The working model of community work

I. Community development model (a) Definition of community development model: It is a working model that mobilizes resources inside and outside the community to solve community problems and meet the needs of residents by mobilizing the participation and mutual help and cooperation of residents in the community, together with the assistance and support of the higher level of government and outside institutions and organizations. The model emphasizes residents' participation and cooperative communication, and focuses on the cultivation of residents' personal abilities, public **** awareness and sense of community belonging in the process of participating in community development, rather than just the construction of the community's physical environment.

(2) Characteristics of the community development model:

1. The model originated in rural development in developing countries, and was later borrowed by urban community work in developed countries, becoming the world's main model for promoting community development and development.

2. The model places equal emphasis on the dual goals of community hardware environment construction and human development in the community, and considers the improvement of human capacity, the cultivation of a sense of public morality, and the cultivation of a sense of community belonging and identity to be more important than the construction of a simple physical environment in the development of the community.

3. The working idea used in this model is basically to guide the residents to participate, communicate and coordinate with all relevant departments at all levels, solve community problems through collaboration, and try to resolve conflicts, with less emphasis on conflicts and struggles.

4. The model emphasizes human development as the first priority, so it is more difficult to carry out the work, not as simple as building the physical environment of the community, as long as there is money. But it is also because of this that the effectiveness of its work is more sustainable and more conducive to the construction and cultivation of grassroots democracy.

(3) Applicability of the model in China

The basic ideas promoted by China's current community building are consistent with the community development model. For example, in document No. 23 of 2000 issued by the General Office of the Central Committee of the People's Republic of China, "Notice of the General Office of the Central Committee of the People's Republic of China and the General Office of the State Council on the Transmittal of the Opinions of the Ministry of Civil Affairs on the Nationwide Advancement of Urban Community Building," it is clearly stated that "adhering to the combination of government guidance and social participation, giving full play to the community's strength, and rationally allocating community resources, vigorously developing community undertakings, and continuously improving the residents' ability to develop their communities. Vigorously develop community undertakings, constantly improve the quality of residents and the civilization of the community as a whole, and strive to build new modern communities with orderly management, perfect services, beautiful environment, good security, convenient life and harmonious interpersonal relations. The fact that Chinese society has a traditional cultural foundation of harmony*** and awareness, focusing on a sense of vernacular and mutual assistance among neighbors, coupled with the fact that the new Chinese Government attaches great importance to grass-roots communities in the construction of grass-roots democracy in the form of self-governance by the inhabitants, are all favourable conditions suitable for a model of community development. Of course, because China's traditional highly unified unitary organizational structure has not yet been transformed into a functionally differentiated pluralistic organizational structure, government departments are accustomed to the grass-roots communities to give orders, the implementation of administrative leadership, coupled with the expansion of the market economy mechanism encroachment on the impact of residents concerned about participation in the community of public **** development.

Social planning mode

(1) Definition of social planning mode: Social planning mode refers to the use of experts and outside authorities to conduct scientific and rational investigation and research on the community to select an optimal work plan, and to solve the community's problems and satisfy the needs of the residents through the top-down arrangement of the organization and implementation of the plan.

(2) Characteristics of the social planning model:

1. Emphasizing scientific and rational planning, it neglects the in-depth participation of the residents and the development of their abilities in the development of the community;

2. Viewing the development of the community as a planned social change, it does not have sufficient understanding of the autonomy and pluralism of the development of the society;

3. Authorities and experts are in a subjective and controlling relationship with the community residents;

4. The way of working is mostly administrative and organizational, avoiding spontaneous conflicts;

5. Focusing on the overall structural and functional construction of the community, ignoring the initiative of the individual residents in the community.

(3) Applicability of the Social Planning Model in China

Contemporary China is in transition from a planned economic system to a socialist market economy. The discourse on market and plan in the futuristic market economy is that the market is the basic mechanism, the plan is the macro-control mechanism, and the plan guides the market. In fact, to a large extent, China still emphasizes the role of planning in social development, which is a social characteristic consistent with the social planning model. In addition, the transformation of Chinese society is mainly in the economic field, while in the social and political fields, top-down administrative leadership is still retained and even strengthened, which is also consistent with the direction and methods of work under the social planning model. However, the reform of China's market economy and the decline of the government's financial resources have led to a decrease in the government's regulatory power, which cannot provide a corresponding economic basis for the application of the social program model. This is the original social background for the development of community services in China, which relies on for-profit services to support welfare services. It is also the social basis for China's emphasis on the reconstruction of a community-based social management system in community building.

Three, social action mode (a) the definition of social action mode: social action mode refers to the mobilization of community residents to organize, in response to social problems in the community, to take a structuralist analysis of the perspective and direction of action, through the strategy of resistance to safeguard the interests of the weak, to change the social structure and system, and to promote a fairer, more democratic and just society.

(2) Characteristics of the social action model:

1. Concerned with the values of social fairness, democracy and justice, it opposes the social concepts of functional harmony theory as well as the social Darwinism of the survival of the fittest;

2. Though it is a structuralist analytical perspective and direction of action, it adopts the Marxist action strategy of conflict and struggle;

3. an understanding of conflict and strife as the driving force of social development rather than structural equilibrium;

4. the view that individual problems are the result of social structures and institutions, and the avoidance of condemning the individual.

(3) The applicability of the social action model in China:

Chinese society is in a period of great change in the structural transformation and institutional transition, so it is bound to bring about a lot of social problems, so the analytical perspective of structuralism is more relevant in China. However, the basic situation in China is reform, development and stability, and stability is the overriding social policy foundation, requiring all work to be subordinate to the overall situation. Coupled with the fact that China's social management system is transforming from a traditional unit-based management system to a community-based management system, which takes the community as the basis of social management and strengthens the management of all against social conflicts and contradictions triggered. However, it is also required to solve social problems brought about by social change on a community basis. How to make a balance between the two is the challenge of Chinese community workers.