Hello! Excuse me, raspberry planting technology

First, the basic introduction:

Raspberry, a berry fruit tree, is a perennial deciduous shrub with a height of1.5-2m. The fruit grows on the tree, which is oval, clustered, crystal clear, sweet and juicy, and has a fragrant and refreshing taste. Very delicious. The content of vitamin C is five times that of apples and six times that of grapes. In particular, tannic acid contained in it has been proved by American scientists to be the most effective substance to prevent cancer. Because the nutritional components and juice yield are better than many fruits, it is listed as "natural green food" and "healthy food" by FAO, and its prospect is extremely broad.

Its biggest advantages are: easy planting management, less pests and diseases, less fruit in the same year of cultivation and prosperous fruit in three years. Flowers begin to bloom in the south around April, 30-40 days later in the north, and can be planted once in June-July when it is mature, which can bear fruit for 20-30 years continuously. Plant 500-600 black raspberries per 667 square meters (1 mu). Sowing in that year, bearing fruit in that year. After the second year, they will enter a vigorous fruiting period. The current market price is per kilogram 12- 18 yuan. Raspberry fruit can be processed into juice, jam and fruit wine, and the benefits are doubled. Fruit juice and water can be paired into fruit juice beverage according to the ratio of 1: 12; Good color, fragrance and taste, favored by consumers.

The development of raspberry production should be guaranteed by processing enterprises in addition to fresh fruit supply market to ensure economic benefits. Although the outer skin of raspberry fruit is thin, it is more storable than strawberry, but not as storable as grape. Without the corresponding processing enterprises, raspberries should not develop on a large scale.

1. China has just started, with large international market demand and broad market prospects;

2. Raspberries are drought-tolerant, barren and drought-tolerant, and can be planted in flat land, courtyards, hilly areas and barren slopes; Can be intensively cultivated, can be planted in the courtyard, and can also be used as a plant hedge; Some varieties are particularly drought-resistant, cold-resistant and barren-resistant, and their roots and tillers are particularly developed, which can be listed as the three pioneer shrub species of soil and water conservation alongside Hippophae rhamnoides and Lycium barbarum. According to different varieties of raspberries, most provinces and regions in China can introduce and cultivate them. For example, some blackberry varieties can tolerate the low temperature of-17℃ and grow well in soil with PH value of 8.0.

3. Compared with grapes, raspberry is widely planted, which saves labor and water, has strong pest resistance and low production management cost;

4. Short cycle and high economic benefit. Fruit bearing in the first year of cultivation, and entering the full fruit stage in 3-4 years. The economic life can reach about 20 years. The yield per mu can reach 800- 1000 kg, and the income per mu is 4,000-5,000 yuan calculated by 5 yuan per kg.

Therefore, raspberry will become a pioneer tree species in the emerging fruit industry in China, and its development prospect is very broad. However, the production and sales of raspberries in China are still in the primary stage, the industrial cooperation system has not yet formed, and the market positioning is still very high.

Second, experts suggest that the following points should be paid attention to in the development of raspberries in various regions:

1. Temperature: Raspberry is suitable for planting in a wide range of environmental temperatures, with an annual average temperature of 15-20℃.

2. Light: Raspberry is a positive crop and likes light.

3. Moisture: Raspberries are not strict about moisture, but in order to obtain high yield in production, they need to be irrigated with artificial water.

4. Soil: The soil pH of PH5.0-7.0 is required to be suitable for planting. Soil with good air permeability and high organic matter content is more conducive to high yield and taste of fruits.

In addition, pay attention to the selection and collocation of varieties. When fresh food is the main food, we should choose varieties with large and straight fruit shape, bright color, sweet and palatable taste and good quality. When processing, varieties with tough peel, high soluble solids content, less vitamin loss during processing and good color protection should be selected. Large-scale planting sites should be selected in the suburbs of large and medium-sized cities, with packaging and preservation facilities.

5. Economic and ecological benefits of raspberries

Raspberries can have a certain economic yield in the second year after planting, and enter the full fruit stage in 3-4 years, with an economic life of 15-25 years and a yield of raspberries 1000 kg per mu. Sugar content of raspberries, apples, pears and oranges

Similarly, the content of amino acids is higher than that of apples and grapes, and the content of anti-aging substances and anti-cancer substances tannic acid is higher than that of any existing cultivated and wild fruits, which has a wide range of uses in medicine, cosmetics and health care. Roots and leaves also have medicinal effects.

Raspberry is not only suitable for intensive management, but also suitable for scattered planting in farmyard and hillside wasteland. Strong adaptability, dense branches and leaves of raspberry, long flowering and fruiting period, can beautify the environment, conserve water and soil, and has good comprehensive economic, ecological and social benefits.

6. Variety characteristics and suitable range

Raspberry varieties have their own characteristics, including varieties suitable for different ecological environment conditions and varieties suitable for fresh food processing. At present, raspberry series and blackberry series are mainly used in production.

Blackberry fruit is purple-black when it is ripe, with an average fruit weight of 6.5-8.6g and good quality. The average yield per plant is 7.45kg, and the yield per mu of 3-year-old plants is 1 100kg. It is resistant to pests and diseases and drought, and some varieties can tolerate low temperature of-65,438+07℃. Red berries come in various colors, including red, yellow, black and purple. Red fruit juice has the special use of natural pigment additives. The average fruit weight is 5.5-6.7g, and it grows vigorously. The average yield per plant is 6.9 kg, and the yield per mu can reach 1 1,000 kg. Strong cold resistance, some varieties can tolerate the low temperature of -30℃. Suitable for the development of vast areas in the north.

7. Cultivation management

Both red berries and blackberries are suitable for planting in neutral sandy loam. Blackberries can tolerate a PH of 8.2, while some varieties of red berries have a PH of more than 7. 5. The growth is poor, and it is best to plant it on an open, flat, well-drained sloping land and a flat land that is convenient for fine management.

Planting in the second year, creeping and semi-erect varieties need to stand upright. Pruning is needed at the end of fruiting period or in spring every year to control plant shape. Appropriate pruning methods can improve the yield per plant and reduce pests and diseases.

8. How to build a park in raspberry field?

1, climate The best climatic conditions for cranberries are cool in summer and less rain in harvest season. If it is windy and dry in early summer, it can inhibit the growth of stems. Excessive heat during fruit ripening will lead to fruit softening, discoloration and burns. In some areas, in the cold winter accompanied by dry winds, the above-ground parts will be "stripped" and dried up.

Blackberry adapts to the hot environment in summer, and generally has a dormancy period of 300 ~ 600 hours. Most raspberry varieties need to be buried in the ground to prevent cold when wintering in the north.

2. Soil raspberry is a light-loving plant with shallow roots, so it should be planted on a well-drained, shady flat or gentle slope, and the groundwater level is below 4m; Mountain planting should be in shallow mountain areas and sunny slopes. The best soil is fertile sandy loam with neutral or slightly acidic ph value. Some varieties can also grow well in clay or around ph 8.5, but it has certain influence on good development and seed setting rate.

3. The soil where potatoes, eggplant, tomatoes and strawberries have been planted before is not suitable for planting raspberries, because there may be some germs in these soils, which may damage fruits.

9. How to transform the raspberry field?

1. Use old orchards or agricultural wasteland in mountainous areas to plant raspberries, and the collapsed wall of the ridge should be renovated before leveling the land.

2. Remove all kinds of fruit trees remaining in the garden, and thoroughly remove roots, weeds and bare stones.

3. Organic compound fertilizer and a small amount of compound fertilizer with fulvic acid as the main raw material (reduced by 50%) should be used appropriately if it is possible to apply 3 ~ 5m3 of decomposed fertilizer or farmyard manure per mu. Spreading, deepening, harrowing and ridging. Ridge width is 50 cm ~ 70 cm, height is 20 cm ~ 30 cm, and the ridge spacing is generally 2 m ~ 2.5 m. Pay special attention to the smooth drainage of ditches to prevent waterlogging and root rot. It is best to take sterilization measures: mix a proper amount of carbendazim (or thiophanate-methyl) into manure and sprinkle it underground.

10 How to plant raspberry seedlings?

Raspberry can be planted in Beijing in spring and autumn, and the suitable time for planting in spring is ground temperature 10 cm ~ 20 cm, and ground temperature 10oc or above. It is best to plant in autumn after seedling quality and before soil freezing (65438+ 10 ~ 165438+ 10). In the next period of time, it is best to plant early, the seedlings will lose less water and survive easily, and germinate early and grow fast in the next spring. It is best to master it one month before the soil freezes, but it is easy to plant seedlings in autumn in the north. Cut off the aboveground part by 20 cm ~ 30 cm, and bury it in the soil for the winter after autumn sowing.

According to the local rainfall. Plenty of rain, opening holes on the ridge; There is little rain, holes are opened on the ridge, the row spacing is generally 2.5m×0.8m (or 2m× 1m), and 330 plants are planted per mu. Flat hole planting, the depth, width and length of the hole are 30cm respectively. The soil is fertile and the density can be reduced appropriately; The soil is barren, so the density can be increased appropriately.

Rubus can be planted in equal rows and equal holes, or in equal rows and equal plants, with row spacing of 3.5m, row spacing of 0.6 and row spacing of 0.4m, with 600 ~ 1000 plants per mu.

Before planting, soak the roots of seedlings with clear water 12 ~ 24 hours to ensure sufficient water in seedlings. Add 50g organic compound fertilizer into the pit, and mix it with the soil evenly, so that the roots can be stretched and planted, the shallow roots are buried deep, and the roots are flush with the surface, then tamp and pour water, and then cover with a layer of evacuated topsoil after the water permeates.

In order to shorten the slow seedling stage and improve the survival rate, it is necessary to irrigate frequently and water less to keep the soil moist. Seedlings of potted leaves can also be planted in different seasons under the conditions of shading nets and keeping the soil moist. In order to improve the unit benefit and make the soil more fertile, some dwarf crops (generally less than 30cm) that like shade can be interplanted between rows. Such as peanuts, leafy vegetables, Chinese cabbage, radishes, etc.

1 1. How to manage fertilizer and water?

The first time is from flowering to young fruit formation, mainly nitrogen fertilizer; The second time is after the fruit is formed, mainly phosphorus and potassium; Basic fertilizer should be applied in early autumn, mainly decomposed farmyard manure, and appropriate amount of organic fertilizer can also be added. The side of base fertilizer 40-60 cm away from the plant is mixed with soil for application. When applying chemical fertilizer, the soil should have enough water, and about 0.3kg chemical fertilizer should be applied to the side 50cm away from the plant. Spraying foliar fertilizer at fruit stage. Experts suggest that forest fertilizer and microbial fertilizer, supplemented by chemical fertilizer, are beneficial to high yield and soil improvement, and improve fruit quality and sweetness. In order to meet the standard of pollution-free green food, it is best not to use chemical fertilizer. The old method can be adopted: for example, slightly inferior soybeans (to reduce the cost) are soaked in boiling water (to prevent germination) until they swell (to rot), plant ash rich in phosphorus and potassium is added, an annular ditch is opened 30cm away from the plants, and 10 ~ 20 beans are ordered to increase fertility.

Raspberry is moist, drought-resistant and waterlogging-resistant, and avoids water stains. When watering in dry weather, the appropriate soil water content is 60%, the depth reaches 40cm, and the appropriate number of times is appropriate. The best watering time in summer is after the temperature drops at 4 pm. The principle is dry energy irrigation and waterlogging energy drainage. The water was frozen once before winter came in the north.

12, How to loosen soil, weed and overwinter in the north.

Raspberry is a shallow-rooted plant, and it likes the soil with good air permeability. In order to prevent soil hardening at seedling stage, we should always hug the topsoil. Especially for cohesive soil, it must be loosened after rain irrigation. When using manual weeding, you should hoe early and frequently to avoid lack of grass. Manual weeding is the main method among seedlings. Between rows, in order to improve efficiency, small machinery can be used, and the depth is about 10cm, that is, loosening the soil to weed. Manual weeding should be reserved for short grass between rows, which will benefit more than harm and improve efficiency. If you want to raise seedlings, you should pay special attention to loosening the soil and weeding to avoid damaging the roots and buds. Careful use of herbicides, especially at seedling stage, is prohibited, which may lead to the death of surviving seedlings.

At the same time, planting high-protein leguminous grasses, such as alfalfa and white clover, between rows can make natural enemies occur 1 ~ 2 generations earlier than pests on beneficial weeds. When pests occur on raspberries, their natural enemies can control their development. In June, the beneficial weeds "finished the task" and died, and the natural enemies of these pests moved to leguminous pastures to continue their reproduction, so that the pests would never be fully developed and would not cause harm.

Most raspberry varieties need to be buried in the ground to prevent cold when wintering in the north.

In the second year of planting, creeping and semi-erect varieties need to be framed, and the required framing materials are cheaper than grape racks.

13 What are the disasters? How to prevent it?

(1) disease

Raspberry has stronger disease resistance and fewer diseases. Mainly stem rot, followed by powdery mildew.

1. Stem rot usually occurs on new branches. At first, a dark gray scald-like lesion appeared from the sunny side of the new bud near the ground. With the expansion of the diseased site, the leaves and petioles turn yellow and wither, and in severe cases, the whole plant dies.

Prevention and control methods: spraying 500 times of thiophanate methyl solution for 2-3 times during the growth period; Sweep the garden in autumn, cut off diseased branches and burn them centrally to eliminate pathogens.

2. The powdery mildew leaves are covered with a layer of white powder, which causes the leaves to twist or curl; Sometimes the leaves do not show white powder, but show water-soaked spots on the leaves; The victim's new tip is in the shape of a slender rat tail. In severe cases, the growth of new buds will become shorter and the fruit will sometimes be infected.

Control method: Spraying 2% Nongkang 120 water solution 150 ~ 200 times or 25% triadimefon 1000 ~ 1500 times during the growth period for control; Sweep the garden in autumn, cut off diseased leaves and branches and burn them centrally to eliminate pathogens.

(2) Insect pests

1. The eggs of Rhopalosiphum japonicum began to hatch in May, and the larvae ate the phloem outside the wormhole, mostly for one week. Chopped sawdust and feces are glued together with silk, which is easy to find and identify. Injured branches are easy to break and die. Control method: spray pyrethroids for 2-3 times in the active period of larvae from May to July to control pests; Before eclosion in June, cut off the damaged branches and destroy them. Spraying pyrethroids to kill larvae in early spring leaf stage; Sweep the garden in autumn, cut off the fruiting branches, and focus on burning to eliminate germs.

Pests and diseases should be handled flexibly and timely according to local actual conditions, and pesticides with high efficiency, no pollution and meeting green food standards should be used.

(3) Natural disasters

1, sun-dried cranberries are mostly cultivated in northern China, with strong cold resistance and are not easily damaged by late frost and early frost. However, in July-August, when the fruit is ripe, it is the high temperature and rainy season in northern China, and the fruit can be exposed to the sun. Generally, the 1 ~ 2 fruit at the top of the terminal inflorescence is vulnerable.

Prevention and treatment methods? Don't cut the base branch too long, and adjust the density of the fruiting mother branch so that the fruit is not directly exposed to the sun.

Description: This planting method belongs to the general planting method. Because of the different geographical and climatic conditions in different places, this planting method should be used in combination with the local actual situation.