What are the characteristics of blue and white in folk kilns in the early Ming Dynasty?

(1) Blue and white moire bowl, blue and white Fu Ziwen bowl. The quality of kiln porcelain in this period is very poor and very rough, but the brush of this kind of freehand brushwork porcelain painting is simple and unique, such as high stone drawings and patterns, and cursive characters such as "Fu" and "Shou".

(2) Green materials. They are all made in China, with dark hair color and a few are brown.

(3) ornamentation. Only draw the upper part of the outer wall of the bowl, and see more clouds, and the brushwork is more points; The inner wall of the bowl is generally decorated around the mouth edge and painted at the bottom. Decorative patterns include bluegrass, peony, chrysanthemum, lotus, aquatic plants, butterflies, snails, bears, fish, pine and bamboo, mountains and rivers, high soil, receptacle "Fu", cursive script, longevity and so on.

(4) fetal glaze. The tire color is beige, individual beige, rough, porcelain degree is not strong, and there are often unburned pores, which are caused by poor temperature palm pumping. Glaze has a strong blue flavor, including egg white glaze, blue-white glaze, gray-blue glaze and ground glaze, which is one of the reasons why blue-and-white hair color is gloomy. The glaze is thick and turbid, and the glaze is loose.

(5) Modeling and manufacturing technology. More common are pier bowls and folding plates. The ring foot is cut flat, there are milk spots at the bottom, there is sand sticking phenomenon, there are many traces of knife jumping and blank rotation, and the production is rough. Some bowls have unsmooth rings, and black characters are found on the unsmooth rings. If cobalt is not glazed, it will turn black after firing. It can be seen from the astringent ring that there was a process of overlapping bowls burning at that time. See petal-shaped model, Tai Chi model.

2. Yongle and Xuande (1403— 1435)

(1) The typical vessel is a blue and white Shou Ziwen bowl, and the Nanjing Museum has a large jar with immortals offering sacrifices to heaven.

(2) Green materials and decorative patterns. They are all made in China, with dark hair color and small iron rust spots, but not as big and deep as the official kiln. The pattern layout is the same as that of the official kiln. The painting is more three-dimensional The dragon pattern and Tibetan language of the official kiln can't be seen in the pattern. In addition to all kinds of broken branches and tangled flowers common in official kilns, all kinds of noble pictures are very common. When you draw them in the heart of a bowl, you can draw characters in a few strokes, which is very concise. There are often large clouds in the picture, which is called "Yuntang Hand" in Japan. The full moon pattern of rhinoceros is often painted in a week, which brings out the best in each other. Plum blossoms with plum blossom patterns on the moon are hollow plum blossoms. Clouds painted on the outer wall of the bowl are also common in Yongle Bowl, but unlike Hongwu, when only the upper part was painted, the outer wall was full. The words "fu" and "longevity" are commonly used in regular script, and it is also common for a suckling tiger to play the trumpet. Sanskrit began to be used. During the Yongle period, the theme decoration was mostly done in the center of the circular instrument. When xuande is used, it is often used for edge decorative patterns.

(3) Fetal glaze, modeling and technology. The fetal quality is thick, pores can be seen, and the color is gray. The glaze is blue and full. The bowl is not left-handed, it is pier-shaped. The toe of the ring is oblique and both sides are flat. There is more sand bottom and less glaze bottom, and the phenomenon of knife jump marks is seen. There are two kinds of plates: round mouth and flower mouth. Large cans have tire seam marks, which often fall off the bottom due to poor sintering. See kiln red at the exposed tire, and sesame paste glaze is common on plates and bowls, commonly known as sandalwood mouth.

3. Orthodoxy, Jingtai and Tianshun (1436— 1464)

(1) Typical equipment. Due to ethnic contradictions and contradictions within the ruling group, the situation is unstable, and the production of folk kilns has been affected and reduced, but it has not been as ups and downs as the official kilns. During this period, the production of folk kilns can be divided into two stages. It inherited Xuande's style in the early stage and became a precedent in the later stage, which is a connecting link between the preceding and the following. The typical vessel is a blue-and-white lotus jar unearthed from Zhu Panxuan's tomb in the second year of orthodoxy in Xinjian County, Jiangxi Province, with a height of 20 and a diameter of 8.9 cm. In Nanjing Museum and Hongjue Temple of Niushou Mountain in Nanjing for 7 years, blue and white flowers with melon ridges were unearthed in Taki, and the blue and white flowers with melon ridges were covered with jars. A batch of blue and white porcelain unearthed from the tomb of Yanchu in Jingtai for four years and the tomb of Yuan in Jingtai for seven years on the outskirts of Jingdezhen. There is a three-year blue and white paperback furnace in Shanxi Provincial Museum. This is the first thing in the folk kiln to write the emperor's year number. There is a three-legged stove with blue and white Arabic patterns in the Palace Museum in Beijing, and the bottom of the stove reads "Tianshunnian". The Hong Kong Museum of Art has a five-year wish inscription of Tianshun, a blue-and-white peony pattern plate and a dragon-shaped bottle. In addition, the porcelain pieces unearthed in Daiyuhe, Nanjing, and the porcelain pieces found in Jingdezhen and Hutian kilns all proved the continuity of production in this period. Shibadu along the Yangtze River in Jingdezhen was the main kiln site for firing blue and white in this period.

(2) Green materials. Most of them are domestic materials. In the early stage, the green material is dark blue, the hair color is more elegant, and the rust spots are less in the later stage. Blue and white varieties are blue and white, green flowers outside beans, and blue and white flowers outside sacrifices.

(3) ornamentation. In the early stage, the layout was dense, with dense patterns painted on both sides, and in the later stage, the layout was sparse. The brushwork was mainly one stroke and one painting. Animal patterns include rhinoceros, unicorn, vanilla dragon, lion hydrangea, butterflies derived from life, pond mandarin ducks, fish and algae, pine, bamboo and plum (pine needles are spherical needles), among which the first three are the most common. There are many patterns of characters, all of which are freehand brushwork, with simple strokes and clouds. There are large clouds in the early stage and small clouds in the later stage, all of which are like fairyland. The contents include Tao Yuanming's love, Su Dongpo's night tour of Chibi, baby play in the garden, Zhang Qian's riding, and playing the piano to visit friends. The characteristics of baby play mode are: the child has a big forehead and a lot of bangs. The birthday girl is a melon head, with a long time ahead, a long time ahead and a short time behind. Both Sanskrit and Chinese have auspicious characters, with more blessings and fewer longevity characters, and one plate is regular script. Edge decoration, turtle back brocade is more, lotus petals are often spiral, with double lotus petals.

(4) Fetal glaze, modeling and technology. The fetus is thicker. The early white glaze is green, and the late white glaze is clean and moist. Simulate the thickness of pier; There are many daily utensils and sacrificial vessels, including bowls, plates, altars, incense burners, clock tables, water purification cups, etc. The top of the tank cover protrudes into a water chestnut shape; Bottles often have ears, such as moon-shaped, halberd-shaped, animal ears and so on. Some stoves have seats. The bottom of bottles and jars is sand. Bowl, with deep circle and large circle diameter, often has milk spots, glaze spots and sesame spots at the bottom. The disc is round, the mouth and flower mouth are folded along the abdomen, and the toes are inclined and shallow, while the mouth and flower mouth are folded along the abdomen, and the toes are inclined and shallow, so it is difficult to lift the index finger and thumb. There is a glaze bottom and a sand bottom. Bottles and cans do not pay attention to tire repair, and the interface is obvious.

(5) knowledge. Three dynasties ***29 years. The orthodox view holds that the word "fu" exists in both enlightenment and happiness. Jingtai, the word began to move from the center of the device to the bottom. In addition to the word "fu", see the words "Taiping made", "Taiping made" and "made next year". Tianshun, occasionally see over the years, someone wrote Sanskrit in outsole.