor, the head of the five emperors, surnamed Zhi,No. Jin.

[Liu Xiahui]-Zhan, a native of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period, was a famous bird, the son of Lu, and the descendant of Zhan. Liu Xiahui is regarded as a model of abiding by China's traditional morality, and his "sit-in" story is widely celebrated in China. It's called "peace and holiness" Is the ancestor of Liu in China. People from Qufu, Shandong.

[Confucius]-the most holy name mound, the word Zhong Ni. He was a great thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism in ancient China. At the same time, he is proficient in Ten Wings of the Book of Changes written by Confucius. Confucius was the first person who broke through the religious attitude towards natural landscape in ancient China. I love nature more. Nature includes disasters, earthquakes, tornadoes, dinosaur extinction, etc. The natural landscape is a constant good feng shui. He put forward that "the knower enjoys water while the benevolent enjoys Leshan" (The Analects of Confucius? Yong Ye) is a famous aesthetic proposition.

[Yan Zi]-Honored as a holy name, Yan Ziyuan, a native of Qufu, Shandong.

[Lu Ban]-Lu Ban, surnamed Gong, with the same name. Also known as public loss, public loss, class loss, Lu style. Because he is from Lu, people often call him Lu Ban. Luban is the originator of wood craftsmen. The Ruban Mantra records: Fu Yi, natural landscape, town house, a house that resists all disasters, an auspicious home, and a prosperous and healthy home.

[Kong Ji]-sage Zisi, grandson of Confucius. He is the author of The Doctrine of the Mean and Zi Zisi.

Zuo Qiuming, a historian in the late Spring and Autumn Period, wrote Zuo Zhuan and Guoyu.

[Gu Liangchi] The author of the Confucian classic Gu Liangchuan in the Spring and Autumn Period was from Qufu, Shandong.

[Shen Pei] (about 2 19~ 135), named Pei, also known as Shen Peigong. The pioneer of "Lu poetics" in the Western Han Dynasty.

Guo Zi was a scholar in the Western Han Dynasty. He is the author of Biography of Ancient Literature and History, Exegesis of the Analects of Confucius, Biography of Ancient Filial Piety, and Biography of Confucius. The pioneer of China ancient school of literature and history.

Kong Rong, a writer in the Eastern Han Dynasty, is the 20th grandson of Confucius. One of the seven sons of Jian 'an. Kong Rong is good at prose.

[Jia Yingchong] At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, the famous drum calligrapher Si tui, whose name is Fu and Lian Pu, is also called Mupi individual, Mupi scattered person and Mupi.

[Kong] In the early Qing Dynasty, the playwright hired him. His name is Dongtang, his nickname is Songtang, and he was named Tingyunshan. He is the author of the outstanding historical drama Peach Blossom Fan.

Kong Jiyun (1726 ~ 179 1), a well-known calligrapher, is faithful, with the name of Gu Yuan, a lay Oracle in posthumous title. He extensively collected ancient and modern famous calligraphy, deliberately identified it, copied it first, then painted it, and then carved it into 584 large and small stone tablets, named "Jade Rainbow Tower Fa Tie Carved Stone". Its rubbings are loaded into 10 1 volume, so it is also called "10/post". Existing Confucius Temple.

Gui Fu (1736 ~ 1805), a famous calligrapher and exegetist, was named Dong Hui, alias Laotai and Ziyun Xiantang. At that time, some aristocratic families rushed to collect his calligraphy and painting. At that time, there was a saying that "there is no family without laurel".

[Kong Fu] (1925-1997), the pioneer of modern landscape poetry, was originally named Kong Linghuan. 1 April, 9251Born in Qufu, Shandong. 1947 graduated from the Department of History and Geography of Shandong Normal University. From 65438 to 0949, he joined the revolutionary work, served as the literary editor of Popular Daily, and was an associate professor in the Chinese Department of Shandong Normal University. Published works 65438 to 0950. 1986 retired. Join the Chinese Writers Association. 1997 died on April 27th. He is the author of a collection of poems, Clear Sounds of Mountains and Rivers, Selected Poems of Kong Fu Shui Shu and Yuanmen Temple. "Beautiful Scenery" won the first prize of the first Taishan Literary Creation Award, "Kong Fu Scenery? Emei won the first prize of Shandong Excellent Book Award in 199 1 year, and the first prize of excellent books in cities with separate national plans in 199 1 year. His short poems are fresh, profound and ethereal, and are loved by many readers. I felt a little lonely before I died. * * * More than 300 poems, more than 30 poems and 6 books have been published, but the total print run is less than 20,000 copies, and the one with the least print run is only 23 1 copy. Mr Kong Fu is an anachronistic poet. He devoted himself to culture in an era of cultural devaluation and chose poetry in an era without poetry. He is in a world full of gold and jade. .

3. Qufu historical celebrity Qufu historical celebrity [Shao Hao]-the son of the Yellow Emperor, the head of the five emperors, surnamed Zhi,No. Jin.

[Liu Xiahui]-Zhan, a native of Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period, was a famous bird, the son of Lu, and the descendant of Zhan. Liu Xiahui is regarded as a model of abiding by China's traditional morality, and his "sit-in" story is widely celebrated in China.

It's called "peace and holiness" Is the ancestor of Liu in China.

People from Qufu, Shandong. [Confucius]-the most holy name mound, the word Zhong Ni.

He was a great thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism in ancient China. At the same time, he is proficient in Ten Wings of the Book of Changes written by Confucius. Confucius was the first person who broke through the religious attitude towards natural landscape in ancient China. I love nature more. Nature includes disasters, earthquakes, tornadoes, dinosaur extinction, etc. The natural landscape is a constant good feng shui. He put forward that "the knower enjoys water while the benevolent enjoys Leshan" (The Analects of Confucius? Yong Ye) is a famous aesthetic proposition. [Yan Zi]-Honored as a holy name, Yan Ziyuan, a native of Qufu, Shandong.

[Lu Ban]-Lu Ban, surnamed Gong, with the same name. Also known as public loss, public loss, class loss, Lu style.

Because he is from Lu, people often call him Lu Ban. Luban is the originator of wood craftsmen. The Ruban Mantra records: Fu Yi, natural landscape, town house, a house that resists all disasters, an auspicious home, and a prosperous and healthy home.

[Kong Ji]-sage Zisi, grandson of Confucius. He is the author of The Doctrine of the Mean and Zi Zisi.

Zuo Qiuming, a historian in the late Spring and Autumn Period, wrote Zuo Zhuan and Guoyu. [Gu Liangchi] The author of the Confucian classic Gu Liangchuan in the Spring and Autumn Period is from Qufu, Shandong.

[Shen Pei] (about 2 19~ 135), named Pei, also known as Shen Peigong. The pioneer of "Lu poetics" in the Western Han Dynasty.

Guo Zi was a scholar in the Western Han Dynasty. He is the author of Biography of Ancient Literature and History, Exegesis of the Analects of Confucius, Biography of Ancient Filial Piety, and Biography of Confucius.

The pioneer of China ancient school of literature and history. Kong Rong, a writer in the Eastern Han Dynasty, is the 20th grandson of Confucius.

One of the seven sons of Jian 'an. Kong Rong is good at prose.

[Jia Yingchong] At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, the famous drum calligrapher Si tui, whose name is Fu and Lian Pu, is also called Mupi individual, Mupi scattered person and Mupi. [Kong] In the early Qing Dynasty, the playwright hired him. His name is Dongtang, his nickname is Songtang, and he was named Tingyunshan.

He is the author of the outstanding historical drama Peach Blossom Fan. Kong Jiyun (1726 ~ 179 1), a well-known calligrapher, is faithful, with the name of Gu Yuan, a lay Oracle in posthumous title.

He extensively collected ancient and modern famous calligraphy, deliberately identified it, copied it first, then painted it, and then carved it into 584 large and small stone tablets, named "Jade Rainbow Tower Fa Tie Carved Stone". Its rubbings are loaded into 10 1 volume, so it is also called "10/post".

Existing Confucius Temple. Gui Fu (1736 ~ 1805), a famous calligrapher and exegetist, was named Dong Hui, alias Laotai and Ziyun Xiantang.

At that time, some aristocratic families rushed to collect his calligraphy and painting. At that time, there was a saying that "there is no family without laurel".

[Kong Fu] (1925-1997), the pioneer of modern landscape poetry, was originally named Kong Linghuan. 1 April, 9251Born in Qufu, Shandong.

1947 graduated from the Department of History and Geography of Shandong Normal University. From 65438 to 0949, he joined the revolutionary work, served as the literary editor of Popular Daily, and was an associate professor in the Chinese Department of Shandong Normal University.

Published works 65438 to 0950. 1986 retired.

Join the Chinese Writers Association. 1997 died on April 27th.

He is the author of a collection of poems, Clear Sounds of Mountains and Rivers, Selected Poems of Kong Fu Shui Shu and Yuanmen Temple. "Beautiful Scenery" won the first prize of the first Taishan Literary Creation Award, "Kong Fu Scenery? Emei won the first prize of Shandong Excellent Book Award in 199 1 year, and the first prize of excellent books in cities with separate national plans in 199 1 year.

His short poems are fresh, profound and ethereal, and are loved by many readers. I felt a little lonely before I died.

* * * More than 300 poems, more than 30 poems and 6 books have been published, but the total print run is less than 20,000 copies, and the least print run is only 23 1 copy. "Mr. Kong Fu is an untimely poet", "He devoted himself to culture in an era of cultural devaluation and chose poetry in an era without poetry. He is in a world full of gold and jade. .

4. Historical sites and cultural sites in Qufu

There are 1 12 key cultural relics protection units in Qufu, including 4 national key cultural relics protection units and 2 provincial 12. Known as the treasure house of calligraphy art in China, Confucius Temple, the "best in the world" Confucius House, is the largest family cemetery in the world, and has been listed as a world historical and cultural heritage. In addition, there are Shouqiu, the birthplace of the Yellow Emperor, Shao Hao's Tomb, China's Pyramid, Houshengyan Temple, Sheng Yuan Zhougong Temple, Nishan Ancient Architecture Complex, Jiulong Mountain han group and so on. It is also famous. The newly-built Confucius Six Arts City, the Analects of Confucius Monument and the Confucius Boutique Garden have also become the envy and yearning tourist attractions of the world. When you travel to Qufu, the special imprint of the ancient city that can be put into your backpack is the three treasures of Qufu: stele, Kai Diao and Nishan inkstone.

The main tourism activity held in Qufu every year is China Qufu International Confucius Culture Festival, which runs from September 26th to June 5438+00 every year.

But if you come, don't trust the tricycle driver. He will send you to Liu Yi to cheat you.

Huangdi, a celebrity in Qufu, was born in Qufu.

The fathers of Confucius were Shao Hao, Shu Lianggan, Confucius, Mencius, Yan Zi and Ceng Zi, as well as economists Kong Anguo and Kong Guangsen, writers Kong Rong and Kong Renshang, and painters Kong Jiyun and Gui Fu.

2 Yan Hui

And Liu.

4 Kong Ji

5 Luban

6 Monk

7 punch holes

8 Kong Qian

Jiudong carp

10 Kong Anguo

1 1 kumba

12 Kong Zhou

13 hole mark

14 control and protection

15 Kong Rong

16 Wei Xuancheng

17 control tool

18 hole reservoir

19 hole light

20 hole furniture

2 1 container

22 Kong Lin

23 Kong Huan

24 Confucius method

25 Kong Shaoan

26-hole Ying Da

27 Yan Shigu

28 Yan Zhenqing

6. The historical celebrities, places of interest and historical stories in Jining are outstanding. In the long historical years, many politicians, thinkers, writers, scientists and military strategists have emerged, and countless national heroes, people with lofty ideals and craftsmen have emerged. They have made outstanding contributions to the development of Jining and left a glorious page in the long history of China.

1, Huangdi Huangdi, surnamed Ji,No. Xuanyuan, was the leader of the tribal alliance at the end of primitive society in China and was honored as the ancestor of the Chinese nation. According to historical records, the Yellow Emperor was born in Shouqiu, 3 kilometers northeast of Qufu ancient city.

There are many legends about the Yellow Emperor. Like other figures in the legendary period of ancient history, he was infected with many myths by later generations. When the Yellow Emperor was in power, he was in the "heroic age" when tribal alliances invaded each other in Chinese history. With amazing perseverance and magical wisdom, he defeated Emperor Yan, Chiyou and Xingtian successively, and restored the peaceful era of unification.

After the world was at peace, the Yellow Emperor and his men made many inventions. For example, Lei Zu, the wife of the Yellow Emperor, taught people how to raise silkworms, make silkworms and weave silks. Minister Cang Xie created words; Minister Li Shou invented numbers and arithmetic and made various weights and measures to weigh all kinds of things, which is what we are familiar with.

According to legend, Huangdi Neijing is an ancient medical book that records the discussion between Huangdi and Qi Bo doctors. The Yellow Emperor also asked his courtiers to draw heavenly stems and earthly branches for counting time and marking years.

In addition, almost all clothes crowns, palace boats, yams, mirrors and drums, and daily utensils were invented during the period of the Yellow Emperor. Because the martial arts of the Yellow Emperor played a decisive role in China's culture and unity, all ethnic groups in China today regard the Yellow Emperor as the ancestor of mankind and regard themselves as descendants of the Chinese people.

2. Confucius Confucius (55 BC1-479), whose real name was Zhong Ni, was born in Changping Township (now near Nishan Township in the southeast of Qufu City) at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. He was a great educator, thinker and founder of Confucianism in ancient China. Confucius was in an era of war in which "rites and music conquered the princes". His family is poor and his father is young.

However, he "learned with ambition in the 15th Five-Year Plan", was diligent and enterprising, and was proficient in etiquette, music, shooting, imperial examination, calligraphy, mathematics and six arts. When he was young, he had great political ambitions and clear administrative goals. He advocated the restoration of comity. During the prosperity of slavery in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, he thought that "the benevolent loves others" and "don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you". Although he wanted to make great achievements and achieve his lofty political goals, although he also served as a scout and had some brilliant times, some of his political ideas could not be adopted by the authorities and his career was always unsatisfactory.

Confucius' outstanding achievement is in education. He broke the monopoly of slave owners and nobles on culture and education. He started a private school, recruited disciples regardless of their status, and publicly put forward the slogan of "teaching without distinction", so that people from all walks of life could have the opportunity to receive education as much as possible. In teaching, he teaches students in accordance with their aptitude and attaches great importance to the dialectical relationship between learning and thinking, learning and review.

He trained more than 3000 students and 72 outstanding people, and was called 72 sages by later generations. It is precisely because of the extensive development of Confucius' disciples that Confucius' thoughts and personality not only influenced this world, but also spread to later generations.

Moreover, these disciples have made unremitting efforts to inherit and spread Confucius' theory in the spirit of "people can spread Taoism", and have also made themselves an indispensable part of early Confucianism and even the whole history of Confucianism. Another great achievement of Confucius is that in his later years, he did a lot of sorting and editing work on ancient cultural classics. He edited The Book of Songs and Shangshu, and also compiled China's first chronological history book Chunqiu according to Lu's history.

His main words and deeds are included in the Analects edited by his disciples or re-disciples. 3. Mencius Mencius (372- 298 BC) was a famous thinker, politician and educator from Zou State (now Xiafu Village, Maanshan, southeast of Zoucheng City) during the Warring States Period.

Mencius lost his father in his early years and his family was poor. However, he got a good education from his mother. According to legend, when Mencius was a child, because the surrounding environment was not conducive to study, Mencius' mother moved three times, and finally chose the vicinity of the school to let Mencius study with peace of mind.

"Meng Mu's godson" is an eternal story. Mencius is a disciple of Confucius' grandson Zisi. He studied hard and worshipped Confucius very much. He regards inheriting Confucius' career as his greatest wish, and at the same time carries forward Confucius' thoughts and theories.

"Benevolence" is the core of Confucianism, and Mencius pays more attention to benevolence and people's right to exist. Mencius believed that the power of the people should not be underestimated, and put forward the view that "the people are the most important, the country is the second, and the monarch is the least", and advocated tax reduction and benevolent government.

In order to publicize his political opinions, he has been engaged in private lectures for a long time and traveled around the world with his disciples. Because Mencius made outstanding contributions to the development of Confucianism, he was praised by later generations as "connecting the past with the future" and "making the past serve the present", and was finally named "Ya Sheng".

Mencius' words and deeds are mainly included in the book Mencius edited by his disciples. 4. Wang Shuhe Wang Shuhe (20 1-280) was born in Gaoping (now Zoucheng).

A famous physician in Wei and Jin Dynasties, the founder of pulse science. During the Cao Wei period of the Three Kingdoms, Wang Shuhe was appointed as a physician, presided over the internal medical affairs of North Korea and directly treated the emperor.

After he was appointed as a doctor too much, he devoted himself to the collation of medical classics. He sorted out, edited and supplemented Zhang Zhongjing's manuscript of Treatise on Febrile Diseases, eliminated the weeds and preserved the essence, and added three contents: pulse-arguing, pulse-calming and typhoid cases, which were analyzed into two books: Treatise on Febrile Diseases and synopsis of the Golden Chamber. Wang Shuhe is the founder of pulse science. The Pulse Classic written by him is the first monograph on pulse science in the medical history of China. Book 10 volume, 65438+ 10,000 words. It absorbed the pulse diagnosis theories and theories of Chunyu Kun, Zhang Zhongjing and other predecessors, as well as its long-term clinical experience, and made a systematic and comprehensive exposition of pulse science for the first time, laying the foundation for pulse science.

He also wrote pulse tactics, pulse symbols and Zhang Zhongjing's prescription. 5. Kong Kong Shangren Ren Shang (1648- 17 18), a famous dramatist, was employed by Dong Tang, the 64th grandson of Confucius.

Kong is studious, knowledgeable and talented. It used to be an important task of Kangxi.

7. The history and culture of Qufu ancient city Lu. The ancient city of Lu is located in the east and north of Qufu City, Shandong Province.

The eldest son was sealed in Lu, and the capital was built here. In the twenty-fourth year of Lu Qinggong (249 BC), Lu died in Chu, which lasted more than 900 years. It is one of the longest used capitals in the Zhou Dynasty.

In the third year of Emperor Jing of the Western Han Dynasty (BC 154), he was established as the King of Lu and made Lu his capital. The Eastern Han Dynasty was the capital of Liujiang, the king of the East China Sea, until the end of the Han Dynasty.

During his stay in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Japanese made investigations and excavations. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Shandong Provincial Bureau of Cultural Relics conducted many investigations.

1958 drilling trial excavation site of Shandong cultural relics cadre training class. From 1977 to 1978, the Shandong Provincial Museum made a detailed investigation and excavation.

196 1 People's Republic of China (PRC) * * * and the State Council were announced as national key cultural relics protection units. Lucheng is divided into outer city and inner city.

The outer city plane is an irregular rounded rectangle with a maximum strength of 3 from east to west. 7 kilometers, the widest point from north to south is 2.

7 kilometers, perimeter 1 1. 5 kilometers.

There is a moat about 30 meters wide around. The existing city walls extend from the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the Western Han Dynasty. After many times of construction and repair, the highest surviving point is about 10 meter. * * * City Gate 1 1 Block, with three gates in the east, west and north, and two gates in the south, with a width of 7 ~15m.

There is a clip pier on the outer side of the two doors in the south, which should be the pheasant gate and its two views recorded in Zuo Zhuan. The inner city is located in the north of the middle of the whole city, with a nearly square plane, about 550 meters wide from east to west and 500 meters long from north to south. The width of the remaining underground walls on the east, west and north sides is about 10 meter.

There are dense large-scale building bases in the city, which were confirmed by trial excavation as Miyagi in Wang Lu from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Western Han Dynasty. Five east-west passages and five north-south passages have been excavated in the city, all of which are connected with the city gate and important sites.

There is a road about 1 5m wide in the south of Gongcheng, which leads to Nanqiang East Gate and points to1in the south of Gongcheng. More than 5 kilometers of solid foundation.

Miyagi, South East Gate and "Dance Yuntai" are in a straight line. There are three symmetrical building bases on both sides of the northern section of the road, forming the central axis composed of the most important buildings in Lucheng.

This is similar to the capital planning recorded in Li Zhoukao Gong Ji Craftsman, but different from other capitals in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, which may reflect the design concept of the capital in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The sites in the early Western Zhou Dynasty were mostly distributed in the northwest of the big city, and extended to the northeast in the late Western Zhou Dynasty.

The ruins of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty are all over the city. Among them, there are pottery and copper smelting sites of the Western Zhou Dynasty in the west and north, pottery workshops of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in the west, ironmaking sites of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in the north and east of the west, and bone-making sites of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in the northwest.

There are six cemeteries in the west of the Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou Tombs. Since 1977, more than 200 caves have been excavated.

Tombs can be divided into two groups: A and B. Group A tombs are almost all small pottery tombs, while Group B tombs include small pottery tombs and large and medium-sized bronze tombs.

Large tombs of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, covering an area of 200 square meters. The bronze combination and shape of the Western Zhou and Spring and Autumn Tombs are consistent with those of the Central Plains.

Some people think that group B tombs are Zhou tombs, while group A tombs are indigenous tombs. The pottery unearthed from these two groups of tombs and sites shows that Lu culture is a fusion of Zhou Culture and Shandong Shang Culture.

The unearthed cultural relics are mainly pottery. The shapes of utensils mainly include retort, retort, basin, bean, jar, urn, bowl, altar, dish, tripod, pot, washing and folding dish.

In the Spring and Autumn Period, plates, covered beans, pots and kettles appeared. During the Warring States period, washing dishes and overlapping dishes appeared. In the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period, pottery was generally decorated with rope patterns, and concave chord patterns were popular, while dark patterns appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period.

In the Warring States period, the rope pattern gradually declined, and the dark pattern and tile pattern spread. In addition, a small number of pipe tiles and slab tiles in the Western Zhou Dynasty and a large number of tiles in the Eastern Zhou and Han Dynasties were also found.

In the Han dynasty, most tiles were tiles with cirrus patterns. .

8. Qufu has a history of thousands of years. Qufu is located in the southwest of Shandong Province, at the junction of Luxi Plain and Luzhong Mountain Range, with Taidai in the north, Bo in the south, Yimeng Mountain in the east and Qianqu in the west.

Its history can be traced back to ancient times. According to ancient history, Emperor Yan Shennong moved to Qufu. Xuanyuan Huangdi was born in Qufu; Qufu, the capital of Shao Hao; What does Shun do for Shouqiu? Four of the most influential three emperors and five emperors in ancient China left traces of activities in Qufu, and three established their capitals here.

After human beings entered the civilized era, Qufu was a democratically elected country of Shang Dynasty, and was once the capital of Shang Dynasty, Lu State of Zhou Dynasty, Lu State of Han Dynasty and East China Sea Kingdom. After the Han Dynasty, although Qufu was only a county town, as the hometown of Confucius, it became a sacred place in people's hearts.

Qufu is an important town of ancient culture in China. In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Duke of Zhou sealed Lu, and he sealed Lu because he assisted the emperor, bringing a large number of cultural rites and music classics and forming a Lu culture that integrated foreign cultures and Xia, Shang and Zhou cultures. After the death of Duke Zhou, in order to praise Duke Zhou's achievements, Lu was chartered to build an ancestral temple in the suburbs and use the emperor's rites and music. Qufu has become the most culturally developed city except the capital Haojiang.

Even in the Spring and Autumn Period, when the rites and music collapsed, Lu still preserved a rich cultural heritage. Especially at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius started the wind of giving lectures in private schools, with 3,000 disciples and 70 sages. He trained a large number of talents with excellent academic performance and both ability and political integrity. He deleted poems and books, ordered gifts to supplement music, praised Zhouyi and compiled Chunqiu, which gathered the achievements of three generations of culture and founded the Confucian theory of respecting benevolence and courtesy.

Influenced by Confucianism, Qufu has always attached importance to learning, developed academically, and produced a large number of talents. Famous thinkers Yan Zi, (Zisi) and Mencius, famous writers Kong Rong and Confucius, and famous Confucian classics Kong Anguo, Kong Guangsen and Gui Fu can be described as a collection of humanities.

Qufu has a long history and developed culture, leaving a splendid cultural heritage. There are 300 cultural relics in 895 square kilometers of land, of which 6 are listed as national key cultural relics protection units, 1 1 is listed as key cultural relics protection units in Shandong Province, and 1994, Confucius Temple, Confucius House and Konglin are also listed as world cultural heritages.

At present, there are more than 300 ancient buildings 1300 in the collection of Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, more than 5,000 inscriptions in the past dynasties since the Western Han Dynasty, more than 700 ancient and famous trees 1700, more than 0,000 cultural relics1000, and more than 60,000 documents and files of Confucius, Ming and Qing dynasties, all of which have extremely high historical and cultural value.

Today, Qufu is also famous for its long history, developed culture, rich underground cultural relics and magnificent ancient buildings on the ground. 1982, Qufu was named as the first batch of famous historical and cultural cities in China; 199 1 year was rated as one of the top 40 tourist attractions in China. 1998, Qufu was rated as the first batch of excellent tourist cities in China; In 2000, Confucius Temple, Confucius House and Konglin were rated as the first batch of national AAAA-level tourist attractions.

After decades of development, Qufu's tourism industry has made remarkable achievements and become a tourist destination for Chinese and foreign tourists. All kinds of tourism service institutions and facilities are complete, and catering, accommodation and entertainment facilities are also improving day by day. Developed transportation and convenient communication. There are 104 National Highway, 327 National Highway, Jingfu Expressway and Ridong Expressway running through the city, which is 0/5km away from Yanzhou Railway Station/KLOC-0, the railway transportation hub in the west and Jinan Yao Qiang Airport in the north.