Who put forward feminism?

Western feminism can be divided into three stages: 1. The first generation of feminism (1from the second half of the 9th century to the beginning of the 20th century) II. Modern feminism (early 20th century to 1960s) 3. Postmodern feminism (1960s-present) 1, the first generation of western feminism: Western feminism originated after the French bourgeois revolution and the Enlightenment, and the first generation appeared in the second half of19th century, synchronized with industrial revolution in europe, represented by Harriet Taylor Mueller of Britain. The initial appeal was that women should be equal in education and legislation, and equal with men in economy. They called for women's liberation mainly from the economic aspect, which had a great influence on the later feminist movement, especially the Marxist/socialist feminist movement. The influential literary works of this generation include Nora and Anna karenin by Tolstoy. Some socialists in China in the 1920s and 40s were influenced by feminism and probably belonged to this generation. During this period, feminism has not yet risen to the theoretical level, mainly some practical activities, such as Clara. Tsetkin led the equal pay movement for women. The birth of International Women's Day. 2. The second generation of western feminism: From the early 20th century to the 1960s, the world experienced two world wars, the colonial system collapsed and various contradictions were rearranged. Feminism has also erected various flags in this turbulent period, and it is surging. Feminism in this period parted ways and became "radical feminism" represented by Kate Miller, Catherine McKinnon and others, "Marxist/socialist feminism" represented by Zhu Liye Mitchell, and "liberal feminism" represented by betty friedan and others. Marxist/socialist feminism demands gender equality and women's material status mainly from the aspects of economy and class struggle. While "radical feminism" and "liberal feminism" seek women's "liberation" in "sex". They challenge the whole male society and the "sex class" system. Kate from America. Emily first introduced the concept of "patriarchy" in her book Sex Politics (1970). She believes that the root of women's oppression is "patriarchy". They completely oppose women and men: men are enemies and women are friends; Men are grumpy and women are gentle; Men are persecutors and women are persecuted; Men are oppressors and women are oppressed; Men are warmongers and women are pacifists; Men are winners and women are losers; Men are individualists and women are relational; Men's pleasure is limited to genitals, while women's pleasure is reflected in all aspects of the whole body; Men only pay attention to the results, while women pay attention to the process … and so on. This simple dichotomy has been criticized by post-modern feminism, which is very important and is another story. However, feminism in this period, especially the radical and free feminism's demand for "sexual liberation", had a great influence on a group of feminist writers. Ghiglia. Although the works of Woolf and Lessing have traces of postmodernism, they are basically literary representatives of feminism in this period. I think these are the same "women writers" in China. Plus Duras and Milan Kundera. 3. Postmodern feminism: Postmodern feminism began in 1960s and 1980s, and its appearance is probably related to two factors. First, due to the "sexual liberation" in the 1960s and the feminist ideology that set men and women against each other, countless families broke up, single mothers, problem children and AIDS became popular, so people wondered: Is social value worth paying such a high price for sexual liberation and women's rights? Another factor is that more and more post-80s women occupy the leading position in government, enterprises and school media. When they became bosses, the men exclaimed: The hen crowed! Women also began to wonder: will they lay eggs? Thus, post-modern feminism came into being. If the second generation of "modern feminism" emphasizes practice, the third generation of "postmodern feminism" pays more attention to philosophical thinking beyond women's scope, and socialism and sexual freedom are more intense. Let's talk about "sex" first, which is what the "postmodern" women in China imitate most vigorously. The response of postmodern feminism to modern feminism is that they deny the second generation feminists' view that women are opposite to men. They don't mention that men are oppressors and women are oppressed, but advocate the integration of men and women in yin and yang, and they deny some concepts such as "women", "body" and "patriarchy". Judith Butler, an American, said in the book The Trouble of Gender that gender is social rather than natural, and the body is not a "natural body" in the biological sense, but is determined by culture and power. This reminds me of the two men in Wei Hui's Shanghai Baby and the relationship between Wei himself and them. French monique Wittig is even more peculiar. She said that women are not born women, and women's bodies are also caused by society. She advocates a society without "men" and "women". This argument of complete equality from social status to physiological status has completely broken the "male language". American postmodern feminists believe that "in the past, feminists spoke in male language, but now we should speak in female language." Anne leclerc wrote in her book that this feminine discourse is "the happiness of my woman's stomach, vagina and breasts. It is neither the happiness of soul and virtue, nor the happiness of feeling, but an intoxicating physical happiness that men can hardly imagine. " Ah, it suddenly occurred to me that I had seen some "poetesss" writing "poems" in Chinese on the Internet before. Their "poems" about "belly, vagina and breasts" were originally copied from this Miss Anne! Postmodern feminism no longer pursues the number of sexual partners required by the second generation feminism, but pays more attention to quality. In other words, instead of promiscuity with some messy men, it is better to be happy with the same sexual partner. This is tantamount to reflection on promiscuity, single divorced parents taking drugs and AIDS in the 1960s and 1970s. Unfortunately, China is still following in the footsteps of 1960s and 1970s, and it will take about 10-20 years to "wake up". At present, the western publishing circles have begun to publish works introducing China's "house art" (note that they are not novels, but works similar to "academics"). This kind of book is probably still struggling in the column of "yellow banned books" in our own place, but it is studied as a good thing in other people's places. This is the importance of "reflection". As more and more women participate in academic fields such as politics, business and media, and enter the leadership, as a result of "hens crow", postmodern feminists introduce feminism into the field of philosophical thinking. More active are "eco-feminism" and "process feminism". The representative of the former is CHARLENE SPRETNAK of the United States. Her "green" series of works have a wide influence in the west. She believes that "modernization" has not achieved the promised better life, nor has it brought world peace and stability. The main features of modernization are materialism, industrialism, separatism and patriarchal clan system, which are against man and nature and have a great negative impact on mankind. The ecological postmodernism she advocates is: ecological wisdom, grassroots democracy, personal and social responsibility, non-violence, respect for differences, sustainable development, feminism, and some socialist ideals! Spretnak said unabashedly that her eco-feminism is a challenge to belittle nature and women in western culture, a challenge to the social and political order of oppressing people (especially women) in ecological extinction activities, and a challenge to the hegemonic behavior of western patriarchy to separate and divide human beings and expose resources to poverty. Interestingly, SPRETNAK wrote the Taoist spirit characterized by the integration and interaction of Yin and Yang in his works, and considered it an excellent cultural wealth. Another branch of post-modern feminism is "procedural", which encourages women to take their instinctive "enthusiasm, gentleness, responsiveness and variability" as the driving force of imagination and thinking, while rejecting traditional metaphysics and rigid male thinking mode. They believe that "only when women gain the same equal status as men in a society that respects women and men equally can people realize all kinds of necessary changes and have justice, enjoyment, order and creation." Where have we seen this kind of society before? See and disappear? Or never? Postmodern feminist thoughts /rendanews/displaynews.asp? Id=4735 This website is good, and there are many related links beside it.

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