Basic knowledge of couplets

First, the origin and development of couplets

(A) Overview of couplets

Couplets are commonly known as "Dui" or "Dui" for short. Otherwise known as "Lian", "Lian" and "Lian"; Couplets, couplets, stickers, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets, couplets. They are traditional and practical styles.

Just like the unit of poetry is called "first", the unit of writing is called "article", the unit of couplet is called "deputy", and the ancients used "painting".

Couplets are composed of two equivalent words. The first part is called antithetical couplets, which are also called shangzhi, shangbi and sentence, or with the public and the prime minister. The latter part is called bottom connection, also called bottom branch, bottom ratio, antithesis or right mother and right tail. The upper and lower sentences are called a couplet, which is indispensable for the whole couplet. Couplets are traditional metrical literature, which is rhythmic and typical. Any work that does not meet the basic requirements of couplets should not be called couplets. There is a corresponding relationship between the number of words in couplets and the word "Zi". The number of words is the sum of the number of words in the upper and lower couplets, and half of the sum is "Zi". For example, traditional Spring Festival couplets are "unified"; Vientiane Update is a four-character couplet, and the bedroom couplet "Why should the room be elegant?" "Not many flowers" is the cross of five words; " "Flower shadows are everywhere; A pavilion, mountains, colors and moons peep at people "is a combination of fourteen words and seven words."

The most closely related to couplets is horizontal comments, also called "horizontal couplets" and "banners". Horizontal batch is posted between two couplets, usually four words. Its function is to summarize the central idea of the upper and lower links, and it has the function of summarizing and enlightening.

(B) the origin and formation of couplets

Couplets and other literary genres, languages and literary terms, including parallel prose, Tang poetry, Song poetry, Yuanqu and folk rhymes, all have their own rules and regulations.

1, dual rhetoric gives birth to couplets.

The most striking and basic feature of antithetical couplets, which is different from other styles, lies in their upper and lower couplets, which adopt duality in terms of words, sentence patterns, content, parallelism and rhythm. Therefore, to explore the origin and development of couplets, we must first involve duality.

Duality is one of Chinese figures of speech. Duality is the evolutionary synthesis of the words "dual" and "parallel pair". Duality is the dual form of sentences in poetry and music dialogues. The "antithesis" originated from the honor guard of the ancient court guard. This guard of honor is arranged in pairs, its formation, number of people, clothing, flags, etc. They are all arranged neatly and symmetrically, so they are called "antithesis"; The "parallelism" of parallel couples means that two horses are neck and neck, and "ping" means that two people are one. The combination of "parallel pairs" also refers to pairs. Duality and duality are different in density and width. Duality is not taboo.

Duality is a rhetorical device, which has been used in China's ancient poems for a long time, and appeared in pre-Qin literary works more than two thousand years ago. "Full loss, modest benefit" ("Shangshu Dayu Mo"). "I used to go to, willow, a; Today, I think it's raining "("I was wrong to choose the EU "). "If you drink Mulan dew early, autumn chrysanthemum will lose your English at night" (Qu Yuan's Li Sao).

In the Han Dynasty, a literary genre called "Fu" developed, and dual rhetoric was widely and consciously used. In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Fu-style works gradually tended to be parallel prose, resulting in "parallel prose". The development and maturity of dual rhetoric not only played a positive role in enriching and developing China's language and writing art, but also gave birth to two artistic forms: regular poems in Tang Dynasty and couplets in later generations. Judging from the history of the whole literature and art and the law of the development of language and writing, antithetical couplets, a literary art form, are closely related to the language and art of China as a whole. They came into being with the emergence, development and perfection of dual rhetoric in China's language and writing art, and are an independent and unique style born out of dual rhetoric. It can be said that couplets are the product of maturity, typicality and stylization of dual rhetoric.

2. The custom of Taofu directly produced couplets.

Duality rhetoric gives birth to couplets, but duality does not mean couplets. In order to transform duality into duality, it must have an external form. This external form of making couplets independent is a national custom in ancient China-hanging "Fu Tao". Therefore, couplets started from the ancient "Fu Tao", that is to say, couplets originated from Spring Festival couplets, and Spring Festival couplets began in Fu Tao. "Fu Tao" is also called "virtuous mother". As early as more than 2,000 years ago, during the Qin and Han Dynasties, the people of the Central Plains wrote the names of "Shen Tu" and "Lei Yu" Er Shen on two mahogany boards, or painted Er Shen's patterns on paper, hung, inlaid or pasted on the door, aiming at exorcising evil spirits and praying for good luck. According to the fairy tale "Shan Hai Jing" and other books, there is a big peach tree in Dushuo Mountain in the East China Sea, whose branches extend to the ghost gate in the northeast, so the ghosts and gods in the cave will come and go. There are two gods guarding the peach tree. Their names are Shen Tu and Lei Yu. Once they find evil spirits that are harmful to people, they tie them up with reeds and give them to tigers so that people can live and work in peace and contentment.

With the development of society and the progress of culture, this custom of hanging peach symbols is constantly changing. At first, I wrote Er Shen's name or drew an image, then someone wrote auspicious words on the mahogany board, and then developed to write two antithetical poems. So there is the so-called "Fu Taoshi", which is "Tantie". This paste with peach characters is the embryonic form of couplets.

The earliest couplets, Spring Festival couplets, appeared in the Five Dynasties according to historical records. "History of the Meng Family in Xishu, Song Dynasty" contains: In 964 AD, Meng Chang (9 19-965) asked the bachelor Xin to write a peach symbol, claiming that he was not working: "Welcome to the New Year; The festival number is Changchun. " At present, this pair of Spring Festival couplets inscribed by Meng Min, a master of post-Shu art, is recognized as the earliest Spring Festival couplets. At this point, dual rhetoric gave birth to the independent style of Spring Festival couplets.

By the Song Dynasty, the creation of couplets had become a common practice. Celebrities, Zhu and Huang Tingjian also have many couplets handed down from generation to generation. Wang Anshi (1021-1086), a writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, described the scene of people posting Spring Festival couplets in the poem "January Day": firecrackers are one year old, and the spring breeze enters Tu Su from send warm. Thousands of families always trade new peaches for old ones. During the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, couplets carved on wooden pillars appeared in palaces, official gates, temples and Buddhist temples, which were later called "couplets". At the same time, the earliest birthday couplets, elegiac couplets and inscribed couplets began to appear. Zhu (1120-1200), a great scholar in the Song Dynasty, also wrote couplets, which shows that couplets have become popular.

In the Ming Dynasty, Spring Festival couplets were officially affirmed and popularized as an independent cultural custom to celebrate the New Year. It is said that the word "Spring Festival couplets" was created by Zhu Yuanzhang (1328- 1398), and he began to write Spring Festival couplets in red paper. In A.D. 1368, Jinling (now Nanjing) was the capital of the Ming Dynasty. To celebrate the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Zhu Yuanzhang, who is known as the "son of heaven", sent a message on New Year's Eve: both public officials and ordinary people should add a pair of Spring Festival couplets to their homes (according to Chen Yuanlian's Miscellaneous Notes on the Cloud Tower in the Qing Dynasty). This custom of turning "carving peach symbols" into pasting Spring Festival couplets has expanded from the palace giants to the civilian portal overnight. He not only gave orders, but also visited incognito in the early morning of the second day (the first day of the New Year's Day), strolled the streets and enjoyed the Spring Festival couplets. When he found that a pig farmer at the gate of the city had no money to buy paper to paste Spring Festival couplets, he ordered someone to bring paper and ink and write a couplet for the farmer himself: "Split the road of life and death with both hands; Cutting with one knife is not a root. " After more than 400 years, Spring Festival couplets were set up from Meng Changjun, a master of the post-Shu Dynasty, to Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding father of the Ming Dynasty, and gradually matured from the embryonic form of Fu Tao. And in this process, couplets began to develop from the only Spring Festival couplets to other more kinds. In content, it is also closely related to social politics, economy, culture and people's various social activities. In the period of Kang and Gan in Qing Dynasty, the art of couplets reached its peak.

3. Various styles promote and improve couplets.

(1) Couplets and Parallel Style

The appearance of couplets should first be attributed to the influence of Fu and Parallel Prose. From the characteristics of couplet art itself, it is flexible in sentence structure, free in length and indefinite in length, ranging from a few words to dozens, hundreds and thousands of words. Although it is a "poem", it does not emphasize rhyme; It pays attention to the modification and allusion of words, and has something in common with Fu and Parallel Prose. So it is obviously influenced and promoted by Fu and Parallel Prose.

(2) couplets and rhymes

After the middle Tang Dynasty, a kind of "metrical poetry" called modern poetry was formed in the history of literature. Rhyme poetry not only puts forward strict requirements for duality in poetry, but also forms a fixed position, making duality more artistic, systematic and theoretical in poetry. At this point, couplets came into being. Couplets are the evolution of metrical poems. Compared with the two couplets in the rhyme, the couplets only have different words (there are only five or seven words in the rhyme), and the forms and requirements of other couplets are basically the same.

(3) couplets and words

Although the dual requirements of couplets are roughly the same as those of metrical poems, they have broken through the strict restrictions of metrical poems in some aspects and become more free and flexible. This is influenced by words. There are two obvious aspects:

(1) The antithesis of metrical poems requires a flat voice against a flat voice and a flat voice against a flat voice. Couplets break through this point, and in some sentences, they are not even. For example: winter goes and spring comes, and everything recovers; Spring brings life to the earth. The words "Su" and "Ji" at the end of the sentence are both flat. Another example is the fifty-third couplet of Jia Ancestral Hall in A Dream of Red Mansions: the liver and brain are smeared on the ground, and the surname Zhao relies on the grace of self-restraint; Fame and fortune are all over the world, and one hundred generations have tasted it. The "en" at the foot of the upper joint sentence is flat, while the "sound" at the foot of the lower joint sentence is voiced. The antithesis of couplets is precisely one of the dual characteristics of ci.

(2) The antithesis of metrical poems avoids the opposition of the same words; However, antithesis is one of the skills of rhetoric and word use in couplets. For example, Comrade Cai Yuanpei was led by a comrade: from Paiman to War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Mr. Wang's ambition was in the national revolution; From the May 4th Movement to the League of Human Rights, Mr. Wang's itinerary is about democracy and freedom. "Cong", "Dao", "Sir", "Zhi" and "Zai" are all homophones, which are allowed in couplets, similar to the duality of some words. For example: thousands of miles of ice; It snows in Wan Li. Among them, "Li" is a homonym (Qin Yuan Chun Xue).

(4) couplets and songs:

After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the use of couplets, such as humorous pairs, reduplicated pairs, compound word pairs, as well as spoken language, slang and idioms, increased day by day, indicating that it was obviously influenced by Yuan Qu. For example, the countryside is beautiful, and pears, pears, dates and dates are in the west; Clouds, Clouds, Rain, Chu, Wu, Hubei and Dusk (Song Xiuying). Xiu Xiu is covered with mountains and rivers; Whether it is sunny or rainy, the weather is always good. It can be said that couplets are formed by the synthesis, evolution and variation of prose, fu, poetry, ci and qu.

(C) the application and development of couplets

After the couplet came into being, its application scope gradually expanded. At first, there was only one kind of couplet, but it was gradually used in people's decoration and communication activities after Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties. At first, it was used in literary world, officialdom and court, and then it gradually spread to the general public and society, and even developed into places of interest, temples, pavilions, study rooms, bedrooms, desks and shops. In the folk, even the stage, shrine, lanterns, incense burners, cabinets, grain depots, car shafts, corral and other places have the phenomenon of posting couplets.

It is in modern times and modernity that couplets are really enriched and developed in ideological content, closely linked with social real life and play its positive role. Specifically, after the 1840 Asian film war, the people of China began to awaken, and the progressive thoughts of the advanced class began to appear. Especially after the Revolution of 1911 and the New Democratic Revolution, couplets have rapidly developed into an integral part of advanced literature and art.

In the new historical period, the prosperity and development of China's economy and society will inevitably bring about the prosperity and development of the art of couplets. Since the 30 years of reform and opening up from 65438 to 0978, the creation, application and research of couplets have been unprecedentedly active. Every family can see colorful couplets on holidays. Folk weddings and funerals, business opening celebrations, couplets become an indispensable carrier to express feelings; Many newspapers and periodicals also attach importance to publishing couplets research articles; Some monographs and historical materials about couplets have also come out. In order to prosper the creation of couplets, some cultural departments and publishing units have also carried out activities to collect couplets and seek the right ones. China United Daily News has been published for more than 20 years, which has made important contributions to the recovery and development of this traditional culture. The promulgation of General Rules for Couplets (June 2007 1 Trial) points out the direction for the development of this independent couplet style.

Discussion and practice

1, what is a couplet?

2. Briefly describe the origin, formation and development of couplets.

3. Distinguish the similarities and differences between antithesis, duality and duality.

Collect some couplets around your home for everyone to enjoy.

5. Correct sentences: (1) It is profitable to write sentences frequently;

(2) There are thousands of trees in front of Wang Naishan;

(3) Luodian No.2 Middle School has beautiful scenery.

Second, the types and functions of couplets

(A) the types of couplets

1, Spring Festival couplets (including holiday couplets)

Spring Festival couplets, also known as "spring stickers", are the earliest and most widely used types of couplets. From the appearance of the first Spring Festival couplets written by Meng Changjun, a master of the post-Shu Dynasty, to the widespread promotion of the Spring Festival couplets written by Zhu Yuanzhang in the old calendar, as a national custom in China, it has been passed down to this day. There are many jubilant songs; Flowers celebrate the Spring Festival (Du Fu's Year of the Golden Pig Spring Festival). Wang Naishan's spring is good; Lotus Creek is brightly lit (Spring Festival in the Year of the Golden Pig by Mayor). The weather is beautiful and the weather is good; Political kindness and harmony everywhere (Tang Dingxing's "Golden Pig New Year"). Juwei Golden Pig resigned from the old year; He Xinchun (China United Daily News by Luo Fangyou, No.4, 2008, 77 1). In short, the Spring Festival couplets should have the weather of spring, and the surname should be "Spring".

2, door couplet (including industry door couplet)

Door couplets are also called "door stickers" and "door pairs". The custom of pasting door couplets has existed since the Ming Dynasty. What kind of couplets are for what kind of families, which can't be confused, is relatively easy, such as Confucius' couplets: Take off the country, be rich and respect the government; The same day is old, and the article is morally sacred. Door couplets also play the role of "signboard" and "cover" in the industry, such as tofu shop couplets: naturally bored; The essence of fragrance still exists in the world (Luo Fangyou's Golden Pig Happy New Year Spring). School union: three-foot platform, which has repeatedly produced talents as pillars of the country; A clear garden, diligence and wisdom to cultivate talents (Wu Zhongxiang's New Year's Eve of the Golden Pig).

3. Marriage alliance

Wedding couplets, also called "wedding couplets", are special couplets for men and women to get married. The most prominent feature of wedding couplets is the use of rhetorical devices, such as flowers, birds, fish, moon, water, pearls and other beautiful things to compare happy weddings and war scenes between the two sexes. Such as: the willow is dark and the flowers are bright, and the spring is just over half; The perfect combination of pearls and jade forms a pair (spring wedding banquet). Hao Yue painted the shadows of a pair of swallows; Frost reflects plum blossoms (winter wedding). Change customs, courtesy, * * * virtue, and get married with one heart (Lin Changhua's "Even the Grass"). Moonlight crept into the curtains; Beauty depends on Ye Jiao (Teacher Huang Lin writes couplets for friends).

4. Shoulian

Shoulian is a special couplet for old people's birthdays. Life couplets often use metaphors such as mountains, flowing water, pine, cypress, hope and crane to express longevity. For example, Luodian County Poetry Association wishes Mr. Meng Zemin an 80-year-old couplet: 80 years of grace; Poetry combines all kinds of flavors and leaps into folk customs. Qiao Songao snow frost, Dan He Yong Kai Shou Cheng; Great virtues protect the sky, and good luck shines on Mu Xichao (Lin Changhua's "Even the Grass"). Life couplets are divided into self-longevity couplets: expressing one's life feelings, self-encouragement, hope, etc. Birthday couplets: couplets written by others on birthday. Various age-divided expressions of birthday couplets: ten years is called rank, ten days (seven-rank birthday is also called seventieth birthday), twenty years is called twenty, even ten days, thirty years is called thirty, and fifty years is called half a hundred. There are also 10 years old called young, 20 years old called weak crown, 30 years old called strong crown (also called standing), 40 years old called strong crown (also called puzzled), 50 years old called An Ai (also called destiny), 60 years old called A Qi (also called flower), 70 years old called old crown (also called ancient crown), and 80 years old called. Such as: leftovers, tea; Thinking about the four modernizations, I would like to send three pine trees. This is a self-couplet, that is, in the first couplet, "Yu" is opposite to "Xiang", "Yu" is opposite to "Yi" and "Mi" is opposite to "Tea", that is, 88 years old 108 years old; The second part is "heart" versus "meaning" and "four modernizations" versus "three pines". The up and down links are not relative.

5. elegiac couplet:

The elegiac couplet, also known as "mourning couplet" and "elegiac couplet", is a special couplet for the living to mourn the dead, treat the funeral and pay homage. For example: married to Qiandong, gloriously retired from Qiandong, came back to find relatives and friends, and left his wife; I lost my adult life in Luodian, but unfortunately I died in Luodian. I tried my best before I thought about it, and I worked very hard, very hard and very hard for a long time (Lin Changhua's "Gleaning the Grass"). Fang Ming keeps the world upright; Virtue and virtue are beneficial to future generations (universal elegy). In addition, Xiao Lian is also a funeral union. The first couplet of filial piety expresses concern and regret for the deceased, while the second couplet is the identity of the living and expresses grief.

6. Exchange Association (also known as Give and Answer Association)

Communication association is mainly used among celebrities, celebrities and scholars with high cultural knowledge, literary accomplishment and social experience. It can be divided into written form and oral form. For example, on the evening of June 165438+ 10/4, 2007, the poets in No.2 Middle School got together at the new residence of Bailong Village at the invitation of teacher Huang Lin, and the poets sent poems to congratulate them. President Yang Zhonglao also issued a statement at the scene to congratulate them: the Bailong family at home is in harmony with others and everything goes smoothly. After a moment's reflection, Mr. Mayor pointed out: celebrities on the imperial list make the whole village prosperous (where "hundred" is the homonym of "white" and "emperor" is the homonym of "yellow"). In doing things, we should have a healthy atmosphere; Do your duty impartially, and there should be no selfishness (Huang Bi just talks about singing grass). It is enough to have a confidant in life; The world should be treated with sympathy (Lu Xun gave Qu Qiubai Lian). Panasonic go, pine nuts fall with the chess pieces every time; Fishing by willows, willows often accompany fishing lines (impromptu sentences by Huang Tingjian and Su Shi, the twelfth textbook of primary school Chinese).

7. Tang Lian

Tang couplets, also known as decorative couplets, are used to decorate and beautify the living room, bookstore, bedroom, desk and other indoor environments. There are hundreds of rivers and great tolerance; The wall stands a thousand miles, and if you don't want it, you will have it (written by Lin Zexu). Spring warms bloom vanilla for thousands of years; People are as clear as plum blossoms (Xu Xiake wrote the title of "Tang Meihua" in Little Xiangshan). On the seat, beads illuminate the sun and the moon; The front of the hall is radiant (the second time of A Dream of Red Mansions, Rongguofu purlin).

8. Places of interest.

The couplets of scenic spots and historical sites can be divided into two parts: one is the couplet of scenic spots and mountains; The other part is the couplets of historical celebrities and places of interest. Stick incense, the holy tomb slowly moves forward; The contribution of Song Sansheng, Zhu Baoshan's response is high (Zhou Jiyong's title is Luodian Martyrs Cemetery Menmeng)

9. Literary and artistic works (including paintings)

In literary works (mainly novels) after Ming and Qing Dynasties, authors often insert some couplets to form couplets in literary works. For example, The Journey to the West, A Dream of Red Mansions, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin and the four classical novels all have a large number of couplets. Indifferent to Zhi Ming; Quiet and far-reaching (Zhuge Liang's Romance of the Three Kingdoms). Jade seeks a good price in the rafters; Stay and fly (Jia Yucun's first confession in A Dream of Red Mansions). Drunk and dry; Both the sun and the moon grow in the kettle (The Water Margin, the 29th Jiang Menshen Hotel). Quiet in the mountains; Living in a secluded cave, Letianzhen (Journey to the West, the 17th Black Wind Tunnel Association).

L 0, other heterojunction:

Other forms include propaganda couplets, temple fair couplets, celebration couplets, wedding couplets, funny couplets, stage couplets, lantern couplets, utensils couplets, pen couplets, inkstone couplets, loveless couplets, ink couplets, mystery couplets and so on. For example, there is no love: Gongmen Li Tao Zheng Rongri; France, Netherlands, Belgium. On the surface, the relationship between the upper and lower levels is irrelevant, but if you look closely, the word "Gong" is right for the law, the word "Men" is right for the country, the word "Peach" is right for the lotus, the word "Mei" is right for the orchid, the word "Jing" is compared, the word "Rong" is right for the day. The tree is half looking for an axe; Really irrelevant. Trees are neat to fruits, already to nature, Ban Qiu to a little, rest to no, and axe to dry. There are more than three besides three, and Dodd is more conscious; The first of the four beauties is the four beauties, and the good name is beautiful life and beautiful children and grandchildren. Among them, "three more" means "long life, happiness and many children" and "four beauties" means good morning, beautiful scenery, pleasing to the eye and pleasing to the eye. Celebration couplets are also called happy couplets, which are divided into self-titled couplets and congratulations couplets. Self-questions are mostly thoughts, thanks, joy, apologies, etc. Host. Such as: tall and big, flattering relatives; Yu Jun is at peace and wishes all his friends a happy life.

(B) the function of couplets

1, write landscape

Mainly describe the scenery, describe things, use concise words, explore the subtlety of things through the charm of mountains and rivers, and make the finishing point. Bright as the moon and picturesque; There is a sound in the river. Green water is worry-free, because the wind wrinkles the face; Castle peak is not old, it is a snow-white head. The ship carries stones, and the stones are heavy and the ship carries light loads; The staff measures the land, the land is long, and the staff is short and long (12 volumes of Chinese textbooks for primary schools).

2. Historical narrative ode

Cherish the past to mourn, and comment on history to describe the present. Such as copper-clad iron plate, the river of no return; There are few stars under the moon, and blackbirds fly south (Huangzhou Chibi Union). Performing a play is like watching a play; It's harder to end up than to go on stage.

3. Lyric.

Directly express the author's thoughts and feelings, hold the author's mind and arms, express the author's position of love and hate, and reflect the author's interests and ideals. If you look at the moon, you will feel eternal things; The ambition to climb the building is in the clouds (Yan's title is the couplet of the Moon View Building in Luodian, Guizhou). Climbing stairs must be steady; Don't be greedy in recent months (Mr. Mayor's topic is to look at the moon and build couplets).

Step 4 exchange rewards

Give gifts to friends to show friendship, encourage or congratulate some success. If you are willing to report the victory of aiding Korea; Flowers make an anti-American hero (Zhou Enlai gives He Xiangning a "Peony Map" couplet). If you are safe, you will fight in the future; Try it when you come (Sun Yat-sen gave it to Huang Xing). A humble room is a rude friend; Yi Zhu's original intention was to enlighten Huiyu's mind (Teacher Sun Jun replied to the poem friend He housewarming).

5. Inspiring police strategy

Use emotions such as self-cultivation, self-inspiration, persuasion and awakening to the world to reason, or give advice or encouragement, or talk about the method of self-cultivation, or describe the miraculous effect of vocational skills. Such as ancient and modern but found in books; Men should be surprised at the world. Low-key and graceful; Really looking for something with strong feelings (Chen Banglu's "Golden Pig New Year"). Books about this country are often read; Nothing is useless to body and mind (Xu Teli presented to the Youth Federation).

6. Publicity and education

Explain political views and purposes to people, and make them believe and follow suit. For example, inheriting China's traditional literature and art and prospering the world; Building a civilized school spirit (inscription by Shen Wei for the establishment of the branch of Luodian No.2 Middle School Poetry Association). The officers and men in the Red Army all wear the same clothes; In the White Army, a captain eats and drinks differently (Commander-in-Chief Zhu De). Social harmony and development; Scientific development promotes harmony. Education should give priority to development; People's livelihood must be highly concerned. Raise the flag and walk in the right direction; Reform and Innovation for a Well-off Society (Luo Fangyou is the antithetical couplet of the 17th CPC National Congress).

7. Iron

Say you can, you can, you can't; You say no, you can't, you can't. Horizontal criticism: I can't accept it Long life, the world celebrates; After the defeat of the three armies, they ceded territory for peace (allegorizing Cixi's "Wanshou Festival").

8. Word games

There is a full moon in the sky, a half moon on the ground, and a half moon every month; At the end of this evening, tomorrow, year after year (the first Chinese textbook). When the buffalo enters the water, the nose of the flooded cow "droops"; Coyotes go up the mountain, and dogs' feet stumble on the mountain. Cold wine at one o'clock, two o'clock and three o'clock; Thousands of lilacs. Vivi Sanshui, where is Sanshui? There are two mountains and many more.

Discussion and practice

1. What are the commonly used couplets?

2. Illustrate the function of couplets with examples.

3. During the Chinese New Year, I wrote several couplets and posted them on the gate.

4. The sentence is correct: (1) The plateau is full of good spring;

(2) The spring tide in Shuangjiangkou;

(3) The study of poetic association is endless;

Third, the characteristics and requirements of couplets

(A) the artistic characteristics of couplets

1, national art

Couplets are the only Chinese art form of the Chinese nation. The reason why couplet art can be produced and developed in the ethnic groups that use Chinese language and writing in China, but it can't be spread to other countries and ethnic groups or introduced and imitated by other ethnic groups lies in the uniqueness of Chinese language and writing. Chinese characters are square characters and ideographic characters. After more than 6,000 years' changes, they have developed from Oracle Bone Inscriptions → bronze inscriptions → seal script → official script → regular script → cursive script and running script, with the characteristics of pictographic, knowing, referring to things, pictophonetic characters, transliteration and borrowing. In addition, it is also folk, that is, it is both elegant literature and folk literature. For example: enjoy the moon in the Mid-Autumn Festival, and the full moon is absent; Homesick wanderer, bitter in the field, sweet in the hometown (the first Chinese textbook, the first volume). One two three four five six seven; Filial piety, loyalty, courtesy, righteousness and sincerity.

2. Practical art

When people are engaged in some kind of life or social activities, they will naturally use some kind of couplets. Such as Spring Festival couplets, door couplets, hall couplets, appreciation couplets, greetings couplets, elegiac couplets, couplets of places of interest and so on. As a practical art, couplets are also a kind of writing art that can stand up. It is not only formed orally, but also on paper, and most couplets can only be published formally and play their due role if they are posted and hung on specific occasions. Such as fire, water irrigation, stone collapse, write a shocking story; Courage, perseverance, skillful hands, praise for the contemporary Yugong (Chen Zhizhong's topic is that Daguan Village in Luodian burned Tianlian).

3. The art of writing

First, the words are flexible, neat and beautiful. From a word or two to a hundred words. The second is to form couplet art with some characteristics of Chinese characters. For example, words are embedded, separated, analyzed, and the number of words overlaps. There are words before and after, and sentences before and after. The third is to integrate with calligraphy art and enhance each other. For example, the big well has three sources, and the dark hole is deep; On both sides of the long river, the blue waves are reflected (Liu Chengde's Poems of the Great Classic). There are wells with lotus springs and lotus wells; Hide in the beach, hide in the cave, hide in the beach (Wu Zhongxiang's Poems on Semi-cultivated Beach). Find a stone by the inkstone as a companion; Poetry in leisure is a lamp (the seventh issue of Wang Tianxue's leisure collection).

4. The art of temperament

In the process of its formation and development, couplets were influenced by poems and songs, so they also formed their own artistic characteristics in melody. First of all, couplets pay attention to the level of words. Secondly, rhetorical devices such as reduplication, polyphony and homophonic are used in the creation, which has produced certain artistic effects in melody. Worry too much and worry too little; Many dreams at home (Xu Wenzhong's Guizhou Couplet). Wan Li enjoys the sound, and the most enjoyable lake is Zhongtian last month; Look at the expensive ships that have come to Guangdong by land and sea for thousands of years (Chang Zhiguo, vice president of China Couplet Society, wrote the Luodian Moon Tower).

(B) requirements for the creation of couplets

Couplets are an art and a branch of poetry. Short couplets are called two lines of poems, and long couplets are like long poems or parallel prose. The writing requirements of couplets should mainly clarify their dual requirements. To sum up, there are six main aspects, namely sentence equivalence, part-of-speech equivalence, structural correspondence, rhythm coordination, semantic correlation, and level-to-level opposition.

1, the number of words and sentences is equal.

The number of words and sentences used in the upper and lower couplets is exactly the same, which is the first condition of the couplets. Such as five words to five words, seven words to seven words, etc. For example, Luo Fangyou's title is "Couplet of Qiandao Lake in Luodian": a dam rises from the sky, the sky is shining, and the lake water gathers (the first two sentences 1 1 word); Feng Wan stands tall, with lush mountains shining and deep valleys floating (the next two sentences are 1 1). Peach blossoms light up (the first five words); Liu's love songs (five words). But there are also a few figures that do not match, which are mainly used for allegory. Such as Yuan Shikai's "Eternal Life" (the first five words); Long live the Republic of China. Not only the word "Yuan Shikai" is sorry for the word "Republic of China", but also the words "eternal" and "long live". The main allegory is that Yuan Shikai stole the country and was sorry for the people of China.

2. Part of speech is equivalent

The corresponding position of the syntactic structure of the upper and lower conjunctions should be consistent with the part-of-speech attributes of the words used. The duality of couplets requires that the words or phrases in the upper and lower couplets must be consistent in part of speech, which is the essence of couplets. The so-called part of speech was introduced from abroad in the Qing Dynasty. In ancient China, it was not called part of speech, such as nouns called names, verbs called verbs, numerals called numbers and so on. Content words in modern Chinese include nouns, verbs, adjectives, pronouns, numbers and quantifiers. Function words can be divided into adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words and interjections. Word class equivalence refers to noun-to-noun, verb-to-verb, adverb-to-adverb, etc. That is, the smaller the category of similar words, the more accurate the duality. For example, Qiandao Lake in Tiluodian, Wang Xiaomao: the fog locks the Three Dragon Lakes, and the fog scattered fish is like a guest in the sky; Clouds cover thousands of miles, and clouds are like birds in Onding.

It's cold outside the flowers.

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(noun) (locative word) (noun) (noun) (adjective)

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Liu Bian Jingwei Zhejiang Chao

Among them, "Chao" is transformed into the adjective "Chao". Part of speech conversion: the word+"le" becomes a verb, "red" and "green". Adjective+"land" becomes adverb, "study carefully". The verb+"de" becomes an adjective, "born of breaking, like breaking a bowl to make rice". The common sense of part of speech is as follows:

Specific nouns: Guizhou, automobile, poetry, Li Bai, etc.

Abstract nouns: thought, literature and art, ism, emotion, etc.

Time nouns: morning, noon, today, late at night, etc.

Orientation nouns: up, down, front, back, left, right, etc.

Verb action verbs: walk, look, say, write, draw, scold, etc.

The number of words exceeds the maximum allowable value, please delete!