The development period of the history of classical Chinese gardens and its corresponding historical periods and representative garden works

Chinese classical garden art is an important heritage of human civilization. It is recognized as the mother of world gardens and the wonder of world art. Chinese gardening art, the pursuit of natural spiritual realm as the ultimate and highest purpose, so as to achieve the "although made by man, like from heaven" aesthetic interest. It is y impregnated with Chinese culture, is China's five thousand years of cultural history of art treasures, is a vivid portrayal of the inner spiritual character of a nation, is a magnificent cause we need to inherit and develop today.

According to the relevant canonical records, China's gardening should begin in the Shang and Zhou Dynasty, when it is called 囿. King Zhou of the Shang Dynasty, "good wine and lust, good collection of dogs and horses and strange things, fill fill the palace, good wide sand dunes court platform (Note: Xingtai, Hebei, Guangzong area), more beasts (flying) birds placed in which ......". King Wen of the Zhou Dynasty built the Spirit Catchment, which was "seventy miles square, in which the grass and trees flourished, and the birds and animals multiplied. The first "囿" was to encircle a place with beautiful natural scenery and release animals and birds for the emperor to hunt, so it was also called "游囿" (游囿). The son of heaven, the vassals have 囿, only the scope and specifications of the hierarchy of the difference, "the son of heaven 100 miles, the vassals 40". From the Han Dynasty onwards, it was called Yuan (苑). The Han Dynasty in the Qin Dynasty on the basis of the early 囿, the development of garden-based imperial court Palace, in addition to the layout of the garden for the emperor to rest, but also held a congratulations, dealing with the imperial government. The "Weiyang Palace" of Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, the "Sixian Garden" of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty, the "Shanglin Garden" of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and the "East Garden" of King Liang Xiaowang (also known as Liang Garden) were the most important gardens of the Han Dynasty. "(also known as Liangyuan, Cuyuan, Suoyuan), Emperor Xuan's "Leyouyuan", etc., are the famous gardens in this period. From the murals of the Mogao Caves in Dunhuang, the pavilions of the Han Dynasty, and the scroll of the Han Dynasty by the Yuan Dynasty's Li Rongjin, it can be seen that the Han Dynasty's gardens were already at a high level and on a large scale. Meixian's "Cusu Garden Fugue", Sima Xiangru's "Shanglin Fugue", Ban Gu's "Xidu Fugue", Sima Qian's "Records of the Grand Historian", as well as the "Miscellaneous Records of the Western Capital", the canonical record of the "Sanshou Huangtu" and other historical books and documents for the above catching the parks and pavilions, there are more detailed records.

The Ming and Qing dynasties were the peak periods for the creation of Chinese gardens. Royal garden creation to the Qing Dynasty Kangxi, Qianlong period is the most active. At that time, social stability, economic prosperity to the construction of large-scale natural gardens provide favorable conditions, such as "Yuanmingyuan", "summer resort", "Changchunyuan" and so on. The private garden is the main achievement of the Jiangnan garden built in the Ming Dynasty, such as "Canglang Pavilion", "Huoyuan Garden", "Humble Administrator's Garden", "Yichang Garden "and so on. At the same time in the late Ming Dynasty also produced a garden art creation theory books "garden metallurgy". In their creative thinking, they still inherited the creative source of the Tang and Song dynasties, from the aesthetic to the creation of the garden mood are "small in the big", "Sumi Arabidopsis", "pot in the world" etc. as the creation techniques. Natural view, writing, poetry and painting became the dominant creative position, the architecture of the garden plays the most important role, become the main means of landscape. Gardens from ornamental to live in the gradual development of tourism. Large-scale gardens not only imitate the natural landscape, but also set of imitation of local attractions in a garden, forming a garden in a garden, a large set of small garden style.

Natural scenery to mountains, water features as the basis, vegetation to do decorative. Classical Chinese gardens are not simply copying these elements of the landscape, but consciously transformed, adjusted, processed, refined, so as to show a concise generalization of nature. It has both "static view" and "dynamic view", from the overall to the local contains a rich poetic feeling. This spatial combination of forms more than the use of certain buildings such as pavilions, pavilions, etc. to match the scenery, so that the landscape and architecture skillfully blended together. Excellent garden works, although everywhere there are buildings, but everywhere overflowing with nature's full of vitality. The Ming and Qing dynasties are precisely because the garden has this feature and the creation of a wealth of techniques and become a period of Chinese classical gardens. To the end of the Qing Dynasty, the exploration of gardening theory stagnation, coupled with the society due to foreign invasion, the impact of Western culture, the collapse of the national economy and other reasons, so that the garden creation by the heyday to decline. But the achievements of Chinese gardens has reached the peak of its history, its gardening techniques have been admired and copied by Western countries, set off a wave of "Chinese garden fever" in Western countries. Chinese garden art from the East to the West, became the world's **** recognized the mother of the garden, the world's artistic wonders.

From the architectural style of gardens, classical gardens have Western classical gardens and Chinese classical gardens two systems, regular gardens and landscaped gardens in two basic forms. Ancient and modern, gardens are adapted to local conditions, skillfully borrowed scenery, so that the building has a natural flavor of environmental art, they are natural artistic reproduction. If there is a basic difference between Chinese and foreign gardens in the artistic style, that is, the ancient Chinese gardens focus on reflecting the concept of "unity of man and nature", while the Western gardens focus on the performance of man-made forces. Western classical gardens represented by the French garden as a representative of the regularity, advocating openness, popular neat, symmetrical geometric pattern, through the artificial beauty to express the human control of nature and transformation, showing the power of man-made. It is generally presented with a central axis of the geometric pattern: carpeted flower beds and grass, straight forest roads, neat pools, gorgeous fountains and statues, rows of trees (or trimmed into certain shapes of hedges), magnificent buildings, etc., through the layout of these reflecting the sense of feudalism at that time to meet the pursuit of rows or the need to hold a grand banquet, ball. The most representative is the Palace of Versailles in Paris. Classical Chinese garden is a typical landscape garden, people in a certain space, after careful design, the use of a variety of gardening techniques will be mountains, water, plants, buildings, etc. to be configured and assembled into an organic whole originating from nature and higher than nature, the artificial beauty and natural beauty skillfully combined, so as to achieve the although made by man, just like heaven. This "master of nature" gardening art, reflecting the naturalization of man and the humanization of nature, so that Chinese gardens belong to the natural landscape type of writing. It is a natural landscape as a blueprint, by the winding water, staggering mountains, circuitous paths, the difference between the stone, the peculiar hole of the architectural environment composed of the natural world of scenery gathered in one place, so as to borrow the scene, the object to express their feelings. Classical Chinese gardens will also be the character and culture of the Chinese people are expressed, such as dignified, subtle, quiet, elegant and so on. It allows people to enjoy a variety of styles without leaving home, in a subtle manner by the nature and art of cultivation. Chinese gardens pay attention to the "three realms" that is, habitat, painting and mood. Habitat is the beauty of nature, the garden of the stacked mountains and water, to achieve although made by people, just like the realm of heaven, model mountains and water, take the local scene rather than narrow. Mountain noble pulse, water noble source, pulse source connected, the whole garden vivid. The so-called painting is the beauty of art. China since the Tang and Song dynasties, poetry and painting is the mainstream of garden design ideas, especially in the Ming and Qing dynasties. The garden will be closed and space combination, so that the mountains, pools, houses, rockery set arrangement, open and closed, interspersed with each other, in order to increase the connection between the scenic spots and the level of the landscape, to achieve the effect of the change of scenery, to give a person the impression of "dark flowers and a village". Context that is the ideal of beauty it refers to the master of the garden through the garden to express a certain meaning or ideal. This mood is often expressed by the landscape, naming, couplets, inscriptions and flowers and trees. China's classical gardens because of its architectural style and characteristics, generally divided into three major types: northern type, mainly in Beijing, mostly for the royal garden. Its scale is grand, the building is dignified, colorful, style tends to be elegant, focusing on reflecting the emperor's power and wealth of features, such as: Summer Palace; Beihai Park; Chengde Summer Resort; and so on, of which the Chengde Summer Resort is the largest existing royal gardens in China. Jiangnan type, represented by the Suzhou Garden, mostly private gardens, generally smaller in size, to win the fine. Its style is dashing and lively, delicate and elegant, winding and deep, bright and beautiful, rich; Jiangnan water town; features, and pay attention to the mountain and forest wild and simple natural beauty. He is good at grasping the limited space, skillfully combined into a thousand variations of garden scenery, fully embodies the national style of China's gardening, and widely absorbed the theory of Chinese landscape painting, such as: the Humble Administrator's Garden, the network of the Master's Garden and so on. Lingnan type, represented by the Guangdong gardens, both the north of the garden of stability, hall and Yi Li, but also the integration of the south of the garden of elegance and elegance, and absorbed the foreign gardening techniques, thus forming a light, transparent and bright style, such as: Yuexiu Park, Guangzhou; Hangzhou, such as the West Lake. It is worth mentioning that China's garden architecture in general has four major features: multi-curve, multi-variable, elegant and simple, airy and transparent. More curved is in order to harmonize with the scenic environment and the combination of the design of curved paths, curved bridges, curved corridors, eaves and corners, etc.; change is in order to adapt to the landscape topography of the high and low twists and turns, according to the local conditions, flexible arrangement; elegant and simple refers to the pursuit of tranquility and nature, simplicity and simplicity, simplicity and freshness of the style of the rhyme; airy and permeable in order to enable people to look around freely and enjoy the scenery, in order to achieve the "Nana! Thousands of hectares of the ocean, receiving four times the word romantic" viewing effect. It should be added that, in addition to the above list of cultural and historical attractions, there are such as revolutionary memorial sites, homes of celebrities, etc., they are unique to the significance of the memorial to attract a large number of travelers.