Han dynasty architecture and its early architectural foundation

The Han Dynasty is the first period of great social, economic and cultural development in China feudal society, and it is also an important period for the formation of Han national culture. In architectural science, the three main wooden frame systems of traditional buildings in China, namely hanging beam, bucket and shaft, have appeared and become mature, and the corresponding plane layout and external modeling are basically complete. As a unique system, China ancient architecture has basically formed and laid a foundation in the Han Dynasty. Abutment is the foundation to bear the full load of the house, and it is also an important part of the proportional balance of the house. Laozi said: "The nine-story platform begins with the accumulation of soil." The appearance of stylobate was originally due to the need of building functional structure, and gradually penetrated into people's aesthetic and ideological concepts, and even was regarded as an important symbol of hierarchical identity and spiritual rule by the ruling class.

1. Ramming technology and the use of tiles make the appearance of abutment possible and inevitable. According to archaeological excavations, the early palace buildings in China appeared in the late Erlitou culture in Yanshi, Henan. Although it was still in the stage of "Maozi terraced fields" and the architectural decoration was just a "chalk wall", it was a crucial time for China's primitive architecture to transform into traditional architecture. "The Left Piece of Stone Book": "Deconstructed as a tile house". "Huai Nanzi said the mountain training": "Solve something". G: "It is said that if you build a house with tiles, it will stay." However, at present, no examples of tile use in Shang Dynasty have been found in field archaeological work. During the period of 1976, two architectural sites of the Western Zhou Dynasty were discovered in Joo Won?, Qishan and Fufeng counties of Shaanxi Province. In an early house, a small number of tiles were found. These tiles are very large and may only be used for the ridges and drains of thatched roofs. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the use of tiles gradually became popular. The appearance of rammed earth is another important event in the history of ancient architectural technology in China.

1977 rammed earth wall foundations of two small castles were found at Wang Chenggang site in Gaocheng, Dengfeng, Henan. According to the dating of charcoal unearthed from rammed soil, the result is 40 10 (tree ring correction is 44 15 140) 85 years ago. In fact, as early as the Longshan culture period, tamping technology has been widely used in the foundation trench and living surface of houses. Due to low productivity, primitive building structure and simple materials, this technology has not been further developed. The invention and use of ceramic tiles and the further expansion of building structure and function have greatly increased the self-weight of buildings. With the help of tamping technology, it is necessary to use convenient clay to make the abutment and wall of the house.

Second, the foundation, foundation and foundation treatment before the Han Dynasty and "Zhou Li Kao Gong Ji": "Yin people value their homes, the hall looks seven times heavier, and the hall worships three feet", "Zhou people are famous ... and the hall worships a feast." (Banquet, said cloth: "Banquet, bamboo mat", is a bamboo mat laid at the bottom of the lower floor. Banquet is not only one of the most important furniture at that time, but also the basic unit of measurement of palace buildings, and its size is usually large. Two architectural sites of Western Zhou Palace discovered in Joo Won?, Shaanxi Province also confirmed that the base of the hall was 0.75 meters higher than the courtyard, which was much higher than that of Shang Dynasty. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the feudal ruling order was established and the "rule system" of the court was defined. The Book of Rites: "The imperial hall is nine feet, the princes are seven feet, the doctors are five feet, and the scholars are three feet", which makes architecture, the largest artistic creation in the history of human society, integrate the concept of hierarchy for the first time and run through the architectural practice of the whole feudal society, becoming the origin of the hierarchical system of traditional architectural activities for more than two thousand years.

Judging from the existing portraits, masonry figures and architectural sites, most halls and pavilions have high abutments, while the abutment area of single buildings is small, and the abutment area of palaces or multi-storey contiguous buildings is large and divided into multiple levels. Under the condition of ancient traditional building technology, a large area of foundation was rammed at the same time, making it a "piece of jade", and its effect was similar to that of today's "box" or "raft" foundation. After the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, especially since the Spring and Autumn Period, a kind of high-rise building became popular while the "wind of tall and huge halls" prevailed among the palaces. In fact, as early as the Shang Dynasty, there was a "Guanggao thousands of feet" Lutai. During the Spring and Autumn Period, there was also a high platform in the doctor's house of the Qing Dynasty, which was used for entertainment at ordinary times and hedging in wartime. During the Warring States period, various countries competed to boast of their national strength and built magnificent high-rise buildings in succession. At present, the "Huan Gong Tai" in the old city of Linzi, the capital of Qi still has a residual height of 14 meter. In the Han Dynasty, high-rise buildings reached the peak of their history. "David yuan asked once what he saw.

Going to Chang' an and seeing the former site of the Han and Wei Dynasties are all due to the high foundation, steep strength and towering mountains ... I hope it can make people unconscious. "Hongtai, the wine pool in Changle Palace (according to legend, it was built by Qin Shihuang)," 40 feet high, starting from Guan Yu ". (According to China ruler, one foot equals 24 cm, and 40 feet is about 96 meters high). During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there was a shrine in Zhang Jian Palace, which was fifty feet high, with nine rooms on it, and manna plates on it, twenty-seven feet high and seven cubits around. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao built three sets of bronze finches, Hu Jin and Bing Jing in Yecheng in the fifteenth and eighteenth years of Jian 'an. "Tong Guatai is eleven feet high and has one hundred and twenty houses ... Hu Jintai has one hundred and thirty halls, the ice well has three ice rooms, and a cool hall is connected by pavilions. The three sets of worship are as high as mountains and clouds. Today, the height of the bronze sparrow terrace is still 4-6 meters, and the height of the Hu Jin is still 12 meters. From the anatomy of the foundation site of high-rise buildings in Qin and Han dynasties, it can be seen that the foundation site at that time was mainly soil, which was compacted into a foundation. In Kao Gongji, there is a brief description of this technology:

"Anyone who asks for an appointment, painting its version, that is, no appointment. ..... steering the pale city, six points against the wall. " Li Jie, a great architect of later generations, concluded: "The foundation system is one foot on each side and two loads of soil, and the insulation layer is also two loads of broken bricks and gravel. Every time the soil is five inches thick, hit six pestles first, then four pestles, and then two pestles ... ". In fact, this method was used as early as14th century before Shang Dynasty. Compared with palace high-rise buildings, the foundation treatment of general single and residential buildings is not so grand. Generally, the foundation of buildings is excavated on the flat ground, and the depth of the groove varies, depending on the load of the house, and the width is slightly wider than the wall. After the bottom of the trough is compacted, the wall foundation is compacted in the trough. Recently, in the archaeological excavation of Xindian ancient city in Fuzhou, more than 0/000 meters of the wall in the early Han Dynasty was cleared, and a layer of pure sand with a thickness of about 40 cm was found under the wall. The sand layer contains iron slag and ceramsite, which is directly laid on the hard cobblestone natural stratum.

During the Western Han Dynasty, the two major structural systems of traditional architecture in China, namely, the girder lifting system and the bucket crossing system, became more and more mature. The development of beam-frame structure further expands indoor space and enhances indoor lighting, which is also an important problem that must be solved in the development of building science. Judging from the masonry portraits and the structure of some stone tombs in the Han Dynasty, the columns with independent load-bearing structures were widely used at that time, and the columns in the wall and the parapet attached to the wall were still the main bodies supporting the whole load of the roof. No matter whether it is an independent column, a pilaster or a column inside a wall, there are circular, square or irregular column cornerstones under the column. There are big pillars and small pillars, the big pillars are about 90 cm and 60 cm in length and width respectively, and the small pillars are about 30-50 cm in length and width. The buried depth of column foundation stone is generally the same as that of groove foundation. According to archaeological data, ancient foundation treatment mainly includes tamping, square brick embankment and painted floor. Since the primitive society, people have attached great importance to the treatment of indoor floors. During the Longshan culture period, people have generally used loess or materials to build grass-roots units, and used "white gypsum" to treat living surfaces. In the residential site of Daxi culture in Jianghan Plain, people usually use fire technology to harden the ground besides building the foundation with lime soil similar to paste, and this tradition continued until the Spring and Autumn Period. From 1974 to 1975, archaeologists excavated some palace buildings of Qin Xianyang Palace in Xianyang, Shaanxi. "The floors of rooms 1 to 7 are painted with smooth, flat and hard red' Danchi', while the floors of other rooms are paved with square bricks."

In the Han Dynasty, the square bricks on the ground of Weiyang Palace in Chang 'an City were also decorated with palindromes, small squares and other geometric patterns. Archaeologists also cleaned up the original grass and mud in the foundation site of the No.2 building in Chang 'an Guigong. The author speculates that this land should also be the so-called "vermilion covered land".

Third, the achievements of architectural science in foundation treatment in the Han Dynasty To sum up, by the end of the Han Dynasty, traditional Chinese architecture had reached a certain level in foundation treatment, mainly in the following aspects:

1. Foundation treatment takes corresponding forms according to the functional needs and morphological differences of buildings.

2. The treatment of foundation wall has the concept of demarcation point, which enhances the stability of the building itself.

3. The rammed soil directly breaks the raw soil, which shows that people in the Han Dynasty had a basic understanding of the stratum bearing capacity and the physical properties of soil.

4. The use of sand cushion is a summary of the long-term architectural practice of the ancients, and it is also the result of further understanding of the properties of stratum soil, especially the properties of sand, which further shows that people began to study stratum stress and uneven settlement of buildings at that time.

5. The combination of column and wall is the development of the original wooden-bone-mud wall building structure, and it is also the foundation of the brick-wood mixed structure in later generations. The use of column foundation further enhances the structural stability of load-bearing columns and reduces the erosion of column roots by moisture in underground soil. However, due to the development of the times and the restriction of architectural practice, the architectural activities before and after the Han Dynasty still have the concept of focusing on external forms and neglecting internal structures, and the architectural activities themselves have not yet risen to the height of theoretical understanding, and there is a tendency to model. For example, the application of bricks began as early as the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the firing technology and quality of bricks in the Qin and Han Dynasties were quite mature, and "Qin Zhuan Hanwa" was well-known at home and abroad.

After the mid-Western Han Dynasty, bricks were widely used in tombs, but when a large number of tiles were found in residential remains, the large-scale use of bricks was seriously lagging behind, which should attract the attention of relevant researchers. Due to the limitation of literature and archaeological excavation data, we have not found any detailed information about the treatment of shallow groundwater and pile foundation by the ancients. But judging from the image of brick (stone) in Han Dynasty, there is an independent pile foundation in the center of the bridge. With the increasingly rich archaeological data in the future, our understanding of the achievements of building foundation treatment in the Han Dynasty and before will be more comprehensive and profound.