Representatives of famous gardens in France and America? Five each.

/kloc-in the second half of the 0/7th century, French garden art became a distinctive feature and produced mature works, which had a great influence on European countries. His representative works include Fuller Wigon Garden (built in 1656 ~ 167 1) and Versailles Garden, and the creator is A. Lenotel. Garden art in this period is a part of classical culture, so French garden art is called classical garden art in Europe, and gardens represented by French court gardens are called Lenotel gardens.

French gardens sprouted in Rome-Gaul period. In the Middle Ages, gardens were attached to monasteries or castles of feudal lords, and mainly planted vegetables, herbs and fruit trees. The garden is divided into square flower beds by the canal. The well is in the center of the garden, and the pavilion is made of grid and covered with grapes or other climbing plants. An arch frame with grid structure is used to cover the path of climbing plants and form a green corridor. There is a fish pond on one side of the garden, and occasionally there is a birdcage. Trees are trimmed into geometric or animal shapes.

/kloc-At the beginning of the 6th century, influenced by the Italian Renaissance garden style, French gardens appeared terraced gardens, cut down trees and planted altars, caves, fruit bowls and fountains. Combined with the conditions of France, it has its own characteristics: France has a flat terrain, so the garden scale is more grand and gorgeous; In garden water control skills, calm pools and canals are used more, and waterfalls and drowning are rarely used; Add flowers to the edge of the tree cutting and planting altar, and then gradually apply a large number of flowers to develop into embroidered flower beds.

/kloc-in the first half of the 0/7th century, classicism developed in various cultural fields in France, and the art of gardening also changed greatly. 1638, J. Boiseau affirmed in his book Horticulture Based on the Principles of Nature and Art that artificial beauty is higher than natural beauty, and the basic principle of artificial beauty is the unity of change. Change is the diversity of landscape and layout, the diversity of species, shapes and colors of flowers and trees. All diversity should be "orderly, balanced, symmetrical and coordinated". He advocated that the garden should be regarded as a whole composition, with straight lines and square angles as the basic forms, and all of them should obey the principle of proportion. There are no trees in the garden except boxwood and yew, and they are all short on the altar to get a general view of the whole pattern.

Garden Art of Lenotel1In the second half of the 7th century, the autocratic system of the dynasty reached its peak, and classical culture was the reflection of this system. Lenotel is a representative figure of French classical gardens. He inherited and developed the layout principle of the overall design, drew lessons from Italian garden art, and made innovations according to the needs of the court, with a broader vision, more magnificent ideas and more complex and diverse techniques. He made the French gardening art get rid of the imitation of Italian gardens and become an independent school.

Lenotel always put his palace or mansion on the highland, occupying a commanding position. A straight avenue extends from its front, and behind it, there is a garden, and the periphery of the garden is a forest garden. The central axis of the mansion points to the city through the boulevard in front and to the suburbs through the garden and forest garden in the back. The palace gardens he manages are all large in scale. The layout, pattern and scale of the garden are adapted to the architectural composition of the palace. In the garden, the central axis controls the whole. When there are several short axes, there are several horizontal axes. These axes and paths form a strict geometric grid with clear priority. The axis and path extend to the forest garden, which is also organized into a geometric grid. The intersection of axes or paths is decorated with fountains, statues or small buildings, which not only marks the geometric shape of the layout, but also creates a sense of rhythm and produces a changeable landscape. Pay attention to the use of water, mainly by building regular pools or ditches with stones and setting up a large number of fountains.

The first mature classical garden masterpiece in Fule-Weigong Mansion Garden. Gardens are distributed on several platforms, and each platform has a different layout. The biggest feature of the garden is to decorate the central axis into the most gorgeous, rich and artistic part of the whole garden. The central axis is about 1 km long and 200 meters wide. Each floor has a different theme, with pools, altars, statues and fountains arranged and treated in different ways. There are two most important parts: one is on the terrace near the mansion, with long embroidered flower beds on both sides, full of vivid patterns and bright colors; On the next stage, fountains are densely arranged on both sides of the grass, and the water column is vertically upward, which is called "crystal fence". Further on, the lowest point is the horizontal axis of the canal formation. On this side of the canal, there is a row of small water, which gushes from the masks and shells of stone carvings and pours into the canal. On the other side, there are seven deep niches with statues in them. This section of water is called "Water Theater". After the water theater, I climbed the big steps, and the statue of Hercules stood on the top of the highland in front of me. Surrounded by a semi-circular tree wall, three roads radiate backwards, which is the end of the central axis. On both sides of the central axis are grasslands and pools. Outside is the forest garden. The layout of the garden in Fullervigon Mansion is clear and diverse.

Versailles Garden The layout of this garden is very complicated. The garden is located on the west side of the palace and is divided into three parts from south to north. There are embroidered flower beds in the south and north, and the embroidered flower beds in the south are orange orchards and artificial lakes in the south. The scenery is open and extroverted. The flower beds in the north are surrounded by forests, and the scenery is elegant and restrained. A tree-lined road extends northward through the dense forest, ending in a large pool and Poseidon fountain. There is a pair of pools in the middle. The central axis from here is 3 kilometers long, and it runs through the forest garden to the west. The forest garden is divided into two areas. The nearest area is called Xiaolin Garden, which is divided into 12 jungle by roads. There are palindromes, pools, water theaters, caves, fountains, pavilions and so on. In the center of each jungle, it has its own characteristics. The big forest garden in the distance is covered with tall trees. The central axis runs through Wang Jia Avenue in Xiaolin Garden, with grass in the middle and carvings on both sides. The statue of Apollo's mother stands in the pool at the east end of Wang Jia Avenue, and the statue of Apollo stands in the pool at the west end. Apollo is sailing out of the water. These two groups of statues show that the theme of Wang Jia Avenue is to praise Apollo, the sun god, that is, to praise Louis XIV, known as the "sun king". After entering Dalin Garden, the central axis becomes a canal, and another canal crosses it to form a horizontal axis, with the zoo at the south end and the Trianon Hall at the north end.

French classical culture led the European cultural trend at that time, and Lenotel's gardening art spread to European countries. Monarchs in many countries even directly imitate Versailles and its gardens.

With the extension of time and space in the United States, we saw beautiful and unique private gardens, crossed forest-covered highways and enjoyed the magical oasis in the desert. A new and clear impression of environmental forces is gradually forming.

In the history of more than 200 years, the United States has experienced the era of agricultural economy, industrial economy and post-industrial economy, forming a highly urbanized country. Besides economic, cultural and political reasons, it is also a very important factor to study and analyze the development process of the United States and promote its urbanization process. It is the dialectical relationship between material civilization and spiritual civilization that has become the source and catalyst of urbanization.

The macro-environmental system of the United States consists of four levels of parks and entertainment systems: federal, state, county and city. The four-level structure plays a role from different levels, different geographical locations and functional characteristics, and is mutually inclusive, penetrating and interacting, forming a huge, complex and orderly environmental system. In the urban environment system, the urban park system plays a core and key role and becomes the main body of the urban environment. A large number of parks and other open spaces are isomorphic, forming a green urban open space system with large green quantity and high green visibility.

1858, with the completion of the 840-acre new york Central Park, the United States launched the world's first urban park. In its 150 years development process, it has experienced four main development stages: pure sports ground, park renovation, entertainment and facilities, and open space. Through continuous progress and innovation, today's urban landscape system has gradually formed. Moreover, in the long-term practice of American urban landscape design, he actively engaged in theoretical exploration and research of urban landscape design. Since olmsted formally established the discipline of landscape architecture at Harvard University in 1900, after more than a century of development, a systematic theory of landscape architecture has been formed. At present, frontier disciplines such as wetland restoration and protection, biodiversity, landscape ecology and green corridor are being put into practice. Ecological priority, integration of urban and rural areas, professional division of labor and cooperation, and excellent facilities are all permeated with a spirit of humanistic care and an objective and practical scientific attitude. Whether you are healthy or disabled, old or young, poor or rich, you can find your ideal paradise in the city garden. All these have laid the basic concept of American urban gardens.

Looking at the development of urban landscaping in the United States, it is not difficult to find that all the achievements today are the result of continuous exploration, practice and learning by American builders and scientists for a century and a half. There is no doubt that this process continues to this day. For us, our city is in a historical period of rapid development and change. How to use the advanced experience of developed countries for reference to guide and standardize our practice is a problem with practical and far-reaching significance. Comparing the situation of Changsha and American cities, I think we should fully respect nature, history, culture, beliefs and the objective reality of the city, and pay attention to learning and drawing lessons from the development concept and scientific attitude of American urban gardens in the process of urbanization. Of course, learning and reference is only one aspect. More importantly, it needs the managers, practitioners, scholars, government and society of urban gardens to explore and practice in a deeper and wider scope, and truly embark on a road of urban gardens with their own characteristics.