What are the advantages and disadvantages of traditional culture? Help the gods.

The defects of China's traditional culture The defects of China's traditional culture mentioned here are relative to western modern industrial civilization. Chinese civilization has been in a self-sufficient and almost closed state since ancient times, and its output in foreign exchange is greater than its input. If there is no violent collision between eastern and western cultures and it is still in a relatively isolated and independent state, then Chinese civilization will continue to develop for a long time according to its own inherent logic. The development of modern science has broken through the geographical restrictions of human beings for thousands of years, and China can no longer be isolated from the international community. The invasion of the East by the West has also provided the East with an opportunity to renew itself. For everyone who is familiar with the history of China, there will be a question: Why did such a perfect China civilization lag behind the West in modern times? What are the main defects of China's traditional culture? I think the defects of China's traditional culture are closely related to China people's way of thinking and lifestyle. These defects are the lack of some similar genes, which our ancestors have never experienced or seen. These defects can be simply summarized into four aspects: (1) no scientific concept has been formed; (2) not taking the objective nature as the center of research and thinking; (3) attaching importance to agriculture and neglecting business hinders social production; (4) the restriction of ethical order on individual freedom. The lack and deficiency of traditional culture in China The second question I want to talk about today is what are the deficiencies and deficiencies of China culture? The first is the field of political system. Confucianism brings a series of problems. If you want to know about a country, one of the best ways is to look at its code. At that time, social relations, cultural conditions and state management were all reflected there. 18 10 years, China's code ("Laws of the Qing Dynasty") was translated into English for the first time. Edinburgh Review, a British newspaper, said that China people lack knowledge in many aspects, and they don't know what we are developing rapidly. What are the characteristics of China's code? The content of civil law is very few, the basic content is criminal law, and even civil disputes are treated as criminal cases. This reflects three basic characteristics of Confucian politics: First, the unity of ethics and politics. The backbone of China's traditional culture is Confucianism, which stresses ethics and politics. Since the Western Han Dynasty, filial piety has been emphasized, and family ethics has been extended to the governance of the whole country. Later, it has developed into a complete formula: "cultivate one's morality, govern the country and level the world." This set embodies a basic feature of China society: patriarchal autocracy, unity of ethics and politics, which fully conforms to the social situation at that time. Because the society at that time was a natural economy, the economic state was relatively stable. The second characteristic is the strict hierarchical relationship under the autocratic system. In the words of Confucius: "Jun Jun, minister, father, son." Now some scholars think it is very good. What's so good about it? The emperor acts according to the emperor's norms, and the monarch, ministers, father and son all have a set of strict norms; This is the bright side. But its other side is hierarchical and insurmountable. Britain had a Magna Carta in 12 15. The king's tax increase must be approved by the governor, and all localities should guarantee the right of freedom and autonomy. China's big and small things are all decided by the emperor or elders; Resistance is a great sin; Confucian political theory rationalizes these. China has no feudal system defined by international academic circles or recognized by most scholars. If it is a feudal system, there is a contractual relationship between the king and the vassal; China has no such relationship. The third characteristic of Confucianism is obedience. In the words of Confucius, a gentleman has three fears: "fear of fate, fear of adults, fear of the words of saints." If there is a dispute, who will decide right and wrong? It is decided by the words of saints and emperors, and the words of saints are the ultimate standard. In the first century AD, Emperor Gaozu Zhang called a meeting of Confucian representatives in Baihuguan, and Ban Gu wrote the White Tiger General Association, which was promulgated after the approval of Emperor Zhang. Under the guidance of Confucianism, formulate detailed rules or norms for all aspects of national political life and social life. Highlight the core of China's traditional culture: three cardinal guides and six disciplines (six relatives), and obey the elders. The codes of later generations and the written laws of the Tang, Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties all inherited the White Tiger's general theory, and regarded the three cardinal guides and six disciplines as something that runs through. Ordinary people commit crimes and will convict you according to their status and kinship. The second problem of China traditional culture is the defect of thinking mode. There is something wrong with China people's way of thinking. Yang Zhenning said in his report in 2004: "The Book of Changes is very unfavorable to the scientific development of China." He said one of them is not to talk about deductive argument. The Book of Changes summarized many social and natural phenomena at that time, but there was no rigorous deduction and demonstration. This is the fact that Yang Zhenning told as a scientist. Before he said this, Matteo Ricci said in his book Notes on China that China people didn't understand logical rules at the end of 16 and the beginning of 2007. He is telling the truth. China has no logic. Later, we tried our best to extract and search from Mozi, thinking that there was logic, including dialectical logic. However, although there are logical thoughts in Mozi, there is no complete theory, and even Mozi has declined because it does not meet the needs of society, and few people have studied it, and a quarter of the chapters have been lost. The situation in the west is different. They have logic. Ancient Greece not only had a complete formal logic theory, but also had a one-year debate class in medieval education, which was essentially a logic class. Matteo Ricci put it this way: Why don't people in China attach importance to science and logic? Very simple, because there are interests involved. In China, you know the Four Books and Five Classics, you don't learn mathematical logic, you don't encourage experiments, and you can be an official through the imperial examination. Under such circumstances, science certainly has no way to develop. In addition, in China, astronomy is rich, but it is combined with stars. Where there is an earthquake that makes the sky angry, it is the punishment for the emperor. All kinds of right and wrong are judged according to the words of saints, and there is no need to debate or talk about logical theory. How did modern science come into being in such an environment? Matteo Ricci brought The Original with him when he came to China, and he translated six volumes, with nine volumes untranslated. It was not until the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom was pacified that Zeng Guofan became the governor of Liangjiang. He accepted the suggestion of scientist Li, funded the translation and publication of the last nine volumes, and proofread the six previously translated volumes to produce a complete version. Li Rang Zeng Guofan wrote a preface, but Zeng Guofan didn't understand it, so he asked his son (a former ambassador of China to Britain) to write a ghost. Zeng Guofan knew that it was not enough to know the traditional culture of China, so he let his son learn English and receive modern science education from an early age. Ceng Jize wrote the preface to the Elements of Geometry on behalf of his father, saying: "The book written by China is divided into nine chapters, all of which are named after things, and each has its own methods ... knowing its own facts, but not knowing its own reasons ... The elements of geometry are all-encompassing: points, lines, surfaces and bodies. ...... The nine-chapter law is suitable for its use, geometry is the source of nine-chapter legislation, and nine chapters can't do it. " Here, the differences between Chinese and western ways of thinking have been thoroughly explained. Nine Chapters Arithmetic contains 246 math problems, which are divided into nine chapters. They are: Tian Fang, Li Mi, Descent, Shao Guang, Shanggong, Equal Loss, Insufficient Profit, Equation and Pythagorean. Its calculation method has been successful, but it has not risen to a complete theory. Zeng Guofan read what his son wrote and praised it. At that time, Ceng Jize's evaluation may not be completely correct, but he did reveal the weakness of China's way of thinking. In addition, for centuries, China people thought that China's morality was the noblest, foreigners were barbarians, and moral articles could never compare with China's. What is the actual situation? Now, it seems that moral norms also have great defects. On the one hand, some of our moral standards are the same as those of other countries in the world. For example, when we say "benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith", we can find similar things in almost any cultural system. In the west, benevolence is "universal love"; Righteousness is "justice". Some moral norms are the same in all countries of the world, and different language systems express the same meaning. This is one aspect. However, if we further examine the contents of these norms, the problem arises: the core of Confucianism is benevolence and righteousness. In the words of The Doctrine of the Mean: "Kindness is the greatest. Those who are righteous should also respect sages. " Talking about people is not about equality, but putting family ties first; The content of righteousness turns to respect others! There are obvious deficiencies in our moral standards, which are mainly manifested in three aspects: First, "emphasizing righteousness over profit". The division between a villain and a gentleman depends on whether you value interests, and if you value interests, you become a villain; But human nature itself is the pursuit of profit. Secondly, our morality is based on three basic principles, and there is no equality between people. Third, in China's moral concept, group interests are the first. However, if people want to modernize and society wants to modernize, they must put personal rights and interests first. To become a modern citizen, it is fundamental to safeguard the dignity and rights of modern citizens. Morality is also the basis of politics. In the final analysis, politics is to safeguard the rights of citizens. In addition, as an important part of contempt for individual rights, resolutely and thoroughly protecting private property is an economic failure. There is a principle: "Under the world, is it the land of kings?" Is leading the land king? "It is not uncommon for emperors and officials to infringe on people's property. Since China's traditional culture was codified, it has been stipulated that grandparents and parents should not share registered permanent residence and property, have "foreign nationality" or have "different wealth" because they want to safeguard patriarchal autocracy and three cardinals. Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties have continued this provision, and whoever violates this provision will be punished. Another point is that you are not allowed to operate new economic forms, such as China learning from foreigners to operate ships. When Li Hongzhang was governor of Zhili in the 65438+70s, Guangdong businessmen applied to set up shipping enterprises in Tianjin, but Li Hongzhang refused. /kloc-in the 1980 s, Zhang Zhidong was the governor of Huguang, and some businessmen in Hunan wanted to set up small shipping companies on Dongting Lake and the Yangtze River. Zhang Zhidong said no, but he still didn't agree until around the 1898 Reform Movement. In other words, to run these new enterprises, only public enterprises are allowed, and private enterprises are not allowed. Even if private enterprises can operate them, they must be approved. Restricting private property from entering certain economic fields means that your property rights cannot be fully realized, economic freedom is restricted, and private property is greatly discounted.