European artistic style?

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Kaitian (founded in 2006) answers your questions.

The five major artistic styles in Europe are Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque and Rococo.

Romanesque artistic style: Romanesque architecture, Romanesque gardens and Romanesque painting styles are all11~13rd century European artistic styles, mainly covering the whole western Europe and most parts of central Europe. It is mainly manifested in major works of art such as architecture and painting, among which there are differences due to different regions. In architecture, the most typical example is the Crusade of Romanesque church architecture since A.D. 1096, which led to the religious upsurge in Europe, and feudal lords were fascinated by religion. They tried their best to build spectacular churches and monasteries for their territory, which were called "Roman Noeske" or Romanesque in architectural history. Other plastic arts in this period, such as sculpture and painting, all became inseparable decorative parts of the church, so they are collectively called "Romanesque" in the history of art. Romanesque architecture is huge and complex in appearance, but simple and generous in decoration. The most special thing is the roof of the building. The design of Romanesque architecture is mainly vault, and the arc structure of stone covers the space. Have you read the Da Vinci Code? The keystone mentioned in it is the most important and last one to build a vault. Speaking of Romanesque architecture, I have to mention sculpture. Church sculpture is also typical, which is the crowning touch in church architecture. In medieval Europe, people thought that art should not exist independently, and every art could be created by architecture in its own way. Under this concept. Sculpture and painting are subordinate to architecture. Under the influence of Romanesque style, sculptors often use apricot structure to create compact, complex and colorful works. Different countries have different styles. Germany is very infectious; The sanctity of Italy; Spanish is simple. . At that time, the painting style mostly used symbolic techniques to express activities or environments, and paid little attention to real expression. But more is the performance of the characters, using exaggeration, deformation and other composition, emphasizing the overall effect and highlighting the details.

The origin and development of Gothic art style are different from 1 1 century and12nd century. Due to the rise of the new social class-the middle class, they are no longer used by the nobility. Become a free trader and craftsman. With the restriction of kingship, commerce and towns began to develop. In fact, in the Middle Ages, religious rule could almost counterbalance the royal power. Those clergy had a great influence on the architectural style, and they became the protagonists in the city. Religious assets are also very rich, and bishops and bourgeoisie invest in building more magnificent new churches. Every structural element in the Gothic church is towering and tapering. Like a sword pointing to the sky, like a roof leading to heaven. Try to get close to God, which is what Gothic architecture tries to do. The most famous is Notre Dame de Paris. Another obvious feature of Gothic church architecture is that it has no solid walls, but pursues a thin and vertical style with sculpture decoration. Sculpture is no longer submission and architecture. Compared with the sculpture in Romanesque architecture mentioned above, its status has been raised to a very high level, and the fineness of creation is amazing. In the era when Gothic art prevailed, church murals were almost invisible at that time, because there were no solid walls for painting. However, folk secular murals still exist, and the content is mostly knight and court stories. Gothic painting shows a beautiful and harmonious world without pain and suffering. Obviously, this is impossible. Therefore, Gothic painting has been criticized as a painting style divorced from reality. In fact, some secondary art developed greatly at that time, such as glass paintings and tapestries.

Renaissance art style originated in Florence, Italy at the beginning of15th century, and it is also one of the most obvious artistic styles that have influenced modern art style. Although the architecture of this period is not brilliant in painting, it can be said that it has achieved great success, and the bold application of "perspective method" came into being during this period. That is, the integration of art and practical engineering should be regarded as "design". With the emergence of this concept, artists who used to be called "craftsmen" have become intellectuals, perhaps the ancestors of "designers". The three great men, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael, have left many precious legacies for the world art festival, science and literature.

Baroque artistic style Baroque originally meant ugly pearl, meaning grotesque and twisted works of art .. Now we define romance, pleasure and change. From the whole period of 17 to the middle of18th century, baroque art swept Europe, and some even spread to Latin America. It is characterized by free appearance, dynamic pursuit, rich decoration and sculpture, strong color, and often interspersed with curved surfaces and oval spaces. At that time, in modern times dominated by religious thought, its appearance really violated the aesthetic law recognized by the church, so it was despised by the mainstream society. Baroque emphasizes instinct, pursues sensory stimulation, likes fantasy, and aims to seduce people's consciousness. Therefore, it is called the artistic tool of the "Catholic Church". In fact, the Catholic church tried to attract pagans back to God. Therefore, it must be able to show its solemn and majestic style and arouse the confidence of believers. There are two kinds of sculpture art in Baroque period: one is used to decorate or supplement buildings, and the other is truly independent sculpture. Gian Lorenzo Bernini was an outstanding master of baroque design sculpture in this period. St Peter's Square in Vatican comes from his baroque painting style. In order to achieve a special effect, several artistic styles are usually used at the same time, and artists can design different styles from top to bottom according to different perspectives. This style continued until the Rococo period after the Baroque art period in the middle of18th century, and inherited the perspective method of the Renaissance, and directly applied it to the ceiling of the church, creating magnificent works. Rembrandt van Ginri was also a master painter in this period, and Peter da Hotchway and Jan Vermeer Michelangelo also created baroque works. /kloc-in the 0 th and 7 th centuries, religion warned people that life is a fragile substance, but it is actually just a passing cloud. This concentrated expression is that everything in the sermon of the Bible is empty. Light and death must be the main axis of moral thought in17th century. European artistic styles are not just these four categories. Various cultures have created rich and colorful art forms in society for future generations to ponder. The diversified development of the world, the more national, the more cosmopolitan. Therefore, it is inexhaustible wealth to cherish every cultural custom left by our ancestors.

Rococo Art Style Rococo Art Style originated in France in the18th century. "Rococo" is a compound word of "rock" in French, which means that this style is characterized by rock and clam shell decoration. It is a gorgeous, exquisite and complicated artistic style, which combines Baroque style and China's decorative interest, and uses many S lines. Madame de Pompadour (172 1 ~ 1764) is the founder of rococo art style. She not only participated in military diplomatic affairs, but also influenced the artistic style at that time as a cultural "protector". Madame de Pompadour, whose original name was Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, was born in a family of financial speculators in Paris, and later became the mistress of Louis XV, and was named Marquise. Under the advocacy of Madame de Pompadour, the rococo artistic style came into being, which made the sculpture style with prosperous weather in the17th century shine under the sun king, and was touched by this lady with a delicate hand in the18th century, which was particularly charming. /kloc-In the 0/8th century, French art was dominated by rococo style, and it has become the center of modern European civilization, which spread this magnificent trend beyond national boundaries and even to the Yuanmingyuan in China. Rococo style is a kind of court art, which was produced by some factors that did not strictly follow the French classical laws at that time, and was not the inevitable result of Italian Baroque style. It follows the theory of "learning from nature". People are talking about "learning from nature", but from a modern point of view, their so-called learning from nature only makes nature obey the whim of society, and this society is not fully prepared, so that people can truly feel that they live in nature, full of mystery and preparations for letting life slip by. At this time, artists were obedient to the nobility, and at the same time, the nobility asked them to do whatever they wanted. This invention of the French made the church center really turn to the salon center. At this time, the salon is different from the past. All kinds of art exhibitions are called "salons". Painters, sculptors, woodcarvers, copperprinters, jewelers, goldsmiths, joiners, hairdressers, tailors and shoemakers all long for rococo, a beautiful flower that blooms on the basis of exquisite and elegant culture. In every corner, around talkative men and lovely women, from wooden products, crystal utensils, cakes, marble and carpets to display cabinets and tableware inside, from carriages to sedan chairs, from front halls to bedrooms, Rococo style is everywhere. This is the art of high society, which abuses and sucks the attention of artists and distracts them with stolen love and transplanted flowers. Although this climbing structure radiates brilliant brilliance, it is imprisoned around elegant culture and gradually alienated from its natural source. Regrettably, this winding curve limits the freedom of decorators to achieve all-round development in space and always leads them to the track of social activities and services that people can't get rid of. This decorative art came out to meet this need, and it became a prisoner of princes and nobles. The soul figure of Rococo art is Francois Boucher, a master painter. He painted idyllic love fairy tales on the ceiling, screen, handlebar, door, jewelry box and porcelain, which can be said to be everywhere. Boucher is amiable, generous and pleasure-oriented, and is deeply loved by men and women. He kept communicating with his own times, asking what individuals and this era should do to love these men and women and gain their love. Therefore, he was awarded the title of "Royal Chief Painter". The highest achievement of Rococo sculpture is represented by two artists who are appreciated by Madame de Pompadour: Pigal and falcone. Jean-Batistpigal (1714 ~1785) visited Italy in order to win the Rome Prize, a competition prize set up by Wang Painting and Sculpture Academy to provide excellent students with further studies at the French Academy in Rome. After his failure, he went at his own expense, showing his yearning for Italian art. When he returned to Paris in 174 1, he won the honor of becoming an academician of the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture. The marble statue completed with this manuscript, together with his other work "Venas", was given as a gift by Louis XV to King Frederick II of Prussia. He has worked for Madame de Pompadour for ten years, and the image of Madame de Pompadour, who is based on her, dressed as the God of Friendship and Cupid embracing the God of Friendship is wonderful. He made this art protector noble, kind, intelligent and charming. What distinguishes him from other sculptors of his time is that he also pursues other artistic styles, such as "Pulling out the Thorn Girl", which he completed before his death, following the ancient Greek style and drawing a full stop for his life's creation. This aspect of him has been developed in the art of his student Wu Dong. Pierre's rival Etienne-Maurice falcone (1716 ~1791) also came from Jean-batiste Le and lost the Rome Prize. But he stayed in France instead of making a pilgrimage to Italy. He eventually became the most outstanding and typical representative of Rococo sculpture. He was ordered by Madame de Pompadour to lead the famous Sevry Ceramics Factory, and was commissioned by Russian Queen Catherine II to create the "Riding Statue of Peter the Great". Falcone's aura and delicacy are unparalleled, and he pushed the elegant and feminine style of French sculpture to the extreme. The young women he carved are petite, graceful, romantic and charming, which fully embodies the French character. Besides, they are no longer the goddesses of Giladon. Although they are beautiful, they are not allowed to be touched by mortals, but they are inviting people to love with their jade and fragrant youthful bodies. Falcone's works are not only vivid in modeling, but also rich and delicate in characters' modality. Madame de Pompadour's time made him. Rococo style is a kind of court art, which originated from the needs of the upper class. Most craftsmen who make such works of art have nothing to do with it in their personal lives. For example, the porcelain of the Royal Sevry Porcelain Factory is used for social occasions in this country, just as the British royal family uses them to welcome visiting foreign heads of state at state banquets today. Rococo decorative style itself has become a major feature of this feast. Severie porcelain was designed by artists such as falcone and Boucher sent by the king. The craftsman who made it has no money and can't use it in daily family life. Only fashionable and fickle nobles can use it. This unique manufacturing and consumption cycle has contributed to the trend of aristocratic comparison and the extreme luxury of design. 18th century is the golden age of carriage. All dignitaries have carriages representing their own power and rank, competing with each other and competing for beauty. The specific performance is: with the best wood as the skeleton, the carriage is strangely shaped, mostly curved and mostly plants, interspersed with some decorative paintings with beautiful fairy tale colors, and the colors are often mainly red and yellow, and then unified with gold, so as to obtain a gorgeous atmosphere at an expensive cost. This fully shows the aesthetic taste of the nobility, and at the same time, we are amazed that craftsmen have created such exquisite works with their own wisdom and hands. Looking at the rococo art in the18th century from a modern perspective, it should be said that Madame de Pompadour is the representative and organizer of those who like luxury styles, and has the characteristics of "popular support". So it was not until Rococo-style works appeared that the fashion of "* * *" was aroused among the nobles. It can also be said that the nobles advocated gorgeous atmosphere and induced rococo art. At that time, men and women in the upper class were enthusiastic and personally participated in craft activities, so that some of these behaviors reached the point of being ridiculed and absurd. In the16th century, when King Charles IX of the declining king of valois promised to give the Spanish king a gun made by himself, the Spanish ambassador was greatly surprised. /kloc-in the 0 th and 8 th centuries, Louis XVI's wife Mary complained all day that her husband was immersed in his workshop and didn't even have time to take care of his wife. Louis XVI devoted himself to studying the mystery of clocks and locks in his workshop. In these two cases, we seem to catch a glimpse of those tragic figures, and their roles are incompatible. These people found a paradise of self-comfort in manual labor. But this is an ominous sign for the emperor who doesn't care about state affairs. The whimsical and changeable Rococo style, which was all the rage, ended with the death of Madame de Pompadour and was replaced by the neoclassicism advocated by another mistress of Louis XV, Madame Dubali. However, the glory of Rococo style has its own vitality beyond the times, and modern people all recognize it as a prelude to the Art Nouveau movement in the19th century. And those surviving artworks are still shining, telling people the fashion of that era and stories that people don't know.