Why are Shandong people called "second brother" when they meet? The culture behind folk customs

In the ancient culture of China, the appellation of "second brother" and "second brother" when Shandong people met was not an impressive number. Taking it as a title, there are always contempt and derogatory meanings, such as: second brother (hotel waiter), second adult (official's brother), second uncle (rogue), second small (slave) and second book (slave). Those who describe poor quality are "two tigers and eight eggs", "sex", "twenty-five eyes", "two hundred and fifty", "two colors" and "two eggs" respectively. But when dealing with Shandong people, we must call them "second brother". Calling "big brother" is not happy. Why is this? Said the boss was a turtle. Folk worship turtles as gods, but they hate them, thinking that there are gods when they live to be 100 years old, so they call centenarians turtles, and generally use turtles as swearing words. Second, because of Wu Dalang. The stories of Water Margin and Jin Ping Mei mainly happened in Shandong, among which the stories of Pan Jinlian, Ximen Qing, Wu Dalang and Song Wu are widely circulated and household names. Wu Da's meanness is shameful; Wu Er's benevolence, fortitude and hatred of evil are commendable, and he can be regarded as the representative of Dahan. Third, because the boss is stupid. It is generally believed that brothers and compatriots are generally the oldest simple and honest, the second smart and the third spoiled. Fourth, the boss plays an ignominious role in folk tales. There are many stories about the separation of brothers among the people. Take Cowherd and Weaver Girl as an example. The boss often marries an evil wife without kindness and becomes "henpecked". After his parents died, he didn't take good care of his underage second child, but he was kicked out of the house. But later, the boss often became a person punished by social morality, such as some greedy stories circulating among the people, saying that the second child was cheated by the boss into a well or a mountain forest. I'm meeting Fox Fairy to talk about what I have seen and heard. It is nothing more than that my daughter has a strange disease, which can be cured with XXX grass, and whoever is cured will be recruited as a husband. Or the emperor and princess got a strange disease, which was related to the turtle essence in the pond. Get rid of the turtle essence, and you will get high officials and high salaries. The second son did as he said, and got a good wife and a high official, while the eldest son was insatiable, went to learn from the second son, and died in well water and forest, which became a delicious meal for wild animals. Five, because of Confucius. Confucius is the pride of Shandong people, and his thoughts of benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom have a far-reaching influence on Shandong people. And Confucius is the second child. Sixth, Shandong people are modest, unwilling to be treated as "big" and like to be called "second brother". However, there are exceptions in the vast areas of southern Shandong, and people are forbidden to call themselves "second brothers". Among them, some said that "the eldest son of a son of a bitch is the second son of a turtle, and only the third son is a good man"; Others say that "second child" refers to the folk male genitalia. Unless it is called the second child in the ranking, it is an insult for outsiders to call it the second child. A title, marked with a distinctive local culture brand. Now that tourism has become a kind of cultural consumption, it is necessary to avoid it. Only in this way can we respect others and facilitate ourselves. Heilongjiang ferry, without Shandong people, sails on the northernmost river of the motherland. Whenever the boatman wants to sail, he always habitually asks if there are any Shandong people on board. At this time, no matter whether there are Shandong people among the passengers on the bus, they always answer yes. If not, the boatman won't sail. The formation of this habit is related to the legend of "old Li with bald tail". According to legend, after being cut off by his father, Lao Li with bald tail ran to the north of Heilongjiang in one breath before leaving. At that time, there lived a white dragon in the river, which often bullied the people on both sides of the strait, and the people were miserable. After hearing this, the bald-tailed Lao Li decided to kill people and drive away the little white dragon. Lao Li, with a bald tail, called the local villagers in Shandong and asked them to help prepare a lot of steamed bread and lime. He told the villagers: "When I was fighting with Xiaobailong, black foam appeared in the river, so you poured steamed buns into the river;" The river is foaming at the mouth, so you pour lime into it. I will get more and more strength when I eat steamed bread, and he will get more and more uncomfortable when he eats lime. In this way, you can help me beat him. " After the bald-tailed Lao Li entered the river, two dragons fought. They stirred up the river. The villagers watched the battle by the river, saw the black foam in the river, and quickly threw steamed buns; When I saw the river foaming, I poured lime. After several days of fighting, the bald-tailed Lao Li finally drove the little white dragon away and lived in the river. Because the image of Lao Li with bald tail is a black-faced man, people call this river Heilongjiang in memory of him. Lao Li with bald tail defeated Xiaobailong with the help of fellow villagers in Shandong. Therefore, Lao Li takes special care of his fellow villagers in Shandong. As long as there are Shandong people on the ship sailing on the Heilongjiang River, Lao Li will wish the ship a safe journey. Later, people knew this characteristic of Lao Li, and over time, they formed the habit of asking if there were any Shandong people on board before sailing. The legend of Lao Li with bald tail is a very popular folk story in Shandong and Northeast China, and the plot can only be regarded as a story. But this legend and its habit of "sailing in Heilongjiang without Shandong people" reflect the historical facts of Shandong people's eastward crossing and the spirit of unity and mutual assistance in the development of Northeast China. Ginseng doll tied with red rope to dig wild ginseng, commonly known as "wild ginseng released", is full of mystery. But on closer examination, all kinds of mysterious words and deeds are actually practical purposes. Let the mountain people line up, and use the "rope-pulling stick" (that is, the wooden stick for pulling weeds) to clear away weeds and look for ginseng. This is called "pressing the mountain". The other road is called "Tuanshan", and people are scattered to look for it. Knocking on the "Soboro Stick" is the contact signal. No matter which way, it is forbidden to talk, let alone eat. The mountain man said that once the ginseng doll wearing a red Chinese-style chest covering was disturbed, and the ginseng ran away. In fact, the real reason is that you should concentrate on finding ginseng, and talking and eating will distract everyone. Also, if you shout loudly in the forest, it is easy to get an echo and get lost in Ma Dashan. Anyone who finds ginseng, immediately insert the Soboro stick into the ground, tie it on the ginseng stem with a red line tied with ancient copper coins, and spread a red cloth under the ginseng. It is said that ginseng dolls have the ability to escape from the soil, and they can't run away once they are tied with red lines. In fact, the red line is tied to stand out, because ginseng grows in weeds and will be trampled if it is not careful. Tie a red line, red and green, especially eye-catching. As for the red cloth on the ground, it is used to drop ginseng seeds at the touch-it is also very precious and is a good medicine to promote midwifery. After all this, the lucky one shouted "Great!" "-People in Northeast China commonly call ginseng a" stick pestle ". The partner quickly asked, "What goods?" Answer: "Four leaves!" Hearing this, everyone said happily, "Come on! "Fast and agile; When, when. This is the jargon of the northeast forest region. " Fuoco! "The words sound just fell and the discoverer was handed a cigarette and lit. It is a rule to offer a cigarette to the discoverer. First of all, this is a comfort. Second, let him smoke a bag of cigarettes to calm down, because he will dig ginseng next, so as not to get too excited and dig it out. If you accidentally break a little epidermis or dig a ginseng beard, the ginseng fruit will ooze out and its value will be greatly reduced. Also, there are many "small mouths" in the northeast, and smoke can smoke them away without disturbing the digger and distracting him. Dig ginseng with wooden knives and antlers, because iron is too sharp, and it will be cut when it touches ginseng. Different from other flowers and plants, ginseng lies flat near the ground, and its roots grow upward in order to absorb dew and humus from the topsoil. So digging ginseng must start from the periphery of ginseng, from far and near, from bottom to top, and dig bit by bit. Finally, a wild ginseng was dug up, and the partners found birch bark and moss to wrap it. Covered with soft and moist moss and birch bark, ginseng will not wither. Before leaving, they went to a nearby red pine tree and cut off a piece of bark. First, they cut four big cuts, and then they cut five small cuts. This is called "leaving a name". In the future, someone will come here to start a mountain, and at first glance, they will know that five people have dug a four-leaf ginseng here, and they will be very lucky. In fact, some ginseng seeds fall into the ground and new ginseng will grow. Leave a mark and tell future generations to pay attention to this area. If you pass by here yourself in the future, it's easy to find out if there are any new ginseng. Seventy don't stay, eighty don't eat, and ninety don't sit. " Seventy stay, eighty stay for dinner, and ninety don't sit "is a popular folk custom. In many areas, people think that after the age of 70, if the elderly go to relatives or friends' homes, the host family should not force them to stay; After 80, don't force him to eat; After 90, if the old man wants to leave, don't let him sit again. If this common belief is violated, people think that it may bring misfortune and disaster to the elderly and their families. Respecting the elderly and filial piety is the traditional virtue of the Chinese nation. This folk custom seems to be contrary to traditional virtues, but it is also reasonable from the perspective of China's traditional funeral customs and the law of human fertility and aging. China people have a traditional order of support and the custom of dying for their parents and widowed elderly people who have no biological children. Under normal circumstances, parents are supported by their sons. If the son dies before his parents, he will be supported by his grandson. If there is no son but only a daughter, one situation is to give her a adopted son-in-law to come to the door, and the son-in-law and daughter will be supported to death. This is called "recruiting a son-in-law to support the elderly". On the other hand, after a daughter gets married, like an elderly couple without children, someone else's adopted son comes to the door to be an adopted son, inherit property and provide for the elderly. The characteristic of this traditional maintenance order is that the elderly never leave the living environment where they have lived all their lives, and get the double satisfaction of belonging and survival security from the familiar living environment, so as to spend their old age safely. This traditional order of support has caused another psychological phenomenon to the elderly in China, that is, they attach great importance to their final place of death. The goal of a perfect ideal is to die in the first room of your home, that is, to die naturally. In the traditional maintenance of order in China, filial piety is the moral standard of children and grandchildren who are supporters. "Filial piety" means to support parents wholeheartedly; "Shun" means obeying parents' wishes. Parents' wish is death, and children must of course obey the wishes of the elderly. For children and grandchildren, only when the elderly can die as they wish can they be regarded by public opinion as meeting the moral standards of "filial piety". At this point, the wishes of the children and grandchildren as supporters are the same as those of the parents of the dependents. After the age of 70, people may get sick and die at any time in their twilight years. If you go out, die in a foreign country or at the home of relatives and friends, it is against the wishes of the old people. Secondly, children and grandchildren who support the elderly will be condemned by conscience and criticized by public opinion because they are unfilial and let the elderly go out and die in other places. Thirdly, the relatives and friends who receive the elderly will have a lot of embarrassment and trouble because of the unfortunate death of the elderly in their own homes. Obviously, this situation is not what everyone wants to see. Therefore, after the elderly reach the age of 70, their children and grandchildren try their best to discourage them from walking around their relatives and friends' homes. Relatives and friends don't welcome old people to their home. Of course. This does not mean that the relatives of the elderly are not related to the elderly. This kind of affection and emotional communication between the elderly and their relatives follows another order of respecting the elderly among the people, that is, during the Chinese New Year holidays, the younger generation should take the initiative to visit their predecessors, and the younger generation should take the initiative to visit the elderly. Even with such a family and emotional communication mechanism, as children and grandchildren, they don't want the elderly to go out. However, due to special circumstances such as family conflicts, missing relatives and friends, and visiting elders older than themselves on New Year's Day, it is still common for the elderly to go out to visit relatives and friends. In this case, relatives and friends will try to persuade the elderly to go home as soon as possible, or inform their children and grandchildren to pick them up as soon as possible. The creed of "seventy don't stay overnight, eighty don't stay for dinner, and ninety don't sit" means that the older you go out, the greater the possibility of an accident. People say that breaking this creed will bring bad luck and disaster, mainly because if something happens to the elderly, it will bring many unexpected troubles to relatives and friends who receive the elderly. Planting a few bare trees in front of the house can not only beautify the environment, but also be an economic income. However, people are very picky about where to plant trees. Such as: a willow in front of the door, pearl agate goes home. There are locust trees in front of the door, and gold and silver treasures go home. It is better to plant willow pagodas in front of the door. There is also a folk proverb: jujube comes first, apricot and elm come last, pomegranate gold in the east and persimmon silver. What kind of trees are planted in the yard and what kind of flowers are planted are also particular: the peony in front of the orchid and the peony in the Guiting, and the pine, bamboo and plum in front of the door are cold-resistant. Parthenocissus on the screen wall, in front of the doors and windows of gold, silver and chrysanthemum. The thorn plum is not something in the court. Remove the clove and leave it in Jin Lan. Momo's bonus is like fire, and the flowers are fresh in the moonlight. Some of these flowers and trees are arranged by position, such as "Parthenocissus tricuspidata on the screen wall, in front of the doors and windows of gold, silver and chrysanthemum"; Others are based on aesthetic tastes, such as "peony in front of orchids and Guiting, pine, bamboo and plum in front of the door are cold-resistant"; There are also psychological needs, such as planting willows, pagodas and dates in front of the door, which are homonyms of "flowing", "pregnant" and "early", meaning that pearls and agates flow into the gate, and gold and silver treasures will give birth to your son early. The most taboo is to plant mulberry in front of the door, poplar in the yard and willow in the back. As the saying goes, "If you don't plant mulberry before, you won't plant willow after, and there is no ghost clapping in the courtyard." The so-called "ghost clapping", that is, poplar, is also called "croaking" by the people. When the wind blows, the leaves of poplar trees rattle, which makes people upset and easily shields thieves. Therefore, this kind of tree should not be planted in the yard. Mulberry is similar to "mourning" and is taboo among the people; Willow and "flow" are homophonic, and planting willow behind the house is suspected of money and treasure flowing out. This folk belief should be formed after the Han and Tang Dynasties. Because, in the bamboo slips unearthed from Qin TombNo. 1 1 in Yunmeng Shuihudi, Hubei Province, there is a brief article about planting mulberry in front of the door. This essay is about a township official who was ordered by the county magistrate to seal up a person's property. This person's belongings are: "In a word, there are different households, with tiled interior rooms, large wooden furniture and ten wooden doors." This means that this person has a hall, two bedrooms, all doors, all tiled roofs, complete wood structure and ten mulberry trees in front of the door. It can be seen that Yunmeng area was not taboo to plant mulberry in front of the door at that time. Yunmeng belongs to Chu in ancient times, and the witchcraft in Chu is extremely prosperous. There is a saying that "a good witch and ghost should be respected", but there is no popular saying that "mulberry should not be planted before" You don't see that the head of the cocoon is full of mulberries, and you don't care about the front and back of the house. You call your hometown "Mulberries". It can be seen that this kind of popular letter may not be rigidly adhered to. The universal belief of "not planting mulberry before, not planting willow after" is a psychology of seeking good luck for future generations, a superstitious sermon, which we should abandon today; There is some truth in the idea that "there are no ghosts in the yard to clap your hands" in order to avoid trouble. Excerpted from Popular Belief and Scientific Culture, Shandong Education Press, pricing: 18.00.