Internet marketing

Network marketing came into being in the 1990s, and has developed since the end of the 20th century. The background of the emergence and development of network marketing mainly includes three aspects, namely, the development of network information technology, the change of consumer values and fierce commercial competition. Network marketing is a new marketing model which takes the Internet as the medium, develops and implements marketing activities through a series of attractive network marketing plans with new ways, methods and ideas, and more effectively promotes the realization of individual and organization trading activities. It is an integral part of the enterprise's overall marketing strategy and the realization of the enterprise's overall network marketing.

Body or part of the business objectives, with the Internet as the basic means to create a variety of network marketing activities environment. Synonyms of the concept of online marketing include: online marketing, internet marketing, online marketing, word-of-mouth marketing, online event marketing, social media marketing, Weibo marketing, etc. These words all have the same meaning. Generally speaking, network marketing is a marketing activity with the Internet as the main means.

First, the development prospects of online marketing

In June of 200011,the number of netizens in China reached 485 million. Ranked first in the world. The huge number of Internet users has brought huge business opportunities. In European and American countries, more than 90% of enterprises have established their own websites; It has become a habit to find your own customers and products through the Internet. If an enterprise wants to buy something, especially for the first time, it will first make a preliminary search and selection on the Internet, and then further contact with suppliers. The huge online consumer groups, especially the change of business habits of enterprises, provide a broad space for online marketing. The trans-temporal nature of network marketing is undoubtedly a "heavy artillery shell", which will have a great impact on the whole marketing. With the development of network marketing in China, China enterprises have an increasing demand for network marketing talents. The demand for online marketing-related jobs is increasing day by day, which brings huge employment opportunities and puts forward new requirements for practitioners' skills. In this context, online marketing training has also begun to develop. With the development of science and technology and the surge of netizens, the network plays an increasingly important role in people's daily life. At the same time, network marketing promotion is gradually becoming the most important and effective marketing promotion method with its many advantages. According to statistics, in foreign countries, 80% of individuals and enterprises choose online media for marketing and promotion, and have achieved excellent results. In China, although only 7-8% people choose "online marketing", which is less than one-tenth of that of foreign countries, only one-tenth people choose online marketing. Most companies and individuals can stand out from the competition with their competitors and win business opportunities because of the powerful power of online marketing. With the further expansion of network influence and the deepening of people's understanding of network marketing, there are more and more successful cases of network marketing promotion, and people begin to realize many advantages of network marketing, and more and more marketing promotion is carried out through the network. When electric light first appeared, no one thought it could be widely used all over the world; When the internet first appeared, many people thought it was just a flash in the pan ... Only those who dare to be the first in the world, seize the opportunity and dare to try can wake up first in the development of the times, then seize the opportunity and succeed. History is always strikingly similar, as it is now. When people are watching, can you first realize the powerful power of online marketing? When people are hesitating, can you use the Internet for marketing promotion? A decision now will determine the starting point of your life and the height of your career. When the opportunity arises, it depends on who can seize it.

Second, the status of online marketing in China

In China, network marketing started late, and it was not tried by China enterprises until 1996. 1997-2000 is the primary stage of online marketing in China. With the rapid development of e-commerce, more and more enterprises begin to attach importance to online marketing. Since 2000, network marketing has entered the stage of application development, and the network marketing service market has initially taken shape: the construction of enterprise websites has developed rapidly; Online advertising is constantly innovating; Marketing tools and means are constantly emerging and developing. By the end of June 2008, the number of Internet users in China was 253 million, ranking first in the world, and the number of online shoppers reached 63.29 million. By the end of 2009, there were nearly 400 million netizens in China, ranking first in the world. In June of 20 10, the total number of netizens reached 420 million. By the end of June 20 1 1, the total number of netizens in China had reached 485 million, and the Internet penetration rate was 36.2%, which was 1.9 percentage points higher than that at the end of June 201. At present, online marketing activities such as online research, online advertising, online distribution and online service are actively participating in the production and operation of enterprises.

Third, the network marketing environment

1. Internal environment of the enterprise: The internal environment of the enterprise includes the relationship and coordination of various departments within the enterprise, coordinating the relationship between the marketing department and other departments, and ensuring the smooth development of the marketing activities of the enterprise. 2. Suppliers: Suppliers refer to companies or individuals that provide production and operation for enterprises and their competitors. Suppliers have a substantial impact on the marketing business of enterprises. 3. Marketing intermediary: a company that coordinates enterprises to promote and distribute products to final buyers. 4. Customers or users: customers or users are the market for enterprise product sales and the direct or final marketing target of the enterprise. The development of network technology has greatly eliminated the geographical limitation between enterprises and customers, and created a mechanism for both sides to approach and exchange information more easily. Customers can get more demand information through the internet, which makes their buying behavior more rational. 5. Competitors: Competition is an inevitable law of commodity economic activities, and online marketing is no exception.

Fourth, the basic principles of network marketing

Liu Dongming, a network marketing expert specially invited by the President of Tsinghua University, pointed out in "The Spectrum of Network Integrated Marketing Weapons" that the traditional marketing classics have been difficult to be applied in the field of network marketing. Consumers rule the world, the media is the emperor in the traditional communication era, and you are the new king in the network communication era! In the era of traditional media, information dissemination is "church-like", and information flows linearly from top to bottom, so consumers can only passively accept it. In the era of network media, information dissemination is "market-oriented" and information is multi-directional and interactive. The sounds are diverse, noisy and different from each other. Internet media has brought explosive growth of all kinds of "self-media". With the help of blogs, forums, IM and SNS, every grassroots consumer has his own "mouth" and "ears". Faced with these "long tails of the uprising", traditional marketing methods such as "hunting" will become "fishing": marketers need to learn to stew attractive "bait" with "creative fire" and brand information will be cleverly packaged into "hooks".

Five, the strategic analysis of network marketing

Marketing is a process of planning and implementing ideas, products, service ideas, pricing, promotion and distribution in order to create and realize transactions between individuals and organizations. Network marketing is the inevitable product of human economic, technological and cultural development. Network marketing is not limited by time and space, which greatly changes the traditional marketing form and format. Liu Yuhan, who promoted China Automobile, said that online marketing has improved work efficiency, reduced costs, expanded the market and brought social and economic benefits to enterprises. Compared with traditional marketing, network marketing has the characteristics of internationalization, informationization and paperless, which has become the trend of marketing development in various countries. In order to carry out online marketing correctly and perfectly, there are six stages: controlling them, limiting them, pushing them to contact them and catching them. 1. Analysis of the emergence of network marketing In the information network era, the application of network technology has changed the way information is published and received, and changed the environment for people to live, work, study, cooperate and communicate. Enterprises are also using the fast hitchhiking of new network technologies to promote the rapid development of enterprises. Network marketing is to implement marketing activities with new ways, methods and concepts by taking the Internet as the medium, and to promote the realization of individual and organization trading activities more effectively. How to develop network marketing in such a huge potential market and occupy emerging markets is both an opportunity and a challenge for enterprises. Network marketing also comes from the change of consumers' values: meeting consumers' needs is the eternal core of enterprise management. Using the Internet as the commanding height of science and technology to provide consumers with various services is an important way to gain competitive advantage in the future. 2. Analysis of the basic characteristics of online marketing fairness: In online marketing, all enterprises stand on the same starting line. Fairness only means providing equal competition opportunities for different companies and individuals, but it does not mean equality in wealth distribution. Virtuality: Due to interconnection, the traditional concept of space has changed, and a virtual space or virtual society different from the actual geographical space has emerged. Symmetry: In network marketing, interconnectedness greatly reduces the asymmetry of information. Consumers can search any information they want from the Internet and get timely guidance from relevant experts. Fuzziness: Because of interconnection, many people are used to blurring boundaries. Among them, the most obvious are the blurring of enterprise boundaries, the blurring of producers and consumers, and the blurring of products and services. Complexity: Due to the fuzziness of online marketing, economic activities become confusing and difficult to distinguish. Monopoly: The monopoly of network marketing is a monopoly formed by creative destruction, which exists for a short time, because the continuous emergence of new technologies will make new monopolists constantly replace the old monopolists. Multiplicity: In online marketing, a transaction usually involves multiple buying and selling relationships. Fast: Because of the interconnection and intercommunication, economic activities have the characteristics of fast operation, so you can quickly search for any information you need and make an immediate response to the market. Positive feedback: In online marketing, due to the rapidity of information transmission, people have frequent, rapid and intense interactions, thus forming a constantly strengthening positive feedback mechanism. Globality: Because of interconnection, it transcends national boundaries and geographical restrictions, making the economic activities of the world closely linked. The rapid flow of information, money, goods and services has greatly promoted the process of world economic integration. 3. Competitive advantage analysis of network marketing cost control: The most direct competitive advantage brought by network marketing to enterprises is the control of enterprise cost. Network marketing has adopted a new marketing management mode. It transforms the traditional organizational structure and operation mode of enterprise marketing management through the internet, and realizes the maximum cost control of enterprises by integrating production departments, procurement departments and other related departments. Using the internet to reduce the costs of transportation, communication, labor, finance and office rent in management can maximize management benefits. It is precisely because the management cost of online enterprises is relatively low that many enterprises start their own businesses and demand development opportunities. Customer satisfaction: Nothing is more important than customer satisfaction in the fierce market competition. Using the Internet, enterprises can put information such as product introduction, technical support and ordering on the Internet, and customers can selectively learn relevant information at any time and place according to their own needs. This overcomes the time and space constraints when providing services to customers. Meet the personalized needs of consumers: Internet marketing is a consumer-oriented marketing method, emphasizing personalization; Network marketing has a strong interaction between enterprises and consumers, which fundamentally improves the satisfaction of consumers; Network marketing can meet consumers' demand for shopping convenience, save shopping distance and time consumption in shopping malls and improve consumers' shopping efficiency; Because network marketing can save huge promotion and circulation costs for enterprises, it is possible to reduce the cost and price of products, and it can be bought at a lower price. 4. Analysis of the competition principle of online marketing In online marketing, enterprises must adapt to the changes in the environment and adopt new competition principles in order to win in the fierce competition. Personal marketing principle: In network marketing, we can provide low-cost and high-quality products or services with the help of computers and networks to meet personal needs. Principle of adaptability: Due to the existence of interconnection, market competition is launched on a global scale, and the market is changing rapidly. The company's products should adapt to the changing personal needs of consumers, the company's behavior should adapt to the rapid changes in the market, and the enterprise organization should be flexible and adapt to the changes in the market. Value chain principle: there are many links in the production and operation of a product, and each link is likely to add value. We call it the whole value chain. Companies should not only pay attention to the value-added of a branch of the value chain, but also pay attention to the integration of the value chain and the value-added of the whole value chain. Principle of specialization: first find out the representative personal habits, preferences and tastes, and then produce products that meet personal needs. Then, the company finds a large number of potential customers of the same type and treats them as an independent group to sell products to them. Mainstreaming principle: giving up the first generation products in order to win the largest market share is called mainstreaming principle. Although the initial cost of establishing digital products and infrastructure is high, the cost of continuing to expand is very small, resulting in new economies of scale. 5. Competitive strategy analysis of network marketing. Enterprises in network marketing must strengthen their own capabilities and change the competitive contrast between enterprises and other competitors. Consolidate the company's existing competitive advantage: companies that use online marketing can have a deeper understanding of the current customer requirements and potential needs, and also have a certain understanding of the needs of the company's potential customers. The marketing strategy and marketing plan are targeted and scientific, easy to implement and control, and successfully accomplish the marketing objectives. With the help of the database, the company's marketing strategy is highly targeted, reducing marketing expenses and increasing sales revenue. Strengthen communication with customers: Online marketing is customer-centered, and a large number of relevant data of current customers and potential customers are stored in the database. The company can provide specific products and services according to customers' needs, with strong pertinence and timeliness, which can greatly meet customers' needs. Customer's rationality and knowledge require participation in product design and production to meet their own needs to the maximum extent. Through the Internet and large databases, companies can provide customers with personalized services at low cost. Setting up obstacles for intruders: designing and constructing an effective and perfect online marketing is a long-term systematic project, which requires a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources. Once a company realizes effective network marketing, it is difficult for competitors to enter the company's target market. Because it is almost impossible for competitors to build a similar database at considerable cost. 6. Implementation and control analysis of Internet marketing strategy The company must consider the company's objectives, company scale, number of customers and frequency of purchase, product type, product cycle and competitive position. We should also consider whether the company can support technology investment, technology development and application when making decisions. The formulation of internet marketing strategy will go through three stages: first, determine the target advantage, analyze whether the implementation of online marketing can promote the market growth of enterprises, and realize the income growth and reduce the marketing cost by improving the implementation strategy; Second, strategic needs and future benefits should be considered when analyzing and calculating benefits; Third, comprehensively evaluate the Internet marketing strategy. Liu Yuhan, who promoted China Automobile, said that after the company decided to adopt the Internet marketing strategy, it should organize the strategic planning and implementation. Network marketing is to transform and improve the existing marketing channels and methods through new technologies, which involves all aspects of company organization, culture and management. Without effective planning and implementation, strategy may just be an additional marketing means, proposing improvement goals and methods; Technical planning, that is, network marketing is very important to have strong technical input and support, so capital input, system purchase and installation, personnel training should be arranged as a whole; Organizational planning, that is, after the realization of database marketing, needs to adjust the company's organization to cooperate with the implementation of this strategy, such as adding technical support departments, data acquisition and processing departments, and adjusting the original sales departments. Management planning, that is, the change of organization inevitably requires the change of management, and the management of the company must meet the needs of network marketing. After the implementation of network marketing planning: first of all, we should pay attention to control to evaluate whether we have fully exerted our strategic competitive advantage and whether there is room for improvement; The second is to find and improve the problems in the implementation of the plan in time; The third is the evaluation and adoption of technology. 7. Analysis of supply and demand principle of network marketing economics: In network marketing, the increase of supply and the decrease of price lead to the increase of demand; Supply decreases and prices rise, resulting in reduced demand; For example, once Microsoft users use the company's products, they are not willing to learn to use other systems, but keep buying new versions of the original system, and their dependence on its products is getting stronger and stronger, and the law of increasing marginal utility appears. Unemployment: The network economy theory involved in network marketing can improve labor productivity, prosper the economy, create new industries and increase new employment opportunities, and realize the coexistence of high-speed economic growth, low unemployment rate and low inflation rate. Liu Yuhan: In network marketing, increasing information value is an economic model. Value-added can generate more information, and more information can be further increased. This special information gathering process is called learning. In communication, computer and other fast learning industries, economies of scale can be transformed into quality.

Network marketing classification

1. According to the different classification of service objects.

A. Personal Internet Marketing Individuals can conduct marketing through the Internet. At present this method has been widely used by netizens. Typical applications are "Taobao sellers", "Sister Furong" and "Sister Feng". B. The commercial value of enterprise network marketing network should become the mainstream of Internet marketing. At present, a large number of enterprises expand their business through online marketing.

2. According to the scope of application

I. Network Marketing in a broad sense Generally speaking, network marketing is a marketing activity carried out by the Internet as the main means (including intranet, EDI industry system private network and Internet). B. Narrow network marketing Narrow network marketing refers to the business activities of a series of products and services conducted by organizations or individuals to meet the needs of organizations or individuals based on the open and convenient Internet. C. Integrated network marketing In 2002, AO Chunhua, a senior network marketing practitioner, put forward the concept of integrated network marketing: network marketing is an integral part of an enterprise's overall marketing strategy, and it is a variety of activities that are carried out to achieve the enterprise's overall business objectives and create an online marketing environment with the Internet as the basic means. The core of this definition is the online environment, which I think can be understood as the process of creating brand value for integrated marketing, integrating various effective online marketing means and creating a better marketing environment. D, subversive network marketing "subversive network marketing" mode broke out on 20 10. Founder Zheng Junya believes that enterprises should jump out of this ordinary level, take high-end business planning as the guide, break through the conventional online marketing methods, and create unique, novel, creative, attractive and lasting subversive online marketing methods in order to achieve the effect of online marketing. E. Social media marketing Social media marketing is a way to maintain and develop marketing, sales, public relations and customer service by using social networks, online communities, blogs, encyclopedias or other Internet collaboration platforms. General social media marketing tools include forums, Weibo, blogs, SNS, Flickr and videos. F asymmetric network marketing asymmetric competition is a new concept of traditional enterprises. In the era when 20 10 network marketing broke out, Mr. Wan introduced it into network marketing and successfully transformed the concept of asymmetric competition into an applicable network marketing model. Enterprises should pay attention to their own positioning, and achieve a win-win network marketing effect through network marketing methods such as hardcover, amplification, uniqueness, memory, edge brand and differentiated advantages. G. mass sales network marketing is also called mass sales network promotion. 20 1 1 Mr. Wang Tianxing, the general manager of Star Media and a famous network marketing planner, pointed out that because the network marketing market has just started in China and the service level is uneven, a popular and fast-food network marketing method is urgently needed to standardize the development of the industry and let enterprises really choose independently.

3. Classification by specific promotion methods.

Word of mouth marketing, online advertising, media marketing, event marketing, search engine marketing (SEM), e-mail marketing, digital network marketing.

Database marketing, SMS marketing, e-magazine marketing, virus marketing, question-and-answer marketing, QQ group marketing, blog marketing, Weibo marketing, forum marketing, social media marketing, B2B business website product information release and platform marketing, etc.

4. Classification through interaction with customers

● Online consultation-instant communication represented by guestbook, online consultation form, QQ and MSN; Online customer service represented by Baidu Shangqiao and 53KF. ● E-mail and mailing list ● Help or FAQ ● m-pasc marketing customization system for enterprise BBS or customer exchange community M-PASC marketing parent system The marketing of an enterprise is a systematic project. We divide the marketing plan into five parts from the strategic business unit, with M marketing as the core. P Sales management department product A advertising creativity AD (advertising) S network promotion SEM (search engine marketing) C communication as a support. Is to do the right job first, and then do the right job. M-PASC marketing subsystem M 1 Marketing research M2 profit model customization M3 consumption insight M4 brand positioning M5 product category innovation A 1 advertising creative production A2 product BSP/USP packaging design A3 enterprise brand image design (CIS) A4 terminal contact design C 1 media communication strategy P 1 Product listing and distribution scheme P2 practical sales training P3 channel terminal promotion S 1 network marketing SEM/SEO Through the analysis of marketing 3C insight (consumer/customer/competitor), according to marketing quantification and effect payment method,

Characteristics of network marketing

With the maturity of Internet technology and the reduction of networking cost, the Internet is like a "universal glue", which connects enterprises, groups, organizations and individuals across time and space, making the information exchange between them "within reach". The most important and essential thing in marketing is the information dissemination and exchange between organizations and individuals. If there is no information exchange, then the transaction is rootless. Because of this, the Internet has some characteristics required by marketing, which makes network marketing present some characteristics. At present, there are two mainstream views on the characteristics of online marketing in academic circles. Actually, it's all the same Here are some introductions:

1. time domain

The ultimate goal of marketing is to occupy market share. Because the Internet can exchange information beyond the limitations of time and space, marketing can trade without the limitations of time and space. Enterprises have more time and space for marketing and can provide global marketing services 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

2. Rich media

Internet is designed to transmit information from various media, such as words, sounds and images. , so that the exchange of information to reach a deal can exist and exchange in various forms, and the creativity and initiative of marketers can be fully exerted.

interaction

The Internet displays commodity images, and the commodity information database provides related queries, realizing the interaction between supply and demand and two-way communication. You can also conduct product testing and consumer satisfaction surveys. Internet provides the best tool for product joint design, product information release and various technical services.

4. Personalization

The promotion on the Internet is one-to-one, rational, consumer-oriented, non-mandatory and gradual. It is a low-cost and humanized promotion, which avoids the interference of salesmen's strong promotion and establishes long-term good relations with consumers through information provision and interactive conversation.

Step 5 grow

The number of Internet users has increased rapidly and spread all over the world. Most users are young, middle-class and highly educated. Because of their strong purchasing power and great market influence, this group is a market channel with great development potential.

Step 6 synthesize

Marketing on the Internet can go from commodity information to collection and after-sales service in one go, so it is also an overall marketing channel. On the other hand, Hanyu. com suggests that enterprises can use the Internet to design, plan and implement different communication and marketing activities in a unified way, so as to convey information to consumers in a unified way and avoid the negative impact caused by different communication inconsistencies.

7. Advance

Internet is the most powerful marketing tool, which has many functions, such as channel, promotion, electronic transaction, interactive customer service and market information analysis and provision. Its one-to-one marketing ability conforms to the trend of customized marketing and direct sales in the future.

8. Efficiency

Computers can store a large amount of information and make inquiries on behalf of consumers, and the information and accuracy they can transmit far exceed those of other media. They can update products or adjust prices in time according to market demand, so they can effectively understand and meet customers' needs in time.

9. Economy

Exchanging information through the Internet, instead of the previous physical exchange, can reduce the printing and mailing costs, without store sales, rent-free, and save water, electricity and labor costs, on the other hand, it can reduce the losses caused by circuitous exchange.

10. Technical

Network marketing is mostly through online workers (Witkey, etc. ), through a series of publicity and promotion, this technology is relatively low, and it is a low-cost and high-output business activity for customers.

Network marketing steps

The first step is to quickly and comprehensively transfer your business to the Internet. When making their own network marketing plans, enterprises should first consider that their websites belong to marketing websites. The second step is to promote and maintain your own corporate website through various online marketing tools and methods. Any publicity and promotion activities we do on the Internet must take the corporate website as the core. The third step is website traffic monitoring and management. Usually we use traffic monitoring and analysis system and online customer service system to realize it. The marketing website needs a multi-functional online customer service system to help us negotiate actively from time to time and convert effective traffic (potential customers or intended customers) into online sales in time.

1. Ideas for making marketing plans

1, Internet marketing strategic planning: overall goal and strategic planning; 2. Network marketing plan: ①. Network marketing objectives; (2) The content and method of enterprise implementing network marketing; (3) Design framework of enterprise website; ④ The implementation scheme of network marketing; ⑤. Problems that should be paid attention to in network marketing.

2. Today's online marketing tools

1, yellow pages login: add your company information to the company information base of thousands of business websites in a short time, so that your potential customers can find your company information more conveniently through the network. 2. Product promotion: Member users can quickly publish all kinds of enterprise products, including product sample pictures, to thousands of B2B platform product libraries to promote image products. 3. Business information release: The business information of different companies will be quickly released to thousands of B2B platforms and industry websites corresponding to industry categories to help member users realize overwhelming business opportunities publicity.

3. Network marketing strategy

The new network marketing and promotion strategies have the following ways: 1. Online discount promotion discount, also known as discount, is the most commonly used online promotion method at present. At present, netizens' enthusiasm for online shopping is far lower than that of traditional shopping places such as shopping malls and supermarkets, so the prices of online goods are generally lower than those when they are sold in traditional ways to attract people to buy. Because the goods sold online can't give people a comprehensive and intuitive impression, they can't try and touch, and with the complexity of distribution costs and payment methods, the enthusiasm of online shopping and ordering has declined. Larger discounts can encourage consumers to try online shopping and make purchase decisions. At present, most goods sold online have different price discounts. 2. Online gift promotion Gift promotion has not been widely used online at present. Under normal circumstances, when new products are put on the market for trial use, products are updated, brands are competing against each other, and new markets are opened up, better promotion results can be achieved by using gift promotion. Advantages of gift promotion: it can enhance the popularity of brands and websites; Encourage people to visit websites frequently to get more preferential information; According to consumers' enthusiasm for additional products, we can summarize and analyze the marketing effect and the reaction of the products themselves. 3. Online lottery promotion Lottery promotion is one of the most widely used forms of online promotion and is a promotion method that most websites are willing to adopt. Lottery promotion means that one or several people get prizes that exceed the cost of participating in activities to promote goods or services. The online lottery mainly depends on investigation, product sales, expanding user groups, celebration and promotion of an activity. Consumers or visitors get lucky draw opportunities by filling out questionnaires, registering, purchasing products or participating in online activities. 4. The application of integral promotion on the Internet is simpler and easier to operate than traditional marketing methods. Online integration activities can be easily realized through programming and database, with high reliability and relatively simple operation. Generally speaking, points promotion will set higher value prizes, and consumers will increase their points by purchasing or participating in an activity for many times, so as to get prizes. Integral promotion can increase the number of times users visit websites and participate in certain activities; Can increase the loyalty of netizens to the website; Can improve the visibility of activities, etc. 5. Search engine marketing: According to CNNIC's China Search Engine Market Survey Report in 2007, 44.7 1% netizens often use search engines (many times a day), and the users who use search engines once a day also account for 65.438+07.2%, that is, the number of users who use search engines every day is as high as 69.4%, which means that more than half of netizens have begun to rely on search engines. Mainly includes: login Baidu, Google, Yahoo, sogou, Aiwen, Zhongsou and other search engines, Sina directory, Yahoo directory, Sohu directory and other directory websites, as well as search engine optimization marketing services composed of keyword analysis, search engine ranking optimization maintenance, search result page position bidding and other marketing forms.