Architectural style of Jiangnan water town?

The history of Jiangnan folk houses can be traced back to Hemudu culture about 7000 years ago. The ancestors lived and multiplied in this land and inherited all the life and lifestyle. In the Shang Dynasty, residential settlements with a certain scale had been formed here. Since the Han Dynasty, officials have lived here. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the war situation in the north made a large number of people migrate to the south. This trend makes the economy and culture in the south develop rapidly and the economic center of gravity moves south. By the Tang Dynasty, a considerable number of official residences had been formed here. In the Song Dynasty's famous paintings "A Thousand Miles of Rivers and Mountains" and "A Map of Pingjiang River", the architectural layout of the houses in the south of the Yangtze River has been vividly depicted. With Hangzhou as its capital in the Southern Song Dynasty, Jiangnan has made unprecedented development in politics, economy and culture. By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Jiangnan had become the most economically and culturally developed area in China, where dignitaries, landlords, wealthy businessmen and literati chose to build houses, villas and pavilions with their own characteristics. Because the buildings in the south of the Yangtze River have a large population, precious land, extremely saving space and working hard at height, their architectural art is more refined and less elegant. But through the hands of skilled craftsmen, houses placed in running water are still attractive.

cause

The influence of hot and humid climate on buildings in southern China. Such as: the bedroom wall is high and the studio is big; The front and rear doors are connected to facilitate ventilation; In order to prevent moisture, many buildings have two floors, with brick structure at the bottom and wood structure at the top.

The terrain in the south is complex, the residential courtyard is very small, and the surrounding houses are connected into a whole, which is suitable for the climate conditions in the south, and the combination of houses is flexible and suitable for the undulating terrain.

In the south, the gables of houses are mostly horse-headed walls. In some densely populated southern cities in ancient times, this gable above the roof can really play the role of fire prevention, but also played a very good decorative effect.

The south is full of flowers all year round, and the environment is colorful. The exterior walls of residential buildings are mostly white, which is conducive to reflecting sunlight. White walls and tiles are used in the south, and the color of the house is elegant, especially in summer, which gives people a refreshing and pleasant feeling.

South China is rich in water resources, and the river flows slowly from the front and back of the house, so it is very convenient to take water directly for drinking and washing. Water is the unique scenery of the houses in southern China. Water surrounds the house, and the house has aura because of water. Waterway is also the main artery of transportation. People cross the ocean to create a new world and build a new home.

Building type

There are also two-story brick-wood houses in Jiangnan. Usually every household has a studio, and every ten households will open a long alley. This is due to the dense river network in the south of the Yangtze River, the bustling and crowded towns and no spacious homestead, so there is no definite pattern in the architectural layout and street direction. Residential buildings are flexibly arranged according to the size and terrain of the base, and ventilation, lighting and room orientation are solved by inserting patios; Streets and alleys often extend with the direction of the river. After meeting the conditions of people's passage, they do not pursue the broad style of streets, but meander according to the terrain, forming a completely different architectural structure from the northern dwellings. Shizhai, located in the straight street of Cang Qiao, Shaoxing, is a representative of the characteristics of water towns. Because of the vertical and horizontal water network in Shaoxing City, the houses built near the water have their own scenery. These houses generally face the street and back to the river. The main building has no more than three bays, one or two patios, a kitchen and a toilet facing the river, and a veranda and wharf near the water. All arrangements depend on the convenience of river traffic and domestic water sources.

Building structure

Most of the houses in the south of the Yangtze River are bucket-type wooden frames, not beams, which are directly supported by columns, surrounded by thin bucket walls or bamboo plastering walls, and the walls are mostly white plastered. The roof structure is also thinner than the houses in the north. Slate is often laid at the bottom of the wall, and the indoor ground is also covered with slate to prevent it from being damp. The interior of the hall is freely separated by traditional covers, fans and screen doors to achieve different purposes. Only a small amount of exquisite carvings were added to the beam frame, painted with colors such as chestnut, brown and gray, without painting. The wooden structure outside the house is brown, black, dark green and other colors, which are in harmony with the white walls and gray tiles. The color is elegant and bright, which combines with the surrounding natural environment to form a picturesque water town.

Case explanation

Suzhou Zhouzhuang

Zhouzhuang, Suzhou, is a typical "small bridge with flowing water" in the south of the Yangtze River, because it has become a street by the river. Although it has experienced more than 900 years of vicissitudes, it still completely retains the original style and pattern of the ancient water town.

Suzhou Zhouzhuang Zhouzhuang has a quiet environment and simple architecture. More than 60% of the houses in the town are still built in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The ancient town with only 0.47 square kilometers has nearly 100 classical houses and more than 60 brick-carved gatehouses. The ancient houses in Zhouzhuang still exist, the most representative of which are Shen Ting and Zhang Ting. At the same time, Zhouzhuang also preserved 14 ancient bridges with their own characteristics, creating a wonderful landscape painting of "a small bridge with flowing water" isomorphically.

Suzhou Zhouzhuang Shenting Zhouzhuang Shenting is a A Qing-style quadrangle with rigorous overall structure and different local styles. The weather in the south is hot, and the eaves of the "Shenting" are deep, and the interior is high and open, which is convenient for heat insulation and ventilation. The patio should be as narrow as possible to avoid too much sunshine and raise the temperature of the house. In order to meet the housing demand, the "Shenting" adopts a deep plane layout, with several entrances, each with about three houses and a shallow patio or courtyard. In this way, when the number of rooms is equal to that of Beijing quadrangles, the amount of light is much smaller. Because the width is narrow, the room is high and open, and good ventilation effect is obtained. Especially in the hot summer, the natural wind passes through the long and narrow cool residential passage, and the temperature drops rapidly, so residents can get a lot of cool wind below the natural temperature.

Suzhou Zhouzhuang Shenting Shenting was built by Shen Benren, a descendant of Shen Wansan, in the seventh year of Qing Qianlong (1742). A building with seven entrances and five doors, 100 rooms, distributed on both sides of the central axis of 100 meters, covering an area of more than 2,000 square meters.

Suzhou Zhouzhuang Shenting Shenting consists of three parts. The front is a water wall door and a river port for family members to dock ships and wash clothes; In the middle is the gatehouse, the tea room and the main hall, where guests are received, weddings and funerals are handled and discussions are held. Behind is the lobby building, the small hall building and the back hall, which is the place to live. The whole hall is a typical "front hall and back hall" architectural pattern. The front room and the back room are connected by the street building and the aisle pavilion. Form a huge building. The main hall is Songmaotang, covering an area of 170 square meters.

The brick-carved gatehouse of Chaozhengtang is the most magnificent of the five gatehouses, with a height of 6 meters. The plaque in the middle is "thick and streamer" and is surrounded by the relief of "Red plum welcomes the spring". Carved figures, animals, pavilions, operas and stories are lifelike, which can be compared with the brick-carved gatehouse in Suzhou Wangshi Garden. There are large and small halls in the back, and the architectural style is quite different from that of the main hall.

Luzhai, Dongyang, Zhejiang

The land house in Dongyang, Zhejiang Province is the collective name of this ancient architectural complex located in the east of Dongyang City. It is a group of classic buildings that combine the essence of Jiangnan folk houses with Dongyang woodcarving, stone carving, brick carving, plastic pile and painting art. The main style of Lu residence is Ming and Qing residential style. With Lushi Grand Ancestral Hall as the center, several groups of buildings extending from the three axes of Fujingtang, Suyongtang and Shudetang are surrounded by an arched moon.

There is a river around the house, and there are nine bridges on the river to communicate the inside and outside of the house. Zhaiqian Avenue west to Dongyang East Gate. As can be seen from the numerous archways in front of the door, this is a family settlement that has been an official for generations.

Su Yongtang in Luzhai, Dongyang, Zhejiang Province is the court of Lu clan. It was built in the seventh year of Jingtai in Ming Dynasty (1456) to the sixth year of Tianshun (1465). It is three rooms wide, surrounded by houses and ten purlins deep. The front eaves are opened with a flat body, saving four rooms, two rooms with three rooms, and the rear tail poles can hold gold purlins. There is no melon column between the beams, but a bucket and a weight. The beam head extends out of the column and is carved into various figures. Cloud cards are used under the ridge purlin, and patterns are also carved. No matter the bucket, beam, Fang and purlin, patterns, lines or various patterns are carved wherever they can be carved and painted. Dongyang's wood carving and painting skills can be described as perfect. The building of Su Yongtang is an outstanding representative of ancient architecture, which is rigorous, regular and symmetrical.

Dongyang Luzhai, a folk house, also has a vertical axis. Before entering Luzhai, it was greeted by three archways, namely, Ji Jia, the generous man and the chastity watch, and then it was necessary to walk through a wide tunnel to see the true face of Luzhai. Starting from the first entrance, a 320-meter-long central axis runs through the north and south. Nine buildings of different sizes (namely Jin Jiu) are arranged on this central axis. Its pattern is similar to that of the Forbidden City, and it is called "front hall and back bedroom". The front hall is the public hall of the Lujia family, where descendants of the family can hold sacrifices, parties, entertainment, auspicious celebrations, discussions, teaching and other activities. Behind Shikumen is the living space for family and servants. At ordinary times, the stone gate is closed, and outsiders are not allowed to enter. In China, only the Forbidden City and Confucius Temple have such structures. In Dongyang, where the sky is high and the emperor is far away, it can be kept secret for hundreds of years. It is said that one relies on the strength of the Lushi family in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the other is a strict patriarchal system, so it is difficult for our people to reveal secrets and study their physical names in depth.

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