What are the characteristics of Heine's critical works?

Comments: Heine wrote a series of articles on religion, philosophy, literature, painting, music and drama after he arrived in Paris from 183 1. The most important works in the 1930s were about French painters, the history of German religion and philosophy, romanticism and so on. The purpose of these articles is to communicate the cultural exchanges between the people of Germany and France and correct the wrong views in the book On Germany by Madame Starr of France. At the same time, let Germans know the tradition and achievements of the French Revolution, know their own backwardness, overcome negative factors, see hope in their own national culture and promote the German revolution.

Heine criticized the classical philosophy of German idealism in his article On the History of German Religion and Philosophy. On the one hand, he pointed out that behind the obscure words of German philosophers, revolutionary thoughts were hidden. German philosophers carried out a far-reaching and significant philosophical revolution, and firmly believed that after the philosophical revolution, the political revolution would follow. Engels praised Heine's point of view. On Romanticism makes a concise and accurate analysis of the development of German literature, and realistically evaluates the representative figures of German classical literature such as Lessing, Goethe and Schiller, thus defending the progressive tradition of German literature. Heine thinks that the romantic literature, which was all the rage at that time, was politically reactionary, but it still has some merits in art. Heine's two works are profound in thought and far-sighted, far exceeding the level of related works of his time and are of great value.

From 1940s to 1950s, Heine also wrote Memo of Ludwig Billner and Henrich Heine, Confessions, Memoirs and Lutkia, and discussed the relationship between literary criticism and creation, literature and reality, literature and politics, and philosophical revolution and political revolution. These comments are beautiful and unique, fresh and meaningful.