Style of ancient buildings in southern Fujian

1, internal layout of ancient buildings in southern Fujian:

"Light Hall and Dark Room" is the layout feature of ancient buildings in southern Fujian. The nave is spacious and bright, and it is a place to worship ancestors, gods and receive visitors. The back wall of the hall is separated by a big wooden door that can be opened and folded, usually closed and separated from the back porch. The back porch can be arranged as a small study, and in case of important guests, it can also be extended to the back porch for private chat. When you have something to do, you can open the big wooden door and combine the hall and the back porch to increase the activity space. On both sides of the hall are the east and west rooms, which are the main rooms. Curtains are hung on the door of the big room, and the light shines through a small window on the roof, so the room is very dark. There is a purlin step in front of the big house, which is a place to wash and dress. There is a back room behind the big room, which is the bedroom of male and female servants or the storage room for personal belongings and boxes. This "one bright and two dark" three-bay structure is the most basic unit of ancient buildings in southern Fujian. Five bays, that is, about three bays, and then extend one. Ancient architecture is a courtyard building based on the layout of "one bright and two dark", which is derived from the combination of several single buildings and external space.

2. Minnan Ancient Architecture Studio:

According to the size of the studio, people generally call this quadrangle building three rooms and five halls, which can be divided into five types according to the depth: one entrance, two entrance, three entrance, four entrance and five entrance. Among them, the binary big room is a small three-bay or a small five-bay, and the one with more than three bays is called a big three-bay or a big five-bay. And "one advance" is commonly known as "one fall", for example, "three advances" is "three falls" In the naming of single buildings, taking Sanliu as an example, the first place is usually called "Luo", the second place is called "Luo" and the third place is called "Luo".

3. Person in charge of ancient buildings in southern Fujian:

There are two wings on both sides of the main house, commonly known as "Jutou". "Tantou" always opens well to the sky, which not only makes the big room ventilated, but also avoids the forced sunlight, which has the function of shading the sun and enjoying the cool, and is also a place for guests and attendants to rest. Forward descent and backward descent are connected by two "heads", which makes the communication between them very convenient.

4. Ancient buildings in southern Fujian:

Before the first fall, that is, in front of the house, the outdoor square left was called "Cheng". Only small potted flowers are arranged in the embankment, leaving a large space for tourists to park their cars and sedan chairs; Or decorate it into a garden, plant flowers and trees, and make a rockery pond.

5. South Fujian quadrangles and the protection of ancient buildings;

There is a "deep well" (patio) in front of each hall to ensure that the hall is spacious and bright, ventilated and daylighting.

Outside the wing, the longitudinal long house added on both sides or one side is the "guardrail". In the case of a single protective cover, there is often a driveway on the other side, which is not only used as another passage for landing in and out, but also can protect the main house from the influence of neighbors' activities. Guards can also add some auxiliary rooms, which can be used as kitchens, places for placing sundries and tools, guest rooms, servants' rooms, or study rooms.

The exterior walls of Minnan dwellings are roughly composed of three parts:

1.Legging (including corner stone foundation), footrests of southern Fujian dwellings are mostly decorated with white stones and bluestones. The patterns and images are mostly Tiger Claw, Kirin, magpie, horses stepping on auspicious clouds, lions playing with balls, auspicious words and so on.

2. Walls (including gables, waistlines and windows). The wall is the most distinctive, and the gable is also made of clay sculpture with bas-relief, which is symmetrical in shape, and there are red bricks, white stones and bluestone shadow carvings at the waist line. There are many kinds of windows, such as brick windows, stone windows, porcelain windows and wooden windows. Brick windows and porcelain windows are characterized by forming an integral pattern independently. The pillars of stone windows often appear in the form of round carvings, carved with animal flowers. If it is a carved window, it is a common opera figure.

3. The eaves are generally in the form of relief, painted with clay sculptures, and there are many landscape characters and story lines.

Unique overall aesthetic feeling and rich and varied masonry walls.

1, the most important feature of the structure and decoration of the wall in Minnan folk houses is the mixture of wall and stone, that is, "brick riprap", which is a mixture of two different materials. Because the surface of stone and the surface of brick are in contrast in texture, the stone is the surface, the point is the point, and the brick seam is the line, resulting in the combination of point, line and surface, thus creating a decorative aesthetic feeling. So, this kind of point, line, surface,

2. White granite and red tile have harmonious and contrasting effects in color formation. Contrast lies in lightness, but harmony lies in that its white stone is not pure white, but white with a little gray. As a "face", white gray can play a buffering role, express harmony in contrast and conflict in harmony. The solution of this contradiction is also one of the characteristics of masonry walls; When it comes to color, red bricks and white stones form the visual effect of red and white walls, and this concave and convex is based on light, forming a subtle rhythm, which makes the whole house stand out in the shade. We believe that bluestone, red brick and some decorative border patterns can form an interactive relationship with the surrounding environment under the irradiation of sunlight, which is loud and harmonious and has affinity.

3. Most houses in southern Fujian are in the form of jointing bare walls, and regular brick joints are in contrast with irregular stones, which is the contrast between "line" and "surface". Of course, this is not absolute. On the wall, some houses in southern Fujian use "regular" red bricks and "regular" stones, which are mixed together in a certain arrangement.

4. The application of patterned wall greatly enriches the monotonous wall surface. Such as plum blossom brick wall, swastika brick wall, turtle back brick wall, ancient money brick wall, gourd brick wall, parallel brick wall and so on.

In the gable part, patterns made of pottery and plastic materials have rich visual effects, and some colored tiles are also used in modern houses. The pattern is fire pattern and moire pattern, with symmetrical sides and lanterns and flower baskets in the middle. These patterns usually form a satisfactory gourd shape. Of course, in this performance area, there are some classic characters and some symbolic objects. Colors, blue and white, in order to coordinate with the wall, some purple, red and other similar colors are interspersed between them. In the overall design, a pattern similar to the gluttony of bronze wares is often used, and the central image above should be evolved from the image of exorcism, which is in line with folk customs. Then, all the graphics are unified by the fluttering ribbon. From the point of gable decoration, the symbols of cloud, water, fire dragon and phoenix are naturally a kind of traditional argot, which is manifested in flower baskets and lanterns, such as adding the homonym of "Ding". As a folk house, it attaches great importance to the continuous derivation of future generations.

Second, pay attention to the visibility of details and the readability of image stories.

When it comes to the wall, we have to say some details of it, which are also subordinate to the whole, but the rich details have not affected our sight from the visual whole. In addition to standard bricks, there are also molded bricks for external wall sealing bricks of Minnan residential buildings. These molded bricks have replicated patterns, which are arranged on the whole wall according to the law of formal beauty. In modern composition language, it is an application of quadrilateral continuous mode. As far as a single brick is concerned, it is suitable for making patterns alone. Add a border around the wall at the same time. This border itself is a continuous pattern, commonly known as lace. Lace is sometimes made of another material, such as tiles. There is also a waist line decorated with bluestone under the wall window, which is also a place where craftsmen make a big fuss. The beauty of details not only exists in the middle of the wall, such as the pilaster, the column is also made of red bricks and flowers, and there are also some graphic patterns.

The wall sealing treatment of Minnan folk houses is very traditional in Minnan. It pays attention to the balance of reality and position management, but it also has the meaning of modern composition, such as embodying irregularities in rules, implying logical order in irregularities, and embodying rhythm through some repetition. There are symmetrical shapes and window views in the composition, and some decorative lines make people feel ups and downs through rolling waves and turning points, so as to break through the hardness and coldness of Shi Zhuan, dilute the monotonous plane of the wall with the stories of characters, and sublimate the rigid external masonry wall into architectural works of art with humanistic colors.

Third, the practicality and aesthetics embodied in the unique design.

Practical drainage system and beautiful roof;

Drainage system of ancient buildings in southern Fujian: There are usually relatively complete drainage systems around and inside ancient buildings. There is a large drainage pond in the center of Gu Lou, and the drainage system in Gu Lou is relatively complete. Around ancient buildings, there are generally deep drainage ditches. Once it rains heavily, the problem of waterlogging will not occur with the cooperation of internal and external. Moreover, this function makes the ancient buildings have the real function of being warm in winter and cool in summer, which is a miracle of the ancient houses in China. Moreover, the roofs and tiles of ancient buildings also meet the needs of drainage. The following is explained in detail with pictures.

Roof of ancient buildings in southern Fujian: The front ridge of the roof of ancient buildings in southern Fujian is either saddle ridge or dovetail ridge, which are beautiful curves with slightly tilted ends in the middle depression. The dovetail ridge is more formal, with both ends sticking out high and tilting upwards, tapering gradually and flying lightly. If it is a five-room house, there are two more swallowtails on the roof, as if a big one, a small one and two pairs of wings are flying. Swallowtail eaves are rarely used in residential buildings in all parts of China. In order to defend against typhoons, houses are usually built low and calm, but the eaves are very high, which brings a feeling of flying upwards. From the color point of view, the bottom is the foot of the white stone wall, and the top is red brick and red tile. The contrast between red and white is vivid and moving. The details are exquisitely decorated, colorful and gorgeous.