Hakka history (extra reward)

Hakka is an important branch of Han nationality in South China, and it is a common concept in ethnic group and culture.

Hakka Wisdom (26 photos)

Hakkas are an important group who have lived in southern China for more than two thousand years since the Qin Dynasty. Hakka ethnic group is one of the important local ethnic groups in Guangdong (Guangfu, Hakka, Chaoshan, Gaoliang in western Guangdong, Siyi, Hailufeng and Shao Min in northern Guangdong, etc.) and also one of the important local ethnic groups in Jiangxi and Fujian. Among them, Guangfu, Chaoshan and Hakka are the three mainstream ethnic groups in Guangdong. Several major ethnic groups in Guangdong are all mixed and assimilated by the earliest indigenous Baiyue in Lingnan. Hakka came into being later than other clans, but Hakka came to Guangdong no later than other clans. The earliest settlers in Heyuan, Huizhou and other places in Guangdong were the Hakka ancestors who merged the primitive and Yue clans, among which Meizhou, as the most concentrated area of Hakka, is known as the "Hakka Capital of the World".

There are Hakkas in Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan Province, Zhejiang and other places, with the largest number in Guangdong Province, with about 25 million local Hakkas, accounting for one third of the local ethnic groups in Guangdong. Hakka ancestors originated in the Central Plains and eventually formed in the south, forming three Hakka gathering places: Ganzhou, Jiangxi, Meizhou, Guangdong and Longyan, Fujian. Hakkas often follow the example of talented men, inspire and educate their children and grandchildren, and learn from their predecessors who have made great achievements. Some people say: Where there is the sun, there are China people, and where there are China people, there are Hakkas. Others say: where there is sunshine, there are Hakkas; Where there is a piece of land, there are Hakkas who live in groups, work hard and reproduce. Hakkas are called "Oriental Jews" because they travel around the world, emigrate to the world and have many successful people in overseas business circles.

Overseas, there are Hakka settlements in many countries and regions (originated from the Hakka Movement to the South Asia hundreds of years ago), especially Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia and other places in Southeast Asia. Hakka dialect is an important part of the local language [3].

Multiple migration

The first southward migration was the Qin Dynasty. After Qin Shihuang unified China, he began persecution and great migration under his tyranny. Hakka ancestors are among them. Some surnames became extinct, while others changed their surnames. Those who survived fled to the mountainous areas of Henan and Anhui, and further fled to the border of Jiangxi. They settled down, and many of them became senior officials during the Han and Jin Dynasties. [4]

The second large-scale southward migration was in the period of "Yongjia difficulty" at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty and "Five Chaos" in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. At that time, in order to take refuge, some Central Plains residents turned over.

Shenzhen Hakka Culture Festival

Move into the border area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. Later, due to the confrontation between the north and the south, about 960,000 people from the Central Plains moved south to both sides of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Part of the population flows into Gannan, and part of it enters Fujian and Guangdong through Ningdu and Shicheng.

The third large-scale southward migration was during the Huang Chao Uprising in the late Tang Dynasty. First, the Anshi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty brought great disasters to the people, forcing a large number of Han people in the Central Plains to move south. During the Huang Chao Uprising in the late Tang Dynasty, a large number of Han people from the Central Plains went south to Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. For example, the imperial clan Li Meng moved from Chang 'an to Bianliang, and then moved to Shibi Township, Ninghua, Fujian. In response to the Huang Chao Uprising, Gushi people Wang Xu and Wang Chao led 5,000 peasant rebels from Guangzhou and Shouzhou to Jiangxi, resulting in a sharp increase in the population along the border between Fujian and Jiangxi.

The fourth large-scale southward migration was the southward crossing at the end of Song Dynasty. The Jin people invaded the Central Plains and attacked Bianjing (Tokyo, now Kaifeng, Henan). When Jian Yan went south, some officials and scholars moved to Taihu Lake Basin. Another part of the cremation or crossed Dagengling in the south and entered Nanxiong, Shixing and Shaozhou; Or along Hong, Ji and Qianzhou, and then from Qianzhou to Tingzhou; Or stay in counties in southern Jiangxi. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the Yuan Army went south in a big way, and a large number of Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Song people fled from Putian to Chaoshan, Guangdong Province, and fled to Hainan Island.

The fifth southward migration was in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Because of the large population and limited land, the Hakkas living in southern Jiangxi, eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong moved to Sichuan, Hunan, Guangxi, Taiwan Province, central Guangdong and western Guangdong. This large-scale migration is called "Westward Movement" in the history of Hakka immigrants. The Hakka dialect in Sichuan is basically derived from this "westward movement". At that time, the population of Sichuan decreased sharply due to wars, plagues and natural disasters, and the Qing government especially encouraged immigrants to fill Sichuan from Huguang.

The sixth southward migration was during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in the middle of19th century. At that time, in order to escape the war, some Hakkas migrated to South Asia, and some were lured into indentured labor and taken to Malaysia, the United States, Panama, Brazil and other places.

In addition to the above six large-scale relocations to the south, some Han people in the Central Plains also moved to the south due to droughts and floods, and some settled in the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi because of relegation, business and study tours by officials in previous dynasties. However, not all the Han people who moved south became Hakkas, and only people from Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi departments and their own departments were called Hakkas. [5]

origin

Huang Zunxian, a native of Jiaying House in the late Qing Dynasty, said in Preface to Shuimei Poetry: "Nine of the ten people in Jiaying House are Hakkas. This guest is from Heluo, from Fujian to Guangdong, which has been passed down from generation to generation for 30 years and lasted for 700 years. " According to Huang Zunxian's records, Jiaying House was founded in 1773 (the 11th year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty). Since Jiaying Prefecture, Hakka people have settled in Jiaying for more than 700 years, which lasted for 30 generations. The Central Plains people moved south to Jiaying around AD 1000 (Northern Song Dynasty). However, many residents in the Pearl River Delta who were classified as Guangfu dialect had not handed down 30 generations of grandchildren by the beginning of 2 1 century, which shows that Hakka people settled in Lingnan not later than Guangfu dialect. There is an obvious fact that all Hakkas can't come from Heluo area. Huang Zunxian's so-called "from Heluo, from Fujian to Guangdong" must only be an overview of some of them, but it can't represent all Hakkas. Huang Zunxian's description of the residents' origin in Shui Mei's Anthology may be based on his own family migration history.

In addition, it is also mentioned in Huang Zunxian's "Yi Hai Za Shi": "The road is thousands of miles south.

Taiwan Province Hakka (18)

Dialect fully proves the original rhyme, and the customs and habits still remain as they were three generations ago. This proves once again that Hakkas are rooted in Heluo in the Central Plains, and many of them have settled in Lingnan for more than 1000 years. Wanfu temple, dapu county was founded in 834 (the eighth year of Taihe, Tang Wenzong), and by 20 14, it had exceeded 1 180. According to the Records of Ning County of Zheng Dexing in Ming Dynasty, Dr. Song, Mr. Hanlin and flower explorer Jiao studied in Guirenfeng Temple in the south foot of the mountain when they were young. I often read books by the swimming pool. In the west dammed lake, the lake is black. After Jiao discovered flowers in the senior high school entrance examination, the villagers expanded the small temple and named it Temple. Jiao was born in Xingning in the early Northern Song Dynasty. It is absolutely impossible for Luo to move south from the Central Plains in the Northern Song Dynasty. He settled here before the Tang Dynasty.

There are many theories about the origin of Hakka, mainly including the theory of Hakka Central Plains and the theory of Hakka ancestors. The theory of Hakka Central Plains holds that the main body of Hakka people is immigrants from the Central Plains, while the theory of Hakka aborigines holds that "Hakka * * * is a mixture of Han people who moved south and ancient Vietnamese immigrants in the triangle area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and its main body is the ancient Vietnamese living in this land, not just the Central Plains people who moved south and lived in this area". According to the research of anthropology and immigration history in recent years, it can be generally considered that the former statement is more in line with the historical truth. From the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Song Dynasty, the Han nationality in the Central Plains was invaded by the northern minorities for many times, and moved to the northeast of Guangdong through southern Jiangxi and western Fujian, and finally formed a relatively mature and stable Hakka family.

destiny

The ancestors of Hakkas originally lived in the northern part of the Central Plains, and later moved to South China.

Guangdong Hakka Han Opera (9 pieces)

They live in Jiangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Hunan, Taiwan Province, Qiong and other provinces, and gradually spread abroad, all over the world. Gannan is the first stop for Hakka ancestors to move south, and it is also one of the areas where Hakka people live most intensively. The origin of the term "Hakka" is related to the migration of Hakka ancestors. As far as their place of residence is concerned, these people are "guests" who moved from other places. It can be said that without migration, there would be no title of "Hakka".

There are many reasons for Hakka immigration. The early days were mainly due to the pressure of disasters. Such as cruel wars, floods, droughts, insect pests and other catastrophic natural disasters and the epidemic of plague. Almost every large-scale war in the history of China has caused a great migration of Hakkas. According to historical records, there was a great migration of Hakka ancestors during the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

It is worth mentioning that there is also a special way of migration. It is said that in order to build the Epang Palace, Qin Shihuang drove tens of thousands of "wooden guests" from the Central Plains to the south of Jiangxi to cut trees and rejuvenate the country, but they stayed there before they were exhausted. This is probably the earliest ancestor of Hakka people in southern Jiangxi.

The above is from Baidu Encyclopedia

I hope these are useful to you.

Besides, I am also a Hakka!