What kind of universities does China need (II): the educational objectives of universities.

● Ke Ling, after my own life experience and a comprehensive survey of the experience of university education in various countries in the world, positioned the educational goal of the university stage as: to cultivate people with a world cultural mind and good at solving problems. In this way, university education has a vivid soul, full of humanistic ideals and exciting life exploration and career exploration. For the pursuit of truth, as a mission of inheriting civilization and developing new ideas, universities must first train students to be people with a world cultural mind. The world cultural mind refers to the mind with the three core qualities of "artistic feeling, philosophical speculation and scientific demonstration" from the perspective of the integration of eastern and western cultures. The campus culture of a university should give students rich life experiences and let them live a real spiritual and cultural life. The cultivation of elegant culture is the essence of education. Whether knowledge is a culture or life is a culture, its educational function is only to cultivate. Everything in the school can be regarded as culture, because the core function of the school is to train and cultivate students' spirit. If people want to live a beautiful and noble life, they need rich humanistic cultivation in their hearts. In universities, the most exciting course to cultivate students' quality in an all-round way is the course combining art, philosophy and science. In my opinion, a sound and beautiful life is a life course centered on humanistic spirit, and the focus of university education is not on skills but on spirit. Universities should first train students in spirit and temperament through the study of humanities courses, so that students' hearts are filled with a noble humanistic background and aesthetic spirit: art is to grasp the world's knowledge from the perspective of perceptual form and aesthetic value; Philosophy is the knowledge of grasping the world from the perspective of high generality and universal applicability; Science is the knowledge of grasping the world from the angles of experimentation, logicalization, modeling and quantification. As far as the spiritual world of human beings is concerned, science is not a complete circle, just as art and philosophy are not a complete circle, but only an arc surface of a complete circle. Only when art, philosophy and science are combined and become a unity can it be a complete circle. And this full circle is a symbol of sound reason and complete human nature. The world cultural mind is an all-round expansion of people's spiritual space, which should start from students' spiritual activities, focusing on personal cultural experience and spiritual feelings, as well as the happiness and significance obtained from this cultural experience and spiritual feelings. In this idealistic stage full of dreams, let life be permeated with a strong sense of beauty, bathing in the beauty of art, philosophy and science and diving to the bottom of human spirit. What a beautiful and noble enjoyment. Elegant art, philosophy and science have the character and temperament of the bottom of the ocean. Although the sea is rough, the depths of the sea are always quiet, quiet and serene. As a college student, we should first cultivate the feeling of art, which is actually an aesthetic accomplishment and a sustainable passion for beautiful forms and colors. Let's observe that anyone with high aesthetic cultivation often has a transcendence in his or her words and deeds. Kant said: beauty has transcendence and universality. The transcendental spirit of beauty will always lead us beyond reality and point to the future. In my opinion, only by transcending can people be romantic; Only beyond, people appear innocent and lovely; Only by surpassing, life is worth living. Therefore, on the road of life, I have always advocated to treat life with the aesthetic attitude of "artistry of life". Here, where does the artistry of life begin? I think the artistry of life should start with cultivating one's artistic feeling, which requires us to master at least one art form (music, literature, art, dance, photography, etc.) to move towards life. The feeling of art is the spiritual foundation of individual life. Without this spiritual foundation, individual life is actually just a symbol of human beings, but lacks human connotation. Westerners say that a person who doesn't know music will lose half his life, and if he doesn't know literature, he will lose the other half. I said: if a person doesn't understand art, he is just seeking survival. Only when he learns to express his feelings in artistic language and can enjoy the artistic language of human beings can he really enter life. Secondly, college students also need to cultivate philosophical thinking minds: the cultivation of philosophical thinking minds is mainly achieved through systematic reading of History of Western Philosophy, History of China Philosophy and Selected Readings of Chinese and Western Philosophical Masterpieces. This is the training of the basic quality of every outstanding talent. In my opinion, the core significance of philosophy to individual life is to infuse our inner world with a spirit of being alone with heaven and earth and enjoying loneliness, and to cast us with a noble feeling of "looking up at the stars and overlooking the earth". A philosophical thinking mind is a wise mind, because philosophy itself is synonymous with wisdom. Philosophical thought is the highest point of thought and the pioneer of the spirit of the times. Philosophy teaches us to think not one-sidedly but as a whole, to calm down and return to our inner spiritual life, to learn to meditate and meditate, to learn to watch and explore, and to learn to have a spiritual dialogue with people in heaven and earth. People who have been edified by philosophy for a long time and deeply love philosophy will rise from the deep heart with the devastating momentum and indomitable critical spirit of "once climbing to the top of the peek, one would see, the other mountains all appear dwarfs under the sky.". True philosophy represents the spirit and soul of a nation. What is philosophy? Simply put, philosophy is the wisdom and passion of macro-thinking, a metaphysical investigation of thinking things, a systematic and theoretical world outlook and methodology, and a powerful ideological weapon for us to understand and transform the world. Heine, a German poet, once warned people, "Never look down on philosophers who think hard behind closed doors, because they can produce thunderous power." Marx said: "True philosophy is the essence of the spirit of our own times, … it is the living soul of civilization." According to my feeling, if one wants to squeeze into the forest of the strong, one cannot do without philosophical thinking. M Laue, a famous German physicist and winner of the Nobel Prize in 1914, said an exciting sentence in his book My Road to Physics: "I have never listened to a philosophy class, but I have spent a lot of time on Kant's philosophy and made an in-depth study. At first, I read the history of Kuno Fisher's philosophy. Later, I delved into Kant's critique of pure reason and other works, mainly ethics. My passion for Kant's philosophy originated in middle school, and Otto B was my first teacher. But I think only when I entered the university did I begin to mature enough to understand philosophy. Philosophy fundamentally transformed my life existence. From then on, even the intrinsic value of physics lies in providing a basic means for philosophy. In my opinion, the whole science must regard philosophy as the center of their similarities and revolve around it. The intrinsic goal of science is to contribute to philosophy. In this way, and only in this way, in the face of the increasing specialization of science, can we maintain the unity of scientific culture. Without this unity, the whole culture will collapse. " This is really an insightful and inspiring confession. Finally, college students need to cultivate scientific positivism: scientific positivism is a kind of thinking ability and action ability to solve practical problems, and we need to learn to understand, analyze and solve problems with experimental, logical, modeled and quantitative scientific thinking methods, so that we can achieve greater success. The experimental way of thinking is a way of thinking that uses perceptual methods such as observation and experiment to obtain data. Logical way of thinking is a way of thinking through concept, judgment and reasoning, which mainly includes analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, judgment and reasoning, etc. Modelling mode of thinking is a mode of thinking to establish a model, which is a simplified form of representing a real system with simple figures, symbols and entities. The model is established to simplify the complex and facilitate the analysis, explanation, control and experiment of the real system. Modeling is the most basic research method and core link in scientific research. The quantitative way of thinking is a way of thinking that carries out quantitative calculation on the basis of qualitative analysis and expresses the relationship and result with quantity. With the three core qualities of "artistic feeling, philosophical thinking and scientific demonstration", we have the foundation to fully enjoy life. Life is a multifaceted and harmonious whole. Everyone's life history is his own works of art. Art is an activity of interest, philosophy is an activity of wisdom, and science is an activity of solving problems. The so-called enjoyment of life is to enjoy a life full of interest, to enjoy a life of exploring wisdom and to enjoy a life of solving problems. A person with artistic feeling is a person with rich experience and extremely full emotions. He (she) can experience all kinds of beauty and sublimity, vulgarity and elegance, conservatism and rebellion, passion and romance in different time and space through "music, literature and art". He (she) can feel the changes of the four seasons and the existence of the universe through a grass and a tree. He (she) can learn from a plain poem. A philosophical thinker is a person who is good at thinking and has profound thoughts. He can sort out the order and laws from the mixed and chaotic phenomena through thinking. He can enjoy the world's famous works of thought and have a spiritual dialogue with the world's wise men, which enlarges his cognition and expands his thinking, thus making his thoughts as quiet and deep as the sea. A man with scientific evidence is a man who is good at analysis and brave in practice. His life is always centered on solving problems, trying to understand, analyze and solve problems with experimental, logical, modeled and quantitative scientific thinking methods, so as to find a sense of success because he is good at solving problems. Now, at this stage of life full of idealism and romanticism in college, let's "learn to live poetically" and appreciate life from the heart, just as a poem says: appreciate life, let our hearts have a quiet time, laugh at those beautiful moments in life and appreciate that indescribable touch. In the autumn night, listen to the crooning of autumn insects; In the winter morning, cheer the flying snow all over the sky; In summer, I am childlike for a few cicadas; In spring, I am encouraged that the whole world is awakened. Life has given us a fresh morning and a pleasant evening, life has given us stirring music and sad poems, and even life has given us a rainy season, which reminds us of the girl with an oil-paper umbrella and a lilac-like sorrow. Life has given us a lot, and life is worth cherishing and appreciating. Appreciate life, which is actually appreciating our colorful self. How wonderful life is, smart people can always seize every opportunity in life. Enjoy it slowly along the way ... Secondly, for the pursuit of truth, universities with the mission of inheriting civilization and developing new ideas need to train students to be good at solving problems. A person who is good at solving problems is a person with creative spirit and ability who has mastered certain professional skills. Here, the cultivation of college students' creative ability to solve problems is highlighted as the main task of university education. As the core of creativity, creative spirit and creative ability are the symbol of the vitality of a nation and a country, and the source of power for the vigorous and all-round development of society. In order to make university education full of the full stimulation of individual potential and the all-round cultivation of creative quality, I think we should mainly start from the following two aspects: First, the creation should first cultivate aesthetic personality. Aesthetic personality is a kind of "carefree travel" life realm; A clear, bright, friends with all things and a broad mind with heaven and earth as one; An inner feeling of experiencing Tao; A true life state of Taoism and nature; An internal motivation and quality to do WTO entry with the spirit of being born. The development of personality from low level to high level can be divided into three types: utilitarian personality, aesthetic personality and creative personality. Utilitarian personality pursues material interests first and spiritual interests second, while aesthetic personality pursues spiritual interests first and material interests second. Aesthetic personality can go to creation, and utilitarian personality can also go to creation. However, utilitarian personality is based on survival and creation, mainly to meet its own physiological needs and security needs, while aesthetic personality is based on development and creation, mainly to meet its own aesthetic needs and self-realization needs. The level of creation and the quantity and quality of its creation will be much higher than that of utilitarian personality. Therefore, the transformation from aesthetic personality to creative personality to creative spirit to material is the best way to develop the creative potential of human beings, and it is also the best way to improve the quality of human life and living standards. It can be seen that universities should try their best to activate students' creative consciousness through systematic training of humanistic spirit and scientific spirit, so that students' "body, mind and spirit" can sink into the feeling of creation and deeply appreciate all kinds of fun of creation. Life can only be happy if it is created; Creation requires a strong personality and a strong life; What is creation? Creation is an emotional impulse to infuse self-consciousness into the world, and it is the highest form of self-realization; Creation is the rebirth of life. Whether it is spiritual or physical, creation always leaves the cage of the body and is involved in the whirlwind of life, competing with the sun and the moon and sharing the same life with the gods. Creation is the elimination of death, eternal life and immortality. . . . . . A true creator should go with the spirit all his life to explore his ideal world diligently; Creators need spirit, care about spirit and attach importance to spirit more than others. Spirit is self-awareness, that is, self-awareness is pure spirit and absolute spirit. Creation must reach the height of pure spirit and absolute spirit in order to create works with personality, thought and vitality. As a creator who pursues Excellence, it is extremely difficult to walk with the pure spirit and hold the inner beliefs of "truth first" and "academic first". He should not only have a "wild and noble" personality, but also have a strong self-awareness, an explosive force of inner life that can push the feeling of innovation to the extreme, a simple heart, a clean soul and a quiet mind, and also have the character of dedication to ideals. Creators must walk with the aesthetic spirit and cultivate a pure spirit and an absolute spirit, and then they can move towards vitality creation. Second, participate in problem-solving research practice. One must be interested and the other must be capable, which is the basis of all success. Interest is a choice, and ability is cultivated in practice-practice, practice and practice again. This is the secret of cultivating ability. Here, the important way to cultivate creative quality is to self-determine the research topic or follow the research topic determined by the tutor to integrate theory with practice in scientific research practice. Accumulate successful experiences and lessons of failure in scientific research practice, so as to better improve their abilities in all aspects. In my opinion, the qualities of a good researcher mainly include: aesthetic personality and comprehensive knowledge; Problem consciousness; The life experience of putting into practice thoroughly, and the insights and creative academic insights arising from it. To this end, we need to pay attention to the cultivation of the following three research qualities. 1. Establish a sense of problems. Scientific research begins with problems. Or the problem is the starting point of scientific research and the key to any science. Therefore, it is the basic skill of scientific research quality to establish problem consciousness. The problem arises in the process of mutual contact between the subject and the recognized object. To truly face up to the problem, we must have a correct understanding of the problem and knowledge, which is the thought and reason for solving the problem.