There is a question on the Level 3 soccer refereeing exam, Terminology: Refereeing Laws Seeking an explanation ！！！！ urgent！！！！！！！！！！！！！

A referee system

There are two kinds of referee system: one is the sideline referee system, the other is the diagonal (diagonal) referee system. The sideline referee system was introduced into China by the Soviet Union, and in the early period of liberation, China mostly used the sideline referee system, and from the 1956 National Soccer League A, the diagonal referee system was commonly used.

(A) Sideline referee system

Sideline referee system is the referee running along the sideline, the sidewalk inspector is standing in the sideline opposite the referee outside the activities. Each is responsible for his own half of the field. This system of refereeing is no longer used in current international matches.

(B) Diagonal referee system

Current international and domestic soccer matches are diagonal referee system, the referee along the AB diagonal activities, the sidewalk patrol along the two sides of the sideline outside the activities. If the referee is close to A, the touch judge L2 should move between MK. When the referee is in position B, touch judge L1 shall move between EF. The referee can only work closely with the two touch judges to fully observe and grasp the activities of the players on the field.

The touch judge Ll watches the red team and the touch judge L2 watches the blue team. When the red team into the blue zone, L1 along the border to limit the blue team penultimate defense player activities. As a result, L1 is almost always in the blue zone, and similarly L2 follows the penultimate defenseman of the red team along the sideline, and L2 is almost never in the blue zone. The touch judges assist the referee by focusing on offsides, balls out of bounds and substitutions requested from the field, and in some cases assist in providing information on fouls.

For the most part, the referee's range of motion is centered on the ball in the middle of the court. He should therefore choose an appropriate position that does not impede or interfere with the conduct of the game. At the same time, he should try to avoid moving with his back to the touch judge, otherwise it is easy to miss the touch judge's flag.

The touch judges, in their respective halves of the field, should be centered on the man, moving closely behind the penultimate defender, unless the attacking player has crossed the penultimate defender with the ball. In that case, the player shall be centered on the ball, moving with it and maintaining a parallel line with it.

The diagonal refereeing system generally uses the A B diagonal. However, some countries referee according to their own habits, taking into account the sun, climate and field conditions may also choose to F M diagonal (such as the United Kingdom). In this case, the referee also adjusts his position accordingly, and his range of activities is changed to the left side of the attacking team's front line.

The characteristics of the diagonal referee system:

1. The referee has a wide range of activities, closer to the ball, and it is easy to observe and recognize the activities and movements of the players on the field, which will help the referee to judge and penalize in a timely and accurate manner. From the running ability requires referees to have good physical fitness.

2. The referee should be as close as possible to the ball during the game, but not to hinder the ball and the activities of the players, which requires the referee to have a high degree of anticipation, while moving quickly and flexibly on the field, decisive and timely.

3. Sometimes affected by sunlight and wind direction.

The division of labor between the referee and the touch judge and the running position

Refereeing is the lifeblood of the competition. Referees and sidewalkers are the main members of the implementation of the rules, leading the game, the level of refereeing work is to ensure the smooth running of the game is an important factor. Therefore, it is necessary to attach great importance to and improve the quality of work in this area

(I) Referee and side judge division of labor

1. Referee

(1) The referee's duty is to implement the rules of the game, to solve the disputes on the field, and to judge the fouls. The decision of the referee shall be final in all matters of the game. The referee may also consult the touch judges when he/she deems it necessary.

(2) The clothing and equipment of the referee and the touch judge should be the same and clearly distinguishable from the clothing of the two teams in the match. At the same time, he should carry two whistles (preferably one each of high and low pitch whistles, one of which should be a spare), a watch or stopwatch, a pen and a record card, an edge picker, a red and yellow card and other necessary items.

(3) Record the results of the game and the number of the penalized red and yellow card players, and grasp the game time, and shall not give this right to the touch judges or other related personnel. If necessary, the touch judges may assist the referee in keeping track of the time of the match, for example, by reminding the referee with a pre-agreed code word a few minutes before the end of the match. However, the referee shall declare the end of the match on the basis of the time available to the referee.

(4) The referee should do a good job in all aspects of preparation before the game, including: review and understand the spirit of the rules, adhere to the training, to maintain adequate physical fitness; work and rest, adjusted to their own best state of mind, full of strong desire to fight and self-confidence; grooming; half an hour before the game to seriously check the field equipment and equipment. In addition, the referee team will hold a preparation meeting before the match to clearly and meticulously divide the work. The general content of the preparation meeting is:

①Analysis of the game situation and the details of the game team.

②To the side of the inspector and the field reserve inspector to explain the scope of duties and requirements of the game.

3) To clarify the methods and signals of cooperation in certain specific situations.

(5) After the match, the referee team is called upon to summarize the refereeing work of the match in a serious and comprehensive manner. Generally, it includes the following aspects:

①Principle and flexibility in applying the rules of enforcement.

②Penalty scale on the field.

3) The referee's ability to control the game.

4) Whether there is a major error on a key ball. Such as goals, penalty kicks, the use of red and yellow cards and offside decisions.

5 The cooperation between the referee and the touch judges.

The referee's running and position selection during the game.

In addition, the referee should also check the "soccer game record sheet" to fill in the referee's report form, if the game has been warned, sentenced to leave the field or other accidents, but also to fill in the "referee's report".

2. Side judge

(1) The side judge is the referee's assistant, and should fully assist the referee in the game. His main duties are to indicate the ball out of bounds, corner kicks, goal kicks, substitutions, and to focus on assisting the referee in observing offsides. At the request of the referee sometimes assists with fouls in his or her vicinity, as well as some foul play behind the referee. When assisting the referee in the execution of the referee's work, the touch judges shall provide signals to the referee with flags according to the factual situation of the game and the principles of the rules, but the final decision still depends on the referee.

(2) The referee should also do a good job of preparation before the game, including: review and understand the spirit of the rules, especially their own duties and responsibilities of the part of the referee to the work of the authority; adhere to the workout to maintain a full physical strength; a combination of work and rest to adjust to the good state of the game; grooming: to assist the referee to seriously check the field before the game, the equipment and equipment. At the same time, before the athletes arrive at the field to check the number of players and equipment in line with the rules and requirements.

(3) If the referee is injured and cannot continue to work, the first referee will replace his/her authority to work on the field. Therefore, the first touch judge shall carry with him all the same game equipment as the referee. Under normal circumstances, the first touch judge should also assist the referee in recording goals, cautions, penalties and the numbers of players who have been sent off.

3. The fourth official

The fourth official (called the reserve referee or recorder) is not directly involved in the refereeing work on the field, but he is an important member of the refereeing team. He sits on the record table set up outside the intersection of the center line and the sideline, and his duties are divided as follows:

(1) Before the game, he is responsible for reminding the referee and the sideline inspector to check their own equipment and supplies, as well as to carry the game ball, the sideline flags, and the record form.

(2) Participate in the pre-game preparation meeting and wear all equipment such as the referee's while working. In case of rain or cold climate can be outside the referee uniform to understand all the contents of the preparation meeting. Such as the addition of a sports suit. When the first referee on the field is the referee, the second referee will be the first referee, and the replacement referee will come on the field to take over the work of the second referee.

(3) Half an hour before the game to receive and review both sides of the players on the field registration form and fill in the game results record sheet. Before the players enter the field, check the numbers of the players on the field. After the start of the match, the referee will assist the referee to fill in the game record sheet with the time and the number of goals scored, as well as the situation of the players' substitutions, the time of being warned and sentenced to leave the field.

(4) Do a good job of off-field management, including the following aspects:

①The number of players on the bench of both sides of the game should be in accordance with the requirements of the regulations, and to prevent any person on the bench from leaving the bench to shout or go to the sideline or near the end line to direct.

②No one may enter the field of play without the permission of the referee, and only two persons are permitted to enter the field of play if they are required to care for an injured person, provided that the referee's consent has been obtained in advance.

3 Stop substitutes preparing to take the field of play from doing preparatory activities near the touchline.

④ Stop reporters from exceeding the camera crew limit line and using flash.

⑤ Strictly fulfill substitution procedures and carefully implement substitution procedures.

6 Keep the spare balls for the game.

(2) Referee and touch judges

The refereeing of a soccer match is carried out by a referee and two touch judges***. According to statistics, an evenly matched, intense, high-level game, the referee generally have to run more than 5 kilometers of distance, the sideline patrolman's activities in the distance of about 2 kilometers. This shows that the physical demands on soccer referees are very high. The soccer game field is large, long, large number of people, fast change, in order to adapt to the needs of the game, the referee not only to be able to run but also to run.

1. Referee general running route and scope

Generally speaking, the referee's running route is along the field AB diagonal running, so that not only as close as possible to the ball, conducive to accurately observe the situation, but also can see the side of the flag at any time, easy to get in touch with the border guards with the cooperation. However, the referee should not be bound by the restrictions of the AB diagonal, he should run actively under the premise of the center of the ball, along the direction of the AB diagonal as much as possible to expand the scope of their own activities, and strive to get close to the ball, close to the scene of the fight. He should observe the game comprehensively and accurately, and choose his observation position and angle of vision as appropriately as possible.

The correct choice of position should be: not only close to the ball, but also does not hinder and interfere with the game; not only run

up, but also back; not only to the attacking and defending teams to see the situation clearly, but also at any time

to see the activities of the border patrol. Therefore, the referee actively seeks to keep the ball between himself and the touch judge by

activating on the left side of the ball. Even if the referee's position is on the right side of the ball, the referee should remember not to run into the straight line between the ball and the touch judge, so as not to create a situation where his back is turned to the touch judge, but should withdraw a certain distance before and after the referee, and minimize the angle formed by the referee and the ball as much as possible.

This way, he can keep the ball and the touch judge within his own field of vision. The ball and the touch judge will always be in your field of vision.

2. The general position of the touch judge and the route of activity

The touch judge in the half of the side of the sideline activities, in general, should be centered on the person, followed by the defending side of the penultimate defender to move, because this is to determine whether the offensive players in the offside mark line. Unless the ball has exceeded the penultimate defender, then the inspector should not stare at people and should move with the ball to keep the ball in the same parallel line, because at this time to determine whether the offensive players are offside is not a sign of people but the ball as a sign. When the ball development to the opponent's half, the defending team all over the center line, the inspector generally stand in the center line and the border line of the intersection of the offside, because at this time to determine the offside of the standard is to the center line as a sign.

Three, the referee and the referee in the game with the specific method of cooperation

(a) dead ball with the method of cooperation

1 . The center circle kickoff

The referee stands near the intersection of the center line and the center circle to face the attacking side, which is not only convenient to maintain an appropriate angle of vision with the touch judges, but also easy to observe the center circle kickoff whether the two sides appear to be a violation of the phenomenon, and at the same time is also conducive to the referee's timely running and selection of the position. L1 and L2 of the touch judges and the penultimate defender of the two teams respectively, to keep in a parallel line. After the kickoff, the referee moves and runs in time according to the development of the game.

2. Corner kicks

When serving a corner kick, the referee should choose a favorable observation position within the penalty area, but be careful not to affect and interfere with the activities of the attacking and defending players. Because at this time in the penalty area, especially the goal area. Nearby the number of players on both sides of the attack and defense is dense. Usually in the referee's side of the corner kick, the observation position should be selected in the same side of the goal area line and the intersection of the end line outside. This makes it easier to observe whether the corner kick goes out of bounds and whether fouls are committed during the intense struggle in front of the goal, and especially to determine whether the ball goes into the goal. When a corner kick is awarded on the touch judge's side, the referee should choose an appropriate position in the opposite corner of the penalty area to observe the touch judge because most of the players on both sides have their backs to the referee and because of the overlap of the crowd. Regardless of which side the corner kick is sent from, the touch judge should stand on the extension of the end line behind the corner kick area and observe on the one hand whether the ball as a whole is placed in the corner kick area, and on the other hand whether the corner kick crosses the end line after it is sent out, and at the same time should pay special attention to the situation of the goal. If, when taking a penalty corner, the opposing team is approaching within a distance of 9.15 meters, the touch judge may also stand at the end line 9.15 meters from the corner area, and should quickly return to his position outside the sideline after the ball is released.

3. Goal kicks

The referee shall take a position near the center circle to observe the development of the offense and defense on the field. Umpire L1 shall stand outside the sideline facing the extension of the penalty area line to see if the goal kick is sent directly into the penalty area. He shall follow the penultimate defender as soon as play resumes. L2, the touch judge, shall likewise follow the penultimate defender within the half, ready to observe the attacking team.

4. Free Kicks

1) There are generally two types of free kicks at the back of the field: one is a backward pass to the goalkeeper; the other is a short pass to the attacking team at the back of the field. The referee should retreat to the vicinity of midfield in order to observe the development of the attack. The two touch judges should follow the penultimate defender in their respective half of the field. If a free kick is returned to the goalkeeper, the touch judge of that half of the field shall stand on the touchline of the penalty area line before the goalkeeper sends the ball out to observe if the goalkeeper sends the ball out of the penalty area for an infringement. As soon as the ball is released, the touch judge shall run quickly to follow the penultimate defender.

②The free kick from the center of the field is also generally two cases: one is in the center of the field to cooperate with the pass; the other is from the center of the field directly to the penalty area near the ball. Therefore, the referee should move ahead to choose the observation position near the landing point where the ball may arrive. L2 should keep an eye on the penultimate player of the defending team, while L1 should remain in his position and be ready for the transition between offense and defense.

3. Free kicks near the penalty area are often taken with a one-time pass or a direct shot on goal. If the referee chooses to observe the offside position, the touch judge L2 should go down to the end line to observe the goal situation. If the referee chooses a position near the end line, touch judge L2 should focus his attention on observing offside. At this point, touch judge L1 should remain in his usual position.

5. Penalty Kicks

The referee stands in front of the left side of the penalty spot, near the extension of the goal area line, and observes whether the ball is placed on the penalty spot, whether the penalizing player's penalty kick is taken, and whether there is any infringement by the other players (including the goalkeeper), and whether a goal is scored. Sidewinder L2 shall stand at the intersection of the right penalty area and the end line, primarily assisting the Referee in observing whether the ball is in the goal. Linesman L1 shall stand in the usual position.

6. Throwing the ball out of bounds

If the ball is thrown out of bounds from L2, the referee should move closer to the spot where the ball is thrown in order to observe the player who threw the ball in for a foul and for any fouls that may have occurred after the ball was in play. Linesman Ll quickly stays on the penultimate defender. Also assist the referee by focusing on the thrower's footwork and off-the-ground fouls. Linesman L1 stands in the usual position. If the ball is thrown out of bounds from the far sideline of L1, the referee follows the thrower in order to observe the thrower for fouls and possible fouls after the ball is in play. The touch judges L1 and L2 stand as usual.

7. Replacement (when a replacement is requested)

When a team requests a replacement after a dead ball has been played, the two touch judges on the field should signal the referee with a flag in a timely manner, and the referee should approach the center line to enter the field, and wait until the players have left the field from the required place before allowing the replacement to play.

8 .

In the heat of the game, there are times when an injury occurs. After the dead ball care injury, the referee should run to the injured player in time to see the injury, at this time the first side of the inspector and the replacement side should be closely watching the off-field caregivers, in the absence of the referee's permission. The off-field caregiver shall not be placed on the field without the referee's permission. If the referee signals permission to enter the field, only two persons may enter the field. No other persons shall be allowed to enter the field.

9. At the end of the first and second halves

At the end of the first and second halves, the referee shall take the match ball with him, the two touch judges shall quickly concentrate on the referee, and the three of them shall retire from the field together.

(2) Methods of cooperation during the game

1. Position attack

This refers to the regular cooperation of the attack in a step-by-step and steady manner, which is the main method of attack in the game of soccer. Due to the slow pace of advancement, the referee has ample time to run the ball. Whether the attacking team is launched through the two sides of the road or the middle of the attack, the referee should be based on the diagonal running, choose not only from the ball close to, but also does not impede and interfere with the attacking and defending sides of the technical action and tactical cooperation of the area to observe the development of the game, but also should take into account with the position of the side of the inspector relationship. Especially when the attacking side advances along the left side, the referee must pull out a certain angle before and after, and pay attention to maintain close contact with the touch judges. The two touch judges should select their positions according to the routine at this time. If the attacking team attacks from the right. In addition to observing the offside and the ball out of bounds, the referee should also make good according to the requirements of the referee to assist in the case of fouls.

2. Transfer attack

The main means of combining side and middle attack in the game is through the middle. Long passes to shift the direction of the attack to the real view. The referee in this case should always pay attention to change their running route, in time to keep up with the development of the game situation. Generally from the center of the field for a wide range of transfer pass, the referee should be more straight line sprint running and fast follow-up running. If a transfer pass is made from the front of the field, the referee should use more lateral fast movement in order to select his observation area. The two touch judges should still select their positions as usual and keep an eye on the penultimate defender in their respective halves.

3. Rapid Counterattack

When one side misses an attack in front of the goal, the other side sometimes takes advantage of the void at the back of the opposing team by making long passes or advancing quickly. Defensive dissonance in the case of rapid counterattacks, often catching the opponent off guard. Due to the long distance, sudden and strong, coupled with the fast running speed of the players, the referee will often feel overwhelmed, if the development of the game lack of keen foresight will not be able to keep up with the situation. Therefore, the referee should be prepared to make all kinds of predictions on the development of the game situation. Once there is a fast counterattack, the referee should run along the shortest route with the fastest running speed and follow up quickly. The touch judge L2 should pay great attention to the development of the counterattack at this time, and under the premise of eliminating offsides, follow up with the counterattacking players at full speed and assist the referee in observing the fouls and the goal situation. L1 should still follow the penultimate defender in his own half.

Four: Procedures for the Referee to Start the Match and Enforcement Signals

(1) Procedures for the Start of the Match

By tossing a coin, if the team that has made a good guess decides to choose the direction of the attack, the other team kicks the ball off and starts the match. At the beginning of the second half of the match the two teams change places and the team that chose the goal side in the first half kicks off and restarts the match.

The kickoff is a way of starting and restarting the game, including: at the beginning of the game; after a goal is scored; at the start of the second half of the game; and at the beginning of the deciding period of each quarter.

The procedure is for all players to be in their own half of the field of play; the opposing team on the kick-off team shall be at least 9.15 meters from the ball until play is in progress; the ball shall be placed on the center marker; the referee gives the signal; play is in progress when the ball has been kicked and moved forward; and the player on the kick-off team shall not touch the ball again until it has been touched by another player. After a team has scored a goal, the other team kicks off.

(2) Enforcement Signals

1. The Referee's Whistle

In order not to delay the game, so that both teams can play as soon as possible and to avoid a penalty in favor of the offending team, the referee may, in general, not sound the whistle, but use hand signals to indicate the resumption of the game, in order to avoid delaying the game so that both teams can play as soon as possible, so that both teams can play as soon as possible, so that both teams can play as soon as possible. The referee may, instead of sounding the whistle, signal the resumption of the match by means of a hand signal so that both teams may enter the match as soon as possible. However, the whistle must be blown in the following five situations: (start of the game; referee stops the game; winning a goal; penalty kick; end of game time). The whistle must be sounded promptly, decisively and loudly. At the same time, it should also be through the length of the whistle, slow and urgent and the sound of the voice to express the referee's attitude to the penalty, so that people can identify the different nature of the foul and violation of the law and so on, and its whistle is generally: the start of the game - a long tone, louder; serious fouls or dangerous action - strong, loud; general fouls - a strong, loud; the referee must whistle. - powerful, loud; general foul - short, loud; goal - long, loud, slightly undulating; there is an altercation - short, continuous; End of first and second half - short then long.

2. Referee's gestures

The referee shall make a gesture immediately after the whistle is blown. The gestures should be simple, clear and precise. The purpose of the gesture is to indicate how the next step in the game should be played, therefore, there is generally no need for the referee to imitate the foul play of the players.

The referee's hand signals are as follows:

Direct Free Kick - one arm raised in front of the referee, with the arm clearly indicating the direction.

Indirect free kick - one arm raised with the palm forward. This gesture should be maintained until the ball has been kicked out of play, kicked or touched by another player and is dead.

Continuation of play - mastery is favorable. When a player commits a foul and the referee applies the favorable terms and does not award a penalty, the referee shall give the gesture for continuation of the game: the arms are raised diagonally downward and the arms are swung slightly forward in a continuous motion.

Penalty kicks - the referee raises one arm diagonally downwards forward, clearly pointing to the penalty spot, which may not be run towards

Goal kicks - the referee raises one arm diagonally downwards forward, pointing towards the goal area

Corner kicks - the referee raises one arm diagonally upwards, pointing towards the corner kick area

Penalty and warning - red and yellow cards are shown when a player is penalized and warned, respectively. When using the red and yellow cards, the card should be held in one hand with a straight arm upward, facing the penalized player, and a pause, so that both inside and outside the field can see which player is penalized, and at the same time must record the number of the player.

3. Assistant Referee's Flag

The assistant referee's flag is a reminder to the referee to pay attention to the referee, so it should be easy for the referee to observe. When running back and forth along the touchline, the assistant referee should be accustomed to flexibly switching his hand to hold the flag so that the arm holding the flag faces the field. When not flagging, the flag should be allowed to drop naturally. When running, the arm holding the flag should not swing so dramatically as to create an illusion on the part of the referee.

The Assistant Referee's flags are as follows:

Offside - the flag is held up to indicate to the Referee, and then pointed to the offside spot as soon as the Referee has blown the whistle to stop play.

Throwing the ball out of bounds - holding the flag sideways and upwards, pointing in the direction of the penalty kick.

Corner kick - holding the flag diagonally downwards, pointing towards the near post corner kick arc (whether the ball crosses the line at the far post or near post). In case of doubt, the Assistant Referee shall first raise his flag to indicate that the ball has gone into touch. At the same time he shall be aware of the referee's movements in case the referee has made a decision different from that of the assistant referee.

Replacement - When a team requests a replacement, the Assistant Referee shall wait until the ball is dead and raise the flag with both hands above his head to indicate to the Referee that a team is requesting a replacement.

Goal kick - hold the flag flat in front of you, pointing towards the goal area.

In addition to the above flags, an assistant referee may, on the referee's commission, flag to the referee to provide assistance to the referee. For example, if the assistant referee notices a foul by a player in his immediate vicinity and the referee is not aware of it, the assistant referee may raise the flag with a waving motion. When the referee sees the flag and stops play, the assistant referee should raise the flag at an angle to indicate the direction of the free kick. If the assistant referee finds that the ball is thrown out of bounds, or kicked in the corner, goal kicks, etc. in the vicinity of the referee is not in accordance with the rules, he should raise the flag and shake the action, prompting the referee to be corrected or penalized

Simply put, it means that the soccer referee's Code of Conduct.