Seeking pictures of all the Dongba texts!!!!

Pic/16/11477461948231851_small.jpg

/pic/34/1152367307947453_small.jpg

/pic/4/11524652055663109_small.jpg

China is a multi-ethnic country, the ancestors of various ethnic groups labor, live and reproduce in this vast land, **** with the creation of a brilliant national culture. Living in the Lijiang area of China's Yunnan Province, the Naxi people is a profound cultural heritage of the nation, they are not only good at absorbing the excellent culture of other ethnic groups, but also created its own unique national culture - Dongba culture.

I, Dongba culture (a)

Lijiang is the main settlement of China's minority Naxi people, but also China's only Naxi Autonomous Prefecture, she is a unique tourist attractions in Yunnan Province, where the beauty of the natural landscape and the harmony of the natural environment and the unity of the Lijiang Old Town, attracting more and more domestic and foreign tourists, a unique and rich Naxi Dongba culture attracts people from all over the world. The unique and rich Naxi Dongba culture attracts people from all over the world. Like the ancient cultures of other ethnic groups in the world, Dongba culture is also a religious culture, and it is the ancient culture of the Naxi ethnic group inherited by Dongba from generation to generation. The main inheritor of Dongba culture, Dongba, which means wise man, is the highest intellectual of Naxi people, most of whom have songs, dances, scriptures, books, history, paintings and medicine.

Dongba culture includes pictorial hieroglyphics, including Dongba scriptures and Dongba paintings, Dongba dance, Dongba music, as well as a variety of Dongba dojo is the ritual activities, which also contains a lot of connotations of the national psychological qualities in the inside, the so-called Dongba culture refers to such a cultural system.

Dongba is a very primitive pictorial hieroglyphics, from the point of view of the development of the written form, it is even more primitive than the oracle bones, belonging to the early form of the origin of the written word, the earliest is written, drawn on wood and stone symbols and images, and later there is a paper, only to these symbols and images written on paper. Since the Dongba only mastered this kind of writing, it is called Dongba script. The Dongba script is the only surviving hieroglyphic script in the world, and it is the "living fossil" of the origin and development of the human social script.

Dongba script is now what we call living hieroglyphics, it is now collectively referred to as the Naxi ancient society's encyclopedia, because it involves all aspects, that is, history, politics, astronomy and geography ah, as well as literature and the arts ah, religion ah, anthropology, and even medicine, as well as production of many aspects of life and knowledge, and of course there are a lot of myths.

According to incomplete statistics, Dongba hieroglyphics *** more than 1,700, which set painting and calligraphy in one, smooth lines, concise penmanship, bright colors, and many Dongba still use these words.

The Dongba script, because human beings make words respecting consciousness, or called imitation, are basically much the same, the text is nothing more than a tool for recording language. People in the observation of things, recorded it, the beginning of the time is to have pictures, now we have a lot of pictures inside the Dongba script words, a picture is a story, but also a convention fixed a content, we look at this picture know what it refers to what things, so due to the picture word, people are observing, for example, our Chinese characters, because it is inside the plains to see the The Chinese character '山', is a mountain, a mountain, so he writes, there are three mountains, but the Naxi people it lives in the mountains, he went out is a big mountain, so when he made the character, is only one '山', that's what it means, like the Chinese character '门', there are two doors, the Naxi people only have a door, so when he made the character, see only a door, and the Naxi people only have a door, so he made the character. So when he created the word, he saw only one door, and the environment he was in is related, so he saw what he drew when he created the word, and gradually reduced it from complexity to simplicity with drawings, forming an agreed-upon stroke, a fixed form, which belongs to the scope of the word, so the Dongba language is developed through the drawings to the written word. We use the Han Chinese words called calligraphy and painting the same source.

With the development of the Naxi society and the interaction of national cultures, in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Lijiang, some of the Dongba, and created the Geba text. Geba means disciple, and Geba Wen means the script created by the disciples of the descendants of Dongba Shilo, and Geba Wen is the transformation and development of Dongba Wen.

Lan Wei, a scholar of Lijiang's Dongba culture, said, "Hieroglyphic characters from the point of view of its creation and the whole development of the situation, it is from the gradual development of the pictures evolved into the current Dongba script, so now the Dongba script itself has a very high artistic value, each Dongba script is a very beautiful picture."

Knowledge point: Naxi people, calling themselves "Na", "Naxi", "Na Ru". Jin, Tang history said "Mo Sha" or "Mo some". Distributed in Yunnan Lijiang, Zhongdian, Weixi, Ninglang and Sichuan Yanyuan, Yanbian, Muli and other places. The language belongs to the Yi branch of the Sino-Tibetan or Tibeto-Burman language family.

Two, Naxi costumes

Naxi not only have their own unique culture, but also their costumes are colorful and distinctive, which is mainly reflected in the Naxi women's clothing.

The Naxi people live in the Sichuan-Yunnan border area, the mountains towering, the average altitude of about 2700 meters, the Jade Dragon Snow Mountain and the Haba Snow Mountain is like a crystalline jade screen, standing in the north of Lijiang and the southeast of Zhongdian. The Naxi*** have more than 240,000 people, distributed in the northwest of Yunnan Province and the southwest of Sichuan Province, Lijiang County has about 170,000 people, is the main Naxi settlement.

The starry-eyed Naxi women are a bright humanistic landscape in the ancient city of Lijiang. They are robust and bright, warm and simple, known for their hard work, as they wear the sheepskin shawl on the seven embroidered discs symbolized by the same, the shoulder shoulder with the sun and the moon, back stars, commonly known as "wearing the stars and the moon," symbolizing the Naxi women's hard work. They work day and night, almost all the domestic labor.

The ancient Naxi people in order to adapt to the plateau area of agricultural and pastoral production, generally to self-weaving linen or coarse cotton as clothing, men wear short clothes, long pants, women with short clothes, long skirts. No matter men or women, most of them do not wear shoes and socks, girded with flower cloth belt, outside a piece of sheepskin or felt. Naxi women back of the sheepskin shawl, both decorative role, but also practical value, they transport heavy objects mainly by shoulder, then the shawl can play a role in protecting the back. Later, due to the influence of the Han Chinese, men's clothing is basically the same as that of the Han Chinese. Women's clothing, in addition to some places still maintain the custom of wearing skirts has been changed to pants, but the whole dress, still has a distinctive national characteristics. They wore coats, plus shoulders, pants, waist pleated aprons, and then put on sheepskin shawls when they were working or going out. Shawl production is very delicate, in the shoulder with two large round cloth circle, back side by side nailed seven small round cloth circle, the more common saying is on behalf of the "seven stars".

It is said that the silk thread embroidered on the circles is a beautiful star map, and the pendant spikes represent the light of the stars. Legend has it that in ancient times a hard-working, intelligent and beautiful Naxi girl Yinggu and drought fighting, fighting for nine days, and finally died of exhaustion, Bayshore three more gods in order to recognize the courageous behavior of the Yinggu girl, the snow Jinglong subdued the drought swallowed by the seven cold sun pinched into the seven round stars, set in the top of the shirt in Yinggu, after the Naxi girl imitation of the Yinggu, will be the seven star pattern nailed to the shawl, a symbol of the stars and the moon, hard-working and courageous. There is also a theory that the Naxi people from ancient times the frog as the god of wisdom, can relieve people in distress, so those circular pattern represents the frog's eyes, is a frog totem worship of historical traces.

Three, Dongba culture (two)

Dance is an important part of the Naxi life, they have a lot of rich content, diverse forms of folk dance. The Dongba Dance is the classical dance of the Naxi people, which expresses the struggle of the ancient Naxi people against the evil forces of nature and society.

The Naxi people are known for their ability to sing and dance. The Tang Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty books have "men and women are draped in sheepskin, the common good drinking and dancing", and "men and women move hundreds of hands, each holding their hands, the group spinning song and dance for music" records. At present, there are several types of dances that have been widely circulated in the folklore and newly excavated and organized, such as primitive dances, Dongba classical dances, group dances and new songs and dances. The "Maidajing" and "Rehehejing" dances are primitive dances that combine poetry, song and dance. It is characterized by singing and dancing at the same time, promoting dancing with singing, helping singing with dancing, and stopping dancing after singing; it is not accompanied by musical instruments, and there is no limitation on the number of people, places and occasions, so both men and women can take part in it. The dance is simple, usually with the right hand on the left shoulder or hand in hand, marching from the right, gradually forming a circle.

The Dongba Dance is a classical dance of the Naxi people and an important part of the Dongba culture. It is a religious dance performed by Dongba priests according to different ceremonies and in accordance with the rules of the dojo. From the form, it seems that the Dongba Dance is mostly about jumping god and driving away ghosts, but in fact, most of the content is to show the struggle of ancient Naxi people with the evil forces of nature and society.

Its dance is differentiated according to the content of the rituals. For example, when sacrificing to the sky, there is a dance when sacrificing to the sky, when sacrificing to the wind there is a dance when sacrificing to the wind, for example, when sending off a funeral, there is a dance when sending off a funeral, and it is differentiated.

Dongba dance material source mainly from the folk, because from the folk dance inside the absorption of it over, used in its ancestral worship to dance, plus some of the styles of the Dongba religion rhyme, it becomes the dance of the Dongba, it has a very strong folk, the original Dongba is also in the folk, because it has not separated from his family, production, life, everything is the same as the folk laborers, so there is a very strong folk. So it has a very strong folk nature.

In the two books written in hieroglyphics about dance, the "Krimo" records hundreds of ways of dancing in 60 dances that have almost been lost. The dances in the Krimo can be categorized into several types, including the Animal Dance, the Dance of the Knife and Bow, and the Dance of the Great Spirit. Among them, the knife and bow dance includes the knife dance, the bow and arrow dance and the barefoot dance.

The Bow and Arrow Dance is to suppress evil, so when he strikes towards the sky, he shoots at the evil gods, and when he strikes towards the ground, he strikes at the evil spirits, so his direction is towards the sky and towards the ground, and he is like this upwards and downwards, and it is just such two movements, and the other is towards the four directions, the evil spirits in the four directions and directions, the ghosts also have to be divided into good ghosts and evil ghosts, and there are also good gods and evil gods for the gods.

The Yak Playing Tiger is an animal dance adapted from a Naxi folk tale, and the dance is divided into several parts, such as chanting, yak playing tiger. It mainly tells the story of two monkeys, representing the two earliest families of mankind, one of which worships the tiger and the other the yak, and the two families are in dispute over this.

In the Dongba Dance, there are many dances that are formed by imitating the movements of animals. According to the Record of Dongba Dance, the oldest dance in Naxi originated from the jumping of golden frogs. Nowadays, an ancient dance, the Leba Dance, is still preserved in the mountainous area northwest of Lijiang. According to "Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals", "In the past, the music of Ge Tian's, three people manipulated the cow's tail and threw the song to sing the eight syncopated". And "Le Ba Dance" is also the most notable feature is holding the cow's tail dance, it is respectively imitated elephant, eagle, monkey, frog and tiger, and make it form a set of coherent dance movements.

Four, Dongba Palace

As the main part of the Dongba culture, whether it is the text, music or dance, their inheritance and development can not be separated from the Dongba, is located in the Lijiang Ancient City of the Dongba Palace, the more modern people to understand the culture of the Dongba provides a window.

Dongba Palace is located in Lijiang Ancient City East Street, it is decorated with Dongba's "five crowns" on the gate tower, hanging on both sides of the gate of Dongba's wooden plate paintings, Dongba Palace within the unique decorations and cultural activities will make you feel the charm of Dongba culture.

Dayan Ancient City was included in the world cultural heritage, domestic and foreign tourists have come, the Dongba culture is a major part of the world cultural heritage, or its core part, so we are attempting to engage in a window to the outside world to show the music and dance part of the Dongba culture.

People who come to Lijiang in addition to appreciate the beautiful natural scenery, listen to the Naxi ancient music, see the Dongba dance, understand the Dongba culture has become one of their essential content.

The entire layout of the Dongba Palace, we want to highlight the characteristics of the Naxi people, is to highlight the characteristics of the Dongba. Mainly through the Dongba scriptures, cultural relics, Dongba paintings, shrine offerings, Dongba murals, reliefs and so on these aspects of the relatively complete introduction of the Naxi Dongba culture of music, dance, we attempt to strengthen its cultural atmosphere, to give you a relatively intuitive understanding of the Naxi music, dance culture.

The whole Dongba Palace is a small but complete museum of national culture and art, through which you can appreciate the world's unparalleled Dongba culture and art, and appreciate the real Naxi ancient music as well as folk songs and dances.

It is also for the protection and promotion of our national culture, in the protection and promotion of the head, in this case, may I think that the excavation and organization and protection is a very important piece, so we focus on a large number of our Naxi folk dancers, singers, performers, and the old dongbas, they are concentrated here, including people such as me to learn from them, and only to learn to spread it later, we also have to learn to spread it. We also emphasize this point, that is, if a nation's culture dies, the nation will cease to exist.

In order to better spread the Dongba culture, Dongba Palace organized some of the Naxi region's famous old Dongba, folk singers and a number of skilled folk artists, in order to retain the original flavor on the basis of the Dongba culture and art, excavation and finishing a number of the most rich in local flavor and the most national characteristics of the wonderful program, the program is fresh and magical, elegant and graceful, deep and far-reaching, magnificent, y domestic and foreign audiences! The program has been well received by domestic and foreign audiences.

V. Dongba Culture (3)

Dongba painting is one of the important contents of Dongba culture, which includes several categories of wooden paintings, cardboard paintings, cloth scroll paintings and scripture paintings, reflecting the secular life of the ancient Naxi society.

Traditional Dongba paintings are mainly made and used by Dongba in the practice of the event, there are cloth shafts of the gods and buddhas, scripture paintings, wooden cardboard paintings of the gods, ghosts, birds, beasts, and large-scale cloth scroll paintings, and the folk there are decorative paintings reflecting the production and life, which are bold in tone and color, and the image is simple and vivid.

All the contents of the Dongba culture, including the scriptures, including wooden paintings, cardboard paintings, paintings of the divine axis, we see everything, all of them are preserved in the form of paintings, documented, because of its own ten thousand scrolls of scriptures, which itself is the ten thousand scrolls of paintings, because of its form of painting is a picture of pictographs and hieroglyphics. Where do most of the traditional Dongba paintings take place? It can be said that on the rock wall, on the bark of the trees, especially in the Dongba paintings, the hieroglyphics, the 10,000 scrolls of hieroglyphics, in fact, it is also very simple and abstract Dongba paintings. From my point of view as a painter, I think this is painting. Where do they paint this painting, and where do they write it? They are written on their own paper, which is very rough, but I think the texture is also good, and the retention period is very long. There are very distinctive sacred scroll paintings, including the "Divine Path Diagram", which is very famous in the international arena, and the traditional "Divine Path Diagram", which is about 45 centimeters in width and can be up to 20 meters long, and it is known internationally as the largest straight scroll, where was it painted? What kind of pigment is used to make it? It is with the Naxi farmers own hand-woven cloth, the cloth after weaving out with the stone bit by bit rolling, rolling the surface is very smooth, then again the insect glue, farmers with the glue, insect glue and hit up, and then so after the production of this place with the traditional bamboo pen or a homemade brush, hook line, so that the traditional Dongba paintings, you see, including the text, is written in his own do it! Paper, wooden plate painting, very characteristic wooden plate painting, is painted on the tree we cut a few petals, and then with our own mineral pigments, traditional Dongba painting of these colors is particularly good, are some of the pigments made by themselves.

The content of traditional Dongba paintings mainly expresses the beliefs of the ancient Naxi people in gods and spirits and various ideal worlds. The cloth scroll painting of Dongba paintings, "Divine Road Map", which is generally more than 14 meters long and about 26 centimeters wide, is mainly used in funeral ceremonies for overcoming the spirits of the deceased, describing the specific scenes of the various stages of hell, earth, nature and heaven that the spirits of the deceased have to pass through, and has a high cultural and artistic research value. Although traditional Dongba painting is also influenced by the cultures of neighboring peoples, especially the Chinese and Tibetan cultures, it still maintains its overall style and characteristics in a relatively systematic way.

Naxi's Dongba culture, indeed by the influence of Tibetan Buddhism is quite large, so in Naxi's all of the Dongba culture of the painting part, including other ceremonial part, etc., people are consciously unconscious of a look at know by the Tibetan culture, Tibetan Buddhism influence is particularly large, including the painting, but it is the whole process, the whole of that coloring, line, very, very much how to say it? Not so much for the gorgeous, it is for the simple, after painting a picture, it appearance of the packaging, it is not decorated, how it is, and then it is up and down the general is to use two pieces of black cloth, and then in the middle of it is like we framed the same as a scroll painting, Chinese painting inside the same as a framed shaft, wearing two wood, it has completed the entire process.

Dongba divine spectrum is the totem of the Naxi people, in the divine spectrum of God bless them, "frogs, flying snails, roc bird Xiuqu, the god of war, Yu Ma, auspicious double fish" and so on. A people want to be strong, first of all, it must be able to adapt to a variety of harsh environments, and be able to quickly reproduce offspring. It is said that the Naxi people migrated to the land now living, see the frog's ability to reproduce is the strongest, the frog was chosen as their god of reproduction, flying conch is a winged conch, it is the god of the sea, is also a kind of dongba with the artifacts, the roc bird Xiuqu, the god of war, respectively, is the protection of Yu Ma, the two fish, the symbols of courage and good luck, from the ancient times to the present day, many of the wood carvings reflecting art is exactly these gods of the legend, the god of the spectrum of the wood carving These wood carvings of gods are carefully conceived, with smooth and graceful lines and lifelike patterns. Gazing at it for a long time, it is like going back to a distant age.

Dongba painting is one of the important contents of Dongba culture, its content mainly expresses the ancient Naxi beliefs in gods and ghosts and all kinds of ideal world, which also reflects the secular life of the ancient Naxi society.

It is mainly used in various ceremonies of Dongba religion. It takes the spirits and gods in Dongba religion as the painting objects, and the common ones are the covers and inscriptions of the scriptures, the paintings on cloth and silk (rolls) used in doing Buddhist ceremonies, and the wooden plaques.

The old Dongba paintings are the most characteristic Naxi art heritage. Naxi East in doing rituals, to paint a variety of Buddha God, characters, animals, plants and the image of demons and monsters, and to them into the worship and sacrifice, this service to the religious activities of a variety of paintings, collectively referred to as the Dongba painting. The art of Dongba painting has the five characteristics of artwork that the hieroglyphic classics have, i.e., the form of the Bayeux scriptures, the graceful lines, the beautiful colors, the dynamic performance and the characteristics of the intake.

Dongba paintings can be broadly categorized as follows:

(1) Wooden Plaque Paintings: Pointed and Flat Head Shapes. Pointed wooden plate painting, generally painting the image of God, inserted in front of the upper altar, flat wooden plate painting, painting the image of ghosts, inserted in the lower ghost fortress.

(2) scripture paintings: scripture cover decorative paintings, scripture title page paintings, inscriptions and paintings "winter mold" and so on.

(3) cardboard paintings: painting five parties (east, south, west, north, and center) and other gods of war, the god roc "Huuqu" fight evil "Department", golden giant frogs, peacocks, the various superior hemp God, etc., and the five crowns, divination and fortune-telling with various types of paintings, and so on.

(4) scroll paintings: each main painting of a god or god of war, the performance of a god praying and the world of the gods in which they live.

(5) Sacred Paths: large vertical scrolls used for funeral rites and rituals of overcoming the dead. Dongba painting content is complex, the amount of great, in the whole Dongba painting can be standardized to show an unusually rich, thousands of various images, all rely on the painting spectrum "winter mold". Painting spectrum "winter mold" on the Dongba painting has the role of guidance and standardization, so that the Dongba painting does not lose its rules, characteristics and religious connotations.

Dongba painting techniques vary from time to time, from place to place, and from person to person, forming a variety of styles, but on the whole, they can be roughly divided into two categories:

(1) Retaining the primitive and simple painting methods; such as the Dongba painting spectrum, the wooden plate paintings and scripture paintings, etc., this kind of paintings are mostly drawn with bamboo brushes and natural pigments, with a single line of flat paint; the shape of the rustic and ancient, concise and generalized, with deformed and exaggerated, with bold and smooth lines, straightforward and unrestrained, and both rigid and soft, with the ancient and simple style of painting. The style is simple and ancient, simple and generalized, deformed and exaggerated, the lines are rough and smooth, straightforward and bold, and there is the beauty of simplicity and childishness.

(2) absorbing and integrating the painting methods of Chinese and Tibetan nationalities; such as some scroll paintings, God's road map and some of the painting method of fine cardboard paintings. Such paintings are mostly painted with brushes and mineral pigments, the traditional ancient style of Dongba painting and foreign fine and clear painting style organically fused together to form a thick and thin, sparse and dense style, the composition is becoming more and more rigorous, the picture is complicated, distinct, colorful, neat lines, modeling, accurate, technical skills have a breakthrough in the development of.