Hundreds of thousands of English words*** follow the same pronunciation rules, a summary of the basic rules of natural spelling

Phonics is a learning method that helps English beginners master the pronunciation and spelling of words and improve their reading comprehension. It is especially suitable for children who already have a certain English vocabulary in the early childhood stage. It has become one of the indispensable courses for children to learn English.

The core of phonics is based on the direct correspondence between 26 letters/letter combinations and word pronunciation, omitting the process of traditional phonetic symbol learning; and more than 80% of the words in English conform to The basic rules of natural spelling greatly improve students' learning efficiency, and they can easily read words by sight and write by listening to sounds.

There are five commonly used vowel letters: a, e, i, o, u. In addition, y is also regarded as a vowel in the middle or at the end of a word.

· Every word contains at least one vowel.

· Every word contains at least one vowel in each syllable.

· Vowels are the "strongest sounds" in words.

· The sound a vowel makes depends on its position in the word or how it is combined with other vowels.

Generally speaking, except for the following five situations, vowels are pronounced as short sounds:

1. The vowel is part of a vowel letter combination;

< p> 2. The vowel is followed by the letter r;

3. The vowel is at the end of a word or stressed syllable;

4. The word ends with the letter e;

p>

5. This vowel is a special case of the vowel rule.

1. If a word ends with the letter e, the preceding vowel has a long sound.

2. If a vowel is at the end of a word or a stressed syllable, the vowel also has a long sound. The so-called long sound is the name of the vowel letter. For example, the long sound of A is pronounced / ei/.

3. When there is only one vowel in a word or syllable, the vowel has a short sound, and when the letter e is added to the end of the word or syllable, the vowel has a long sound. The letter e only plays the role of making the preceding vowel sound longer, and is silent by itself. For example: can, in which a has a short sound. If you add e at the end, it becomes cane. The vowel a will have a long sound, and e is silent. We call the letter e "magic E": game, safe, make , gate, whale, complete, athlete, nine, side, mile, kite, nice, note, rose, globe, those, bone, cube, rule, June, mute, dune...

Note: Yuan There are two kinds of long sounds of the sound u. One is the name of the letter u, and the other is similar to the pronunciation of u in Chinese Pinyin. Because some consonants and u cannot make the sound of the letter u together, the Chinese Pinyin u is used. sound instead, such as rule.

When a vowel sounds at the end of a word or stressed syllable, the vowel has a long sound.

For example: paper, be, she, legal, fiber, piano, open, future, human

Note: 1) Y is used as a vowel at the end of a word , when the word has only one syllable, Y has the same pronunciation as the long sound of vowel I, for example: cry, try, by, my

2) When the word has two or more syllables, Y is in the word The ending is pronounced the same as the long sound of the vowel E, for example: puppy, baby, candy, city, sorry

Item 3 in the aforementioned rule 1 is extended to the case of compound vowel letters, when a word or syllable When there are two vowels, the first vowel is usually pronounced long and the second vowel is silent.

Note: Some irregularities complicate the rules of phonics, which is where learning English words becomes challenging. In some special cases, when there is only one vowel in a word, the vowel is pronounced as a long sound, for example:

· When i is followed by gh, gn, ld, nd, i is pronounced as a long sound, For example: sign, high, child, kind

· When o is followed by ld or st, o sometimes has a long sound, such as: cold, gold, most, host, but sometimes it still has a short sound when followed by st. , such as: lost, cost

In addition, some compound vowel letters do not follow the above long sound rules. See the table below for details:

English is a pinyin text, and the basic pronunciation phonemes are There are 39-47 letters. There is a certain relationship between letters and basic phonemes. However, the relationship between the 26 letters and the basic phonemes is not one-to-one, but one-to-many and many-to-one, which makes it more difficult to learn the pronunciation and spelling of English vocabulary. Therefore, we have summarized many pronunciation rules, which are applicable to most English vocabulary.

For most consonants, their sounds are one-to-one, and there are only a few consonant letters, each of which has two or more sounds.

b - ball; d - dog; f - fish; h - hat; j - jump; k - kite; l - leg; m - man; n - not; p - pen; q - quick ;r - run; s - sun; t - ten; v - vest; w - water; z - zoo?

Note: q and u are usually connected together

In some consonant letter combinations, one of the letters is silent and the sound pronounced by the combination is the same as the consonant letter that is pronounced.

Note:

· x is pronounced as /ks/ in the middle or at the end of a word: box, next, mix, six, fox

· x is in the word Sometimes the /gz/ sound is pronounced in the middle: exit, exam, exact

· The /z/ sound is pronounced when x is at the beginning of the word: xylophone, xerox

· y is at the beginning of the word Pronounced as a consonant in the beginning position: yes, you, yard, year, yell

· y is treated as a vowel in the middle or at the end of a word or syllable

· y is at the end, When the word has only one syllable, y has a long /i/ sound

· y is at the end, and when the word has two or more syllables, y has a long /e/ sound

· y is at the end of the word Or in the middle of a syllable, the /i/ sound is pronounced

ch and sh: The pronunciation of ch and sh is somewhat similar to the first half of the pronunciation of "eat" and "wet" in Chinese, such as: chair, check, shoe, shop

wh: Generally speaking, wh has the same pronunciation as /w/, but the /h/ sound is pronounced before o, such as: when, what, whale, who, whole

th : The pronunciation of th is divided into two categories:

1) th is a voiced sound (the tip of the tongue is between the upper and lower teeth, the vocal cords need to vibrate, and the sound comes out from the gap between the teeth and the tongue): they, them-, their, theirs, the, this, that, these, those, then-, than, though, thus, there

2) th is pronounced unvoiced (the tip of the tongue is between the upper and lower teeth, and the sound comes from between the teeth and the tongue come out of the gap, but the vocal cords do not vibrate): think, thank, thirty

The above are the basic rules of phonics. It seems that it is not very simple, so students should not be allowed to do so in phonics teaching. Memorizing this set of rules by rote is not only boring, but also pointless. Phonics teaching should be designed in a targeted manner based on the actual situation of the students. For example, for children in early childhood or at zero starting point, simple phonics rules are relatively abstract and their vocabulary is also very limited. At this time, if you use spelling By combining reading with reading and singing, and arranging words with the same spelling rules into stories and songs, students can not only master spelling rules and remember English words in their interest, but also improve their reading ability and master vocabulary usage. In addition, the teaching sequence, implementation steps, classroom activities, and combination with listening, speaking, reading and writing skills training all need to be carefully designed. It is recommended that English teachers systematically study courses on phonics teaching to make their English classes more professional. , efficient.