Alias of China

China's aliases include "Shenzhou", "Jiuzhou", "Huaxia", and "Zhongyuan". ". There are also "Zhuhua", "Zhongtu", "Zhendan", and "Huxia", "Yucheng", "Yumiao", "Yudian", "Jiumu", and so on.

Our great motherland, an ancient civilization with a long history, has many aliases besides being called China. Today let us together through the poet's beautiful poetry, to understand the aliases of the motherland.

Jiuzhou:

Originated from the legend that Dayu ruled the water to delimit the nine states. Nine states, according to legend, after Xia Yu ruled the water, divided China into nine states, Ji, Yanzhou, Qing, Jing, Yang, Liang, Yong, Xu and Yu. Huai Nan Zi. Geomorphology" also contains: Ancient China set up nine states: Shenzhou, Jizhou, Rongzhou, Trapzhou, Jizhou, Taizhou, Jizhou, Bozhou, Yangzhou. Since then, jiuzhou has been used to refer to China in general. The meaning of "nine states" is also derived from nine cities, nine places, nine lands and nine districts. The Song Dynasty drew "nine domains map" that is China map. Gong Zizhen, a famous poet in the Qing Dynasty, wrote when he passed through Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province: "The nine states are angry and serve the wind and thunder, and the ten thousand horses are all mute, which can be sad. I urge the God of Heaven to re-shake the cast, and not to restrict the talent." It was quoted in an article by Chairman Mao Zedong and has been widely circulated, and the "nine states" in the poem means China.

Huaxia

During the Shang Dynasty, because of the implementation of the politics of the people, politics and culture were more advanced than before, so the Huaxia, who lived in the Central Plains, as well as some ethnic minorities in the south and the north, all claimed to be vassals of the Shang. The Huaxia were the major ethnic group at that time, and later people took Huaxia as the pronoun of China. Du Mu, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, once wrote a poem: "The position of Qiankun and the three things are noble, and the slandering of Huaxia is an injustice" (All Tang Poetry, Volume 526-6, "Winking the Kailiang Xiangguo Song Xia Shi Ershu Volume"), in which the "Huaxia" in the poem means China.

Shenzhou

The ancient book "Records of the Grand Historian" (史记? Mengzi Gouqing Liezhuan" mentions a man named Xiyan in Qi during the Warring States period, who said, "China is called the Red County of Shenzhou." Later, people called China "Chixian Shenzhou". However, it is more often used separately, either as Chixian or Shenzhou. In the Tang Dynasty, Liu Yuxi wrote: "When the chrysanthemums are fragrant and the wine is ripe, it is a good time for the Divine State to be wild" (Quan Tang Poetry, Volume 361-32, "Remuneration to Huangfu Shao-yin for his Reminiscence in the Long Rain in the Late Autumn"). In the poem, "Shenzhou" is an alternative name for China.

China

Before the Qin Dynasty, the Chinese people called their motherland China, and after the Qin Dynasty, it gradually developed into a multi-ethnic country, which led to the expression "Chinese nation". "China" is China, "China" is the short name of the Chinese race. The Tang Dynasty poet Jia Dao wrote: "I have been away from the East China Sea for several years, but I will return to China on this day." (Quan Tang Poetry, Volume 573-84, "Sending Chu Shanren Back to Japan") The poet referred to China as "China".

In addition, China is also known as "Yudian", "Zhongxia", "Zhongzhou", "Sihai" etc.

Ancient China's aliases, in addition to the nine states, had twelve other names and five meanings

In the Zhou Dynasty literature, the word China had five different meanings: First, it referred to the capital city, i.e., the capital city. Two refers to the territory directly ruled by the Son of Heaven. The third refers to the Central Plains. The fourth refers to the domestic area. The fifth refers to the state inhabited and established by the Xia or Han Chinese. Since the beginning of the Han Dynasty, people often refer to the Central Plains dynasty established by the Han as China. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the Southern Dynasties called themselves China, and called the Northern Dynasties "Solu"; the Northern Dynasties also called themselves China, and in turn called the Southern Dynasties "island barbarians". Liao and the Northern Song Dynasty, and Jin and the Southern Song Dynasty were at loggerheads, so they all called themselves China, and neither recognized the other as China.

Strictly speaking, the historical China is not equal to the scope of today's China, and all the dynasties in ancient China did not take China as the official name of the country. For example, the state name of the Han Dynasty was Han, and the state name of the Tang Dynasty was Tang. After the establishment of the dynasty name, there are Song, Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming, etc., the Qing dynasty and foreign countries signed a treaty of sale of the country signed the name of the country is the Qing. It was not until after the Xinhai Revolution that the name China was shortened to "Republic of China". After the establishment of New China, the word "China" has been used as an abbreviation for the People's Republic of China since then. Moreover, there is now only one China in the world, and that is the People's Republic of China, with its capital in Beijing. Of course, given China's long history, it has many other aliases.

(1) The name of Chixian and Shenzhou was first seen in the Records of the Grand Historian (史记) in the Biography of Mencius Xunqing (孟子荀卿列传), and there is a reference to a remark made by Zou Yan (邹衍) during the Warring States period. He said that China was named Chixian Shenzhou, and later people called China Chixian Shenzhou, but more often they used it separately, or called it Chixian, or Shenzhou.

(2) Hua, which is the same as "flower" in ancient times, is derived from the meaning of beauty and splendor. The interpretation of Hua, one theory is: the ancient people of the Central Plains, think they live in the civilization of the neatly dressed and gorgeous area, so they call themselves as Hua. Another theory is: the Zhou Dynasty people like the red color red color, the red color as a symbol of good luck, so they call themselves as Hua; There is another theory: Hua is from China's ancient Huaxia omitted.

(3) Zhuhua, because the Zhou Dynasty people called themselves Hua, so the Zhou Dynasty divided into many vassal states in the Central Plains is called Zhuhua, Jin Dynasty Du Pre for the "Spring and Autumn Period Zuozhuan," said on the note, Zhuju both China also."

(4) China, before the Qin Dynasty, the Huaxia people called their own country China. After the unification of the six kingdoms, the territory of Qin included other ethnic groups other than the Han Chinese, and thus there is the Chinese nation. China is both "China", China is the short form of the Huaxia people. In a poem by Han Wo of the Tang Dynasty, it was written, "The Chinese land is exhausted towards the border city, and foreign clouds come from the island." From this point of view, the Chinese people at this time have been China and foreign countries to use. (e) Xia, in ancient times, had the meaning of "big". As we all know, the first slavery dynasty in Chinese history was the Xia Dynasty, founded by Qi, the son of Dayu. In the Records of the Grand Historian, it is written in the Xia Benji that "Yu sealed his country with the name Xia." Later, people often used the name "Xia" to refer to China.

(6) Huaxia, the Shang Dynasty, the country is powerful and populous, so the merchants will live in the Central Plains of the Huaxia, and some of the minorities in the south and north of the Shang Dynasty. The Shang dynasty originally belonged to the Eastern barbarian tribes who expelled the Xia king and won the world. At that time, the Huaxia tribe still made up the majority of the population, and later people used Huaxia as a pronoun for China.

(7) The Xia are similar to the Hua.

(viii) Zhongxia, Fangxia, and Huanxia, all three of which are pronouns for China. Zhongxia, the Hou Han Shu explains, "Eyes Zhongxia and Bude, overlooking the four descendants and resisting the prongs." Since then, "Zhongxia" has come to mean "China". In the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, it is said, "The great Han of Xinxia is a great Han, and it is not enough to be compared with the great Han."

(ix) Yucheng, Yumiao, Yudian, for the Great Yu water, can be said to be a household name. According to legend, in order to control the flooding as soon as possible, Dayu passed the door of his house three times without entering it. Therefore, in order to commemorate Dayu's great achievements in water control, later generations called China Yucheng, Yumiao (Dayu's footprints of water control spread all over the country) and Yudian (Dian means "governance")

(10) Jiuzhou, the word is most familiar to me. According to legend, after Yu ruled over the water, he designated nine states according to the situation of the mountains and rivers: Jizhou, Yanzhou, Qingzhou, Jingzhou, Yangzhou, Liangzhou, Yongzhou, Xuzhou and Yuzhou. This is why China is called the nine states in later times. The Huainanzi (淮南子) also records that in ancient China there were nine states: Shenzhou, Jizhou, Rongzhou, Yanzhou, Jizhou, Taizhou, Jizhou, Bozhou and Yangzhou. Later, the word "jiuzhou" gave rise to a number of terms: jiuqi, jiuyou, jiuyutu, jiuquan, jiumu. Therefore, the Nine Domains Map drawn in the Song Dynasty refers to China.

(xi) Eight states, the biography of Empress Xu in the Book of Han, says, "The common people of the country admire righteousness, and the eight states harbor virtue."

(xii) Hai Nei, the word "four seas" in the dictionary: the ancients thought that China was surrounded by the sea, so they called China Hai Nei, and foreign countries were called overseas.

Of course, this is what the Chinese call themselves. There were other dynasties that existed in the world at the same time as the Chinese dynasties, for example, ancient India called China "Aurora", i.e.: "The east is Zhen, the sun rises in the east, so the cloud is Aurora." During the Han Dynasty, the Huns called China "Han" because of its many years of war with the Huns. At the same time, after Han Wudi opened the Hexi Corridor, silk and other commodities from the mainland were widely spread to Rome, so the Romans also called China "Ceres", meaning "silk country".

By 907 A.D., when the Khitan state was founded, because the Khitan as a strong nomadic tribe and had frequent contact with the West, so China was also called "Khitan", and now the name of China in Russian is even from the word "Khitan". The present name of China in Russian is a translation from the word "Khitan". In modern times, China was also called "Chinas" by the island nation, which has an area of only 378,000 square kilometers and is prone to earthquakes.

The original meaning of the word "China"

The Huaxia people called the people in their four borders barbarians, barbarians, Rong and Di, and called themselves "China". The word "China" first appeared in the Zhou Dynasty literature, and later had different meanings with different objects. Roughly speaking, there are the following six concepts: First, it refers to the capital (the capital), such as "Poetry - Minlao" note: "China, the capital also". Secondly, it refers to the area directly ruled by the Son of Heaven, such as Zhuge Liang said to Sun Quan: "If you can fight against China with the crowds of Wu and Yue, you might as well be cut off from it as early as possible". Thirdly, it refers to the central area, such as the Historical Records - Dong Yue Lie Zhuan: "Dong Ou please raise the country to China". Fourthly, it refers to the domestic and inland areas, such as the Records of the Grand Historian (史记-武帝本纪)："The world's famous mountains are eight, while three are in the barbarians and five are in China". Fifthly, it refers to the area inhabited by the Zhuxia ethnic group, as in The Analects of Confucius: "Zhuxia, China is also". Six refers to the Huaxia or the Han race established by the country, the "Records of the Grand Historian", "Book of Han" often appear such a title. Therefore, since the beginning of the Han Dynasty, people often refer to the Han Dynasty as "China". Because of this, when the ethnic minorities to dominate the Central Plains, they will be "China" to call themselves, such as the Xianbei people established by the Northern Wei dynasty called themselves "China", will be called "island barbarians"; and at the same time, Han Chinese At the same time, the Han Chinese established the Southern Dynasty, although moved away from the Central Plains, but still to "China" to call themselves "China", called the Northern Dynasty "Suolu", the Northern Wei Dynasty for "Wei Lu". Another example is the Song Dynasty, Liao and the Northern Song Dynasty, Jin and the Southern Song Dynasty all call themselves "China", and do not recognize each other as "China".

The evolution of the geographical concept of the word "China"

The scope of the word "China" has undergone a process of expansion from small to large with the passage of time. When the Shangshu appeared on the "China", only the Western Zhou people live in their own Guanzhong, Heluo area of the name; to the Eastern Zhou, Zhou's subsidiary areas can also be called "China", "China The meaning of "China" was extended to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, including the vassal states of various sizes. With the expansion of the boundaries of the vassal states, "China" became the title of the entire territory of the state. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, the areas not belonging to the Yellow River Basin but under the jurisdiction of the Central Kingdom were called "China", and "China" finally became the common name of our country. Since the middle of the 19th century, "China" has been used to refer to the entire territory of our country.

In fact, although "China" has a history of 3,000 years of written records, it is only a geographical concept, from the Xia, Shang and Zhou until the end of the Qing Dynasty, no dynasty or regime has ever used "China" as the official name of the country. "China" officially as the name of the country, began after the Xinhai Revolution. 1912 New Year's Day, the Republic of China was founded, the international commonly known as the Republic of China, referred to as China ("China"). At this point, "China" has become the official name of the concept of modern state. 1949 established the great Chinese people **** and the country, and the concept of "China" will be perfected, enriched to today's meaning.

"China" the word aliases test

"China" aliases, in addition to the above "Huaxia", there are "China", "China", "China", "China", "China", "China", "China", "China", "China", "China", "China", "China", "China", "China" and "China". China" initially refers to the Yellow River basin, "Three Kingdoms" Pei note first appeared in the word "China". With the expansion of the territory, all places under the jurisdiction of the Central Plains Dynasty were collectively referred to as "Zhonghua", a general reference to the whole country. In the Tang Dynasty, Han Xiaoya's poem, "The land of China ends at the border, and the clouds of foreign countries come from the islands," already pairs "China" and "foreign countries". Therefore, "China" is also referred to as "China", Chinese people living abroad called "overseas Chinese".　　

The name of "Jiuzhou" began in the middle of the Warring States period. At that time, there were a lot of wars, people wanted to unify, so the germ of the idea of the division of the Central Plains, and thus the "Yugong" will have Ji, Yanzhou, Qing, Xu, Yang, Jing, Yu, Liang, Yong nine states. Other ancient texts, such as "Erya - Interpretation of the Land", "Zhou Li - Vocational Square", "Lü Shi Chun Qiu - Yushiyan", etc., also have records of "nine states", although the specific names of the states are different, but the records are all nine states. It was in the Eastern Han Dynasty that "states" officially became political districts. In the later generations, the states were divided into more and more states, and the jurisdiction became smaller and smaller, but the center of the area was roughly equivalent to the scope of the "nine states" in the Warring States period. The name "Jiuzhou" became a synonym for China, and has been used ever since.

Anciently, China was known as the "Four Seas," named for the four borders surrounded by seawater. Zou Yan, a native of Qi in the Warring States period, was inspired by overseas transportation and boldly put forward the "Great Nine States". He believed that "Yugong" nine states together can only be counted as a state, called "Red County Shenzhou"; the same size of the state **** there are nine, but it is just the benefit of the sea surrounded by a small nine states; such a small nine states **** there are nine, composed of the big nine states; the big nine states surrounded by the big Yingzhou surrounded by the big nine states. Therefore, "Shenzhou" only accounts for one eighty-one percent of the world. Although the facts of later generations have proved that this is only a hypothesis, the name "Shenzhou" has been used until today.

The name of China in the world culture

Ancient India, Greece, Rome and other countries called China as Cina, Thin, Sinae, and many developed countries almost all use the similar sound to call China, the Chinese translation is: Chinas, Lipna, Zhina, Hini, Aurora, etc. The Chinese translations are: Zhina, Liina, Zhina, Xini, Aurora, etc. These are the foreign counterparts of the word "Qin", or thought to be from the "silk" of the "silk" pronunciation, and some people believe that the source of "porcelain (china)", "China", "China", "China", "China", "China", "China", "China", "China", "China", "China", "China", "China" and "China".

The Russian word for "tea" is the foreign equivalent of the word "silk", or from the pronunciation of the word "silk".

Russia will be called China "Khitan", obviously another source. The Liao Dynasty, founded by the Khitans, was so powerful that it controlled the whole of the Mongolian plateau and its surroundings, and its iron horsemen were invincible wherever they went. The Russians, who were just emerging from the plains of Eastern Europe, first heard of the Khitan in the East, so they called China "Khitan" and have used it ever since.

The People's Republic of China

The People's Republic of China (The People's Republic of China), or "China" for short, was founded on October 1, 1949, and is located in the eastern part of Asia, on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. The People's Republic of China, founded on October 1, 1949, is a socialist country under the leadership of the working class and the people's democratic dictatorship based on the alliance of workers and peasants, with the five-starred red flag as the national flag, the March of the Volunteers as the national anthem, the national emblem consisting of the national flag, the Gate of Heavenly Peace, the cogwheel, and the spike of wheat, the common language and script being Putonghua and standardized Chinese characters, and the capital city, Beijing, as a united, multi-ethnic country consisting of the Han Chinese race as the main body, and 56 ethnic groups***.

China's land area of about 9.6 million square kilometers, the eastern and southern continental coastline of more than 18,000 kilometers, the waters of the Inland Sea and the border sea area of about 4.7 million square kilometers. There are more than 7,600 islands of various sizes distributed in the sea, of which Taiwan Island is the largest, with an area of 35,798 square kilometers. China shares borders with 14 countries and has maritime neighbors with 8 countries. Provincial administrations are organized into 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the central government, and 2 special administrative regions.

China is one of the oldest countries in the world, with a glorious culture and glorious revolutionary traditions, and the world's leading number of world heritage sites.

After the founding of the new China in 1949, China entered a period of socialist revolution and construction, and the transition to socialism was realized in 1956, and since then the socialist construction has developed with twists and turns in the course of exploration. "After the end of the Cultural Revolution, reform and opening up were carried out, and efforts were concentrated on socialist modernization along the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics. After a long period of effort, socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era.

China is the world's most populous developing country, with the world's third-largest land area, the world's second-largest economy, and continues to be the world's largest contributor to economic growth, with its total economic output exceeding 100 trillion yuan in 2020[71]. China adheres to an independent foreign policy of peace, is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and an important member of many international organizations, and is considered one of the potential superpowers.