What is the role of the ancient literary movement advocated by Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan?

Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and the Ancient Man Movement

Section 1: The Ancient Man Movement

The literature of the Middle Tang Dynasty was richer than that of the Sheng Tang Dynasty

I, Eqi, Ancient Man and the Ancient Man Movement

The object of the struggle was the Eqi, i.e., the prose that was eclipsed by Eqi, in which the two horses were parallel to each other as Eqi, and two persons were parallel to each other as Eqi.

Features:

1, parallel and even four or six, two opposite, generally four or six sentences.

2, the relative level of oblique

3, the use of the dictionary decoration.

Ancient literature--Essay (Wei, Jin, and North and South Dynasties)

Ancient poetry--Rhythmic poetry (Shen and Song Dynasty)

Using the characteristics of the Chinese character, the composition of the beautiful form of the couplet, with a certain value of aesthetics. It has some value in enriching and improving the performance of Chinese literature and techniques of expression, but it is overly concerned about the sound and rhythm of the words and phrases, and the use of diction, so that it is greatly separated from the spoken language. In the period for the Wei, Jin and North and South Dynasties is the rise of the Alliance period, is for the government to move the expensive tax service, the gate valve Bidu rise and rise, with its decline and decline.

The Tang Dynasty basically used parallelism in official documents, and Han Liu of the Middle Tang Dynasty fought against it and demanded that parallelism be replaced by the ancient language.

Guwen, proposed by Han Yu, was a kind of pre-Qin prose, which was opposed to parallelism, and was a kind of prose without rhyme.

Advocates of the Gu Wen movement advocated the restoration of the prose traditions of the pre-Qin and Han dynasties, hence the name Gu Wen movement.

Substance: it was a prose movement that advocated leftism, opposed to Buddhism and Laozi, prose, opposed to parallelism, and made changes in style, style and literary language.

This movement was not directly led by the ruling class, but was put forward by a group of like-minded writers who consciously joined together, the main general was Han Yu, the vice general was Liu Zongyuan, and the others were mainly the children of Han's family, such as Li Ao, Huangfu Chik, and so on.

"New Tang Book. The New Book of the Tang Dynasty (新唐书)

《文艺传》",so Han Yu advocated it, Liu Zongyuan, Li Ao, Huangfu Chik and others."

Two of the pioneers of the Gu Wen movement and its history:

Chen Zi'ang--Xiaoying Shi, Li Hua, Liang Su, Liou Coronation

Pioneers

Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Li Ao, Huangfu Chik--Pi Rixiu

Leader, advocator, and inheritor

Han Yu. Han and Liu laid the foundation of the ancient literature movement with their theories and practices, but Han achieved more. In the late Tang Dynasty, Pi Rixiu wrote his book "Lu Men Yin Shu" in the ancient language, which was the successor of the Gu Wen movement. The Guwen movement took place during the reigns of Zhenguan (785-805 Dezong) and Yuanhe (805-820 Xianzong) of the Tang Dynasty, which was a period of transition from a period of decline to a period of revitalization of the Tang Dynasty after the Anshi Rebellion. The relative political and economic stability of the Tang Dynasty gave new hope to the small and medium-sized landowning classes, politicians, thinkers, and literary scholars, and the Gu Wen movement was also adapted to the rising rule of the Tang Dynasty and realized, as far as Han Liu himself was concerned, as he was also against the "clans and towns" and defended the unity of the country, which was reflected in the students' political ideas. The movement of ancient literature and Bai Juyi's new music movement and the general direction of politics is the same, the two movements are not accidental coincidence.

Three, the theory of the ancient literary movement:

1, the text to Mingdao, the combination of literature and Tao:

is the theoretical program of the ancient literary movement, the theoretical basis. Dao refers to Confucianism, the way of Confucius and Mencius, Wen to Mingdao is a literary reflection of Confucianism to clarify the Dao, the unity of content and form, Liu Zongyuan put forward the writer Mingdao. Han Yu: "The reason why I like ancient literature is that I like the way in it, and the way is the way of Confucius and Mencius." In this way, he was fighting against the doctrine of Buddha and Lao.

Purpose: To coordinate people's actions with Confucianism, feudal theory and morality, and to combine the ancient literature movement with Confucianism and Taoism in a two-pronged approach, killing two birds with one stone. Confucianism revival - Buddha and Lao

Guwen movement

Prose movement - parallelism

This prose innovation movement and Liu consciously draped in Taoist colors, purposeful, and therefore became the defense of the interests of the ruling class of the humanities, in the core of the personnel and support, so achieved great success.

2, not flat, then sound:

"Send Meng Dong Ye preface"

"All things are not flat, then sound. The soundlessness of the grass and trees is the sound of the wind, the soundlessness of the water is the sound of the wind. Its leap or excitement, *** tend to be or stalking. The water is silent, but the wind is turbulent. The water leaps, or is stirred, the *** tends, or is stymied. The same is true of man's speech. They speak when they have no choice. He sings with thought, and he weeps with wistfulness. All that comes out of the mouth as a sound, there is an unevenness in it."

It is the theoretical basis for reflecting and criticizing the social reality. It is in line with the materialistic theory of reflection to call the pre-Qin scholars to Meng Jiao as those who are good at singing.

Han's contribution is to reveal this reflective theory with a more visual and metaphorical approach. When the writer is dissatisfied with the reality inside, the sound of the song is more intense, and the writer is reflecting the contradiction and struggle.

"Therefore, the writings of the writers are always sent out in the field"

Works with true feelings are easy to move people, and those who are not successful in their careers have been written. Han's theory of "when one is not equal, one's voice will be heard" inherited from Sima Qian's theory that poems should be written only after a certain amount of hardship.

This view seems to have been recognized by later generations of Chinese and foreigners:

Mr. Lu Xun once said: "Speaking and writing seem to be the symbols of losers, and those who are fighting with destiny will not be able to notice

this."

The French poet Muse said in his "Le Nuit de Mayo": "The most beautiful poetry is the most desperate, and some immortal chapters

are pure tears."

English literary scholar Keats also said in his epistle to Sarah Jefferies: "One of the principal reasons why England has produced the best writers in the world is that English society abused them during their lifetime." (Qian Zhongshu: The Collection of Seven Embellishments)

3,Emphasizing the Character and Virtue of Writers:

Han Liu attached importance to and emphasized this point, because the text is like a human being, and the character and virtue of the human being is reflected in the article, so Han Liu advocated the ancient literature movement when he published articles emphasizing this point, and advocated the doctrine of Confucianism, although his character and virtue to the standard of feudalism and morality, but it has a role to play in the healthy development of the movement of the ancient literature and the cultivation of the new poets. The new poets also have a role to play in the cultivation of the new poets.

4, the specific criteria for stylistic innovation:

(1) on the literary language, advocating the inheritance of the prose tradition, innovation and creativity, opposed to plagiarism and imitation,

"only Chen Qi's business to go, the division of the * * * * * * * * meaning not to think of * * * * * rhetoric" to follow the example of.

(2)Grammar,

Artistically,

Advocates innovation,

but not formality,

that is, the tone of voice is subordinate to the needs of the content.

(3) the unity of content and form. If you don't pay attention, you will mislead your readers.

Han Liu's more than 800 existing prose is his practice, and his writing skills have reached the point of perfection.

5, training young writers and teaching creative experience:

Han Liu's high level of creative skills is the result of his labor, and many of his surviving collections are correspondences with young writers, guiding them in their creative methods and teaching them their own creative experience, and it is precisely for this reason that the Gu Wen movement has a universal nature and is the reason for the success of the Gu Wen movement.

Fourth, the achievements and influence of the ancient literary movement

Achievements:

1, summed up the lessons of the predecessors, combined with the needs of the society at that time, put forward a more accurate and systematic literary proposition, theoretically reveals the correct direction of the development of prose.

2, expanded the range of genres of prose and established a new genre of prose.

3, cultivated and created a number of excellent writers of ancient languages.

4, greatly shook and impacted the dominance of parallelism, and promoted the prosperity of literature in the Middle Tang Dynasty.

Influence:

The Gu Wen movement strongly fought against the style of beautiful writing, enlarged the scope of prose, enriched and developed the expression of prose, and created the tradition of prose represented by the eight great writers of the Tang and Song dynasties, and had a far-reaching influence on the movement of the Northern Song Dynasty's "Poetry and Literature Renovation", the Ming Dynasty's "Tang and Song Dynasty", and the Qing Dynasty's "Tongcheng School".

The successor of Han Liu did not develop according to its direction, so the movement of ancient Chinese language in the late Tang Dynasty tended to decline completely, and the parallelism rose until Ouyang Xiu in the Northern Song Dynasty with its position, in order to unite with Su Shi to achieve the victory of the movement of poetry and literature.

Section II: Han Yu and his prose

I: Han Yu's life and thought (760-824)

Born in a bureaucratic family of small and medium-sized landowners, Han Yu's father died at the age of three, and his sister-in-law took care of him, and his father was the magistrate of Wuchang County, and Li Bai wrote a tombstone for his father. Uncle and Du Fu have friendship and literary achievements, according to these can be seen:

(1) due to the political status, economic status is not high, the power is not big, decided that the children can not rely on the use of the back door to go up the career, must rely on their own efforts to achieve success.

(2) The family had a certain literary origin, which was useful for him to grow up smoothly and become a literary essayist.

1, reading time (before the age of 19)

from a young age, good learning, full of books. 7 years old began to read, read a lot of books, and very proficient, so he became famous by his own hard work to study, mainly Confucian classics, plurality of prose, he entered the civil service in the State Council as a professor.

2, the period of seeking an official position (19-28 years old)

At the age of 19, he left Xuancheng, Anhui Province, to take the examination for a bachelor's degree in Chang'an, and from then on he was involved in the trend of the ancient literature movement and led this movement. When he left home, he was full of ambition, and thought that he could get success and fame easily, he wrote a poem "I am eighteen or nineteen years old, and I have a strong spirit in my chest. He wrote a poem, "I am 18 or 19 years old, but I am full of vigor. I am writing a book and going up to the cloud, and I am leaving my home in the fall". When he arrived at Chang'an, he met with the successful candidates and read their writings, thinking that he could pass the examination without studying, but he was not good at flattering the rich and powerful, so he was not admitted. He was not accepted until he was 25 years old, but he did not have a job. He was elected to the Ministry of Appointments but failed. He wrote three letters to the Chancellor, but he never heard from them. Until the age of 28, he spent ten years as Du Fu. During the ten years in Chang'an, Han Yu made a lot of like-minded poets, including Liang Su, Liu Zongyuan, Liu Yuxi and so on.

3,Time to become an official (29-57 years old)

In the Tang Dynasty, when the scholar and those who did not take the exams had no hope of getting an official position, the other way out was to work as a staff member at the provincial ministers, regardless of seniority and social status, which was undoubtedly an ideal way out for the disillusioned people at that time. When Han Yu was 29 years old, he became an official of the Kaifeng Minister of Henan Province (Dong Jin, the Bianzhou Minister), who recommended Han Yu as an official of the imperial court and appointed him as a school scholar. Han was in Kaifeng for three years, and he was recommended by Dong Jin as an official of the imperial court to be the school scholar. When Meng Jiao was not satisfied with his career, they shared the same literary meaning and became good friends. Han Yu went to work as a counselor for the governor of Liangzhou, and two years later, he was recommended to become a doctor of the State Academy of Zi in Chang'an.

The 12-18 years of the reign of Zhenguan was his first period of great literary achievements, and he wrote the famous five essays: "The Original Way", "The Original Sex", "The Original Man", "The Original Destruction", and "The Original Ghost". He has also written many excellent works of writing.

After he entered the court, he was an official for more than 20 years, and changed his position more than 20 times. Two things:

Two, Han Yu's prose

Han Yu's achievements are mainly in this, the idea is generally more progressive, Han Yu's prose is good mostly associated with his progressive ideas.

1,Discursive essays: the contents of the essays are wide and rich, reflecting his ideas and targeting the reality, such as "The Teacher's Discourse", which was a challenge to the prevailing trend. The "Original Tong" and "On the Table of the Bones of the Buddha" are declarations against Taoism. Miscellaneous Sayings" is a protest against the ruler's buried talents, written in a clear point of view, sharp, rational and strong, very influential on later generations.

2, Narrative essays: Zhang Chancellor's Biography (張中丞传后叙) Zhang Chuan was a hero who fought against An Lushan fifty years ago, and Han Yu made a biography of him to show his

performance in the An Shi Rebellion. The Epitaph of Liu Zihou summarizes Liu Zongyuan's life and sympathizes with his misfortune. The image of the ancient writers is emphasized, and often the narrative is not realistic, combining narration, argumentation and lyricism. The task image is clear, prominent.

3, lyrical prose: Han Yu's lyrical prose is very characteristic, such as "Ritual of the Twelve Lang Wen", "send Meng Dongyu preface" written in the text of the feelings of the pen full of feelings, full of cynicism.

Artistic features: Whether reasoning, narrative, lyrical prose are written:

(1) a clear point of view, justified;

(2) strong emotional color, joy, anger, sadness and happiness in the speech;

(3) style and strange and exuberant, such as the Yangtze River, the great waters of the ripples and twists and turns of the changes, smooth and bright;

(4) the language is refined and accurate, vivid and expressive. The language is concise and precise, vivid and expressive.

Jinxue Xie

Jinxue: encouragement to make progress in one's studies.

Explanation: the name of a genre, a form of discourse

Guo Zi Jian (国子监):1, Guo Zi Xue (国子學); 2, Tai Xue (太學); 3, Guang Wen Guan (广文官); 4, Ruler Xue (律學); 5, Shu Ritual (书祭); 6, Arithmetic Xue (算学); and 7, Shimen Xue (四门學).

Each Academy recruited 10 to 20 students

Teaching staff: doctor, lecturer, and assistant lecturer

Leadership: Priests and teachers

Centers. : To express one's complaint about one's lack of talent and to satirize the ruler's misuse of talent.

Artistic features:1, set up for the guest and host, ask difficult questions, a unique style. It means that the article is skillfully conceived. Similar articles are Dongfang Shuo's "Rongke Nian", Yang Xiong's "Xiejiao", but Han Yu's article has more aesthetic characteristics.

2, rhyming and scattered combination of exaggerated, harmonious and fluent "Zhang Zhongcheng biography after the narrative"

Artistic features:

1, straight and strong, the gas is full of words appropriate;

2, good at narrating the case, good at portrayal;

3, clear levels, clear veins.

Section III: Liu Zongyuan and his prose

I, Life and Thought

Biography: Liu Zongyuan (773-819) was an outstanding prose writer, reformer, and materialist philosopher. He belonged to a lower-middle class landlord family, slightly better than Han Yu's family, and lived in Hedong, Shanxi Province, so he was also known as Liu Hedong. He lived in Hedong, Shanxi Province, so he was also called Liu Hedong. He was also called Liu Liuzhou because he was relegated to the post of Liuzhou's assassin.

Preliminary period (before the age of 33)

Before the age of 21 was a period of study, at the age of 21 he was awarded the title of scholar, and from the age of 21 to 33 he served in the imperial court, which made his career smooth. In 815, he participated in the Yongzhen Reform of Emperor Shunzong of the Tang Dynasty, which was initiated by Wang Shuwen and joined by Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi. The reforms were aimed at strengthening the centralization of power, and the general tendency was towards progress, but they were aborted in a few months, and later Emperor Xianzong dismissed the eight ministers who had been appointed to the throne.

Later in his life (34-47 years old), Liu Zongyuan's deportation to Liuzhou was a great turning point in his life. Liu Zongyuan had no place to live and lived with his mother in a dilapidated temple. Because of this, Liu Zongyuan focused all his attention on academic research and literary creation, and a large number of his literary works and expositions were written during the ten years of his relegation, and there is a passage in Han Yu's book which shows that one's talent will be fully utilized when one is relegated to a lower position.

Ideology: He was a progressive landlord politician and ideological reformer. He had both a simple materialist ideology and a materialistic and progressive worldview. The basic political thought is the Confucian idea of people-oriented benevolent government. Opposed to officials oppressing the people. Opposed to the exploitation of the people, criticized the enrichment of the people, opposed the feudalism, and defended the unity of the country. He also advocated "meritocracy" and opposed "nepotism", and criticized the unreasonable situation of "the unwise at the top and the wise at the bottom", which was more prominent than that of Han Yu.

Of course, there was also an idealistic side, and he believed in Buddhism after his relegation, in an attempt to relieve his mental anguish in Buddhist thought. Liu Zongyuan opposed the people's revolt and advocated the feudal view that "those who work hard should rule the people, and those who work hard should rule over the people".

Second, Liu Zongyuan's prose:

1, political prose:

Highlighting his progressive political ideas and simple materialistic thoughts. The "Treatise on Feudalism" is a representative work which discusses the progressiveness of the county system on behalf of feudalism, criticizes the fallacy of advocating feudalism, and expresses his opposition to the idea of feudalism, and thesis against the anti-feudalist historical facts.

Another article, "The Snake Catcher", criticized the tyranny of the government as fiercer than a tiger with concrete facts, recorded the people's sufferings with the mouth of the snake catcher, and exposed the ghosts and gods from all aspects.

2, allegorical sketches:

After the relegation of the official wrote a lot of sketches, exposing and attacking the corrupt politics of the time like throwing a gun seven head. Such as "three precepts": "Qian's donkey", "Linjiang's moose", "Yongmou's mouse", the image is realistic, into the wood, so that people are convinced. There is also the "mourning drowning text", satirizing those who are greedy for money and lose their lives, all of them have a strong spirit of realism and criticism.

Often, they use fictional characters, stories, capture the basic characteristics of objects, exaggerate and imagine, and shape them into real, vivid artistic images. It is often a typical generalization of real life, with profound practical significance. The language is sharp, concise, the style is grim and somber, the conception is exquisite, the image is vivid, the reasoning is incisive. In the history of the development of fables in China has an important position.

The fable is released from the historical and philosophical writings, get rid of the subordinate position, make the fable become an independent literary genre.

3, landscape travelogue:

Liu Zongyuan's prose is more important is the landscape travelogue, there are 30 existing, all are written during the relegation, nine out of ten are written during the relegation of Hunan Yongzhou. Yongzhou is located in a remote area but the landscape is excellent, wrote the famous "eight records of Yongzhou": "the beginning of the West Mountain Banquet travel record", "cobalt tin pool record", "cobalt tin pool west hill record", "to the small hill west small stone pool record", "Yuanjia Thirst Record", "stone canal record", "stone stream record", "small stone city mountain record".

The first four are about the western suburb of Yongzhou by Liu Zongyuan, and the last four are about the southern suburb of Yongzhou. The eight travelogues form a whole, the content is coherent, the writing is fresh, beautiful, really poetic, with the shape of the object, the intention to follow the pen.

Liu Zongyuan's description of the landscape travel often their own misfortune and grief into the scene, landscape painting is not purely literary description, often permeated with the author's ideas, attractive, accurately grasp the characteristics of the landscape, often in the scene, the scene is blended, writing everywhere in the landscape, everywhere in the landscape with different analogies to themselves. The first is to use the scenery as a metaphor for the depression in the chest.

Liu Zongyuan's previous "water and water column" in the description of the landscape, although beautiful, but it is just a scholarly work in the notes, did not become an independent article. The real formation of the genre of landscape travelogue was created by Liu Zongyuan. He was called "the ancestor of travelogue". From him to Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi in the Song Dynasty, Xu Hongzu in the Ming Dynasty, and Yao Nai in the Qing Dynasty, they all studied him and wrote a lot of travelogues on landscapes, contributing to the development of ancient Chinese literature.

4,

Biographical Essays:

Nearly 15 articles exist, most of which were written in Yongzhou. Such as "children send biography", "planting trees Guo Gouma camel biography", through the mouth of Guo to explain the governance of political reasoning, historical and practical significance. There is also "Ziren biography" of a contractor.

The biography of a man who was humiliated and damaged is a development of the biographies in the Historical Records. It is a development of the biographies in the Historical Records. It marks the high degree of realism in Liu Zongyuan's prose, which is both ideological and artistic, selecting and organizing the characters and events, highlighting an important aspect of the characters, and not giving an all-encompassing description, so that the characters are characterized by their own images.

Liu Zongyuan's prose reveals the image of sadness and loneliness, he is a famous prose writer in China, and with his fruitful creation, he strengthened the momentum of the ancient literature movement and laid the foundation of the ancient literature, he was second only to Han Yu in the ancient literature, but in the literary achievement, he was on a par with Han Yu.

The Journey to the Western Mountain Banquet

Features:

Features:

1, the side of the background, the purpose of writing the Western Mountain is high and steep, wonderful;

2, is not a simple landscape works, with a strong emotional color;

Su Shi, "The Red Cliff Fugue," "Hao Hao, such as with the virtual wind, and do not know what it is pointing to, floating, such as the world is independent, and the feather and the immortal." From the willow, when traveling in the mountains and playing in the water to achieve the integration of things and I, no I realm.

Thinking questions:

1, to "small stone pool record", "cobalt tin pool record" as an example of Liu Zongyuan landscape travel record of artistic characteristics.

Liu Zongyuan's most notable feature of the landscape travelogue is the integration of the scene, rich in flavor and interest, the encounter of their own lives and full of melting into the landscape, so that the landscape personified, personalized, through the exquisite carving of the beautiful and clear mountain scenery and water color, exudes the grievances, showing a strong tendency.

Another feature is the meticulous, descriptive and refined in the layout.

The "Record of a Small Stone Pool" is a clear and well-defined hierarchy from far to near, and the last few lines of the article are a mixture of emotion and scenery.

2, what is the ancient literary movement substance, theory, program, influence

Reference books:

Tang and Song Ancient Literary Movement Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House