Lecture Notes on the History of Urban Development (6)

The "Law of Unity of Opposites" of China's Ancient Urban Structure

1. The independence and freedom of a city cannot be separated from gardens, nurseries, gardens and caves.

The ideological basis and actual formation process of the urban "dual unity of opposites" structure are very comparable to the residential "dual unity of opposites" structure.

Like the family under the condition of small-scale peasant economy, the traditional city of China was relatively independent and comfortable when it was born-that is, its self-survival ability in a certain area. This kind of closed independence is mainly due to the fact that cities, as living places under the natural and economic conditions of agricultural society, require and can also achieve self-sufficiency.

On the other hand, the political and military instrumentality of the city further strengthens this self-reliance requirement and ability. As we all know, cities come into being with the division of classes and the emergence of countries. They are fortresses of rule and military confrontation. In an environment of brutal struggle, its firmness and integrity are very important. This firmness and integrity are not only reflected in the strength of Mazhuang and the depth of the city, but also in the richness of food supply. Therefore, the ancients listed grain, soldiers and cities as the three major elements of war and defense. For example, "Seven Bitterness Diseases of Mozi" said: "The treasure of the eater country is also the claw of the soldier country, and the city is therefore guarded. These three are also state-owned. " Another example is "Guan Zi Quan Xiu", which says: "The land is in the city, the city is in the soldiers, and the soldiers are in the millet." They are the sustenance of the life of a city and a country.

Abundance of grain requires a proper amount of land, and there is also a structural problem. Meat, fruits and vegetables are as indispensable as rice and flour. Under the conditions of isolated territory, limited land area and narrow economic hinterland, gardens, caves, nurseries and vegetable gardens, which are developed from early agricultural settlements and cultivated by captive animals, are important sources of meat, fruits and vegetables in every city. At this time, their ornamental and entertainment functions are secondary, and their production nature is undoubtedly the first.

Generally speaking, "nursery" and "garden" are used to grow vegetables, flowers, fruits and plants. For example, Shuo Wen Jie Zi says that "growing vegetables is called a garden", and it says that "a garden is the reason why you plant trees". Another example is "The Book of Songs General Zheng Feng Zhong Zimao Biography": "Gardens plant trees." As for the difference between the two, there is often no fence around the "garden", but there is often a fence around the "garden". "Yuan" and "Yuan" are generally interpreted as raising animals in ancient books. Regarding the "trap", Zhou Li, local officials and trapped people said: "It is forbidden to take care of animals that can swim and to graze all kinds of animals." "Shi Guangming" said: "If you are sleepy, you will still have something to do." Regarding "Garden", Shuowen Jiezi said: "Garden is the reason for raising animals." Some people think that the difference between the two lies in the size of the area. For example, in Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals, there is a high note: "Livestock and poultry are big and big, but small"; Some people think that the difference lies in whether there is a wall, such as "There is a wall in the garden" in Shuo Wen Jie Zi, and the parallel prose notes: "There is a model to say the garden, and there is a wall to say it".

The concepts of "Garden", "Xi", "Garden" and "Garden" have certain boundaries, but they are often common to each other, and the explanations of ancient books are not exactly the same. However, the "productivity" of planting livestock is recognized, and it is its "productivity" that makes it by no means dispensable, but an indispensable part of the city. During the feudal period of the Western Zhou Dynasty, it was stipulated that "the emperor was 100 Li and the vassal was 40 Li", and the garden was clearly regarded as a project and implemented together with the system of governing the country. Can you think that there is some inevitable connection between the two?

2. Aesthetic value of "Garden", "Garden", "Garden" and "Cave"

Nowadays, most landscape historians believe that "garden", "nursery", "garden" and "cave" are the beginnings of classical gardens in China. Mr. Tong Mao said: "The earliest garden records in China began in the Yin and Zhou Dynasties and the' garden' described in the Book of Songs, all three thousand years ago. At that time, the garden was a unit that planted fruits and vegetables and hunted animals. " But we can't treat "garden", "nursery", "garden" and "garden" as simple as pure vegetable gardens and farms, otherwise it will be difficult to explain China's brilliant classical garden art.

At that time, the "garden" and "cave" had the function of hunting by the emperor, and the "garden" should have the function of viewing, that is, it had aesthetic value.

"Yuan" and "Xi" have the function of imperial hunting, which has special significance in the pre-Qin period with "Wu" as the spirit of the times-practicing martial arts while hunting, and at the same time obtaining great spiritual satisfaction, which has the nature of enjoyment in the field of spiritual life. Some people think that in the pre-Qin period, from the perspective of garden aesthetics, the historical status of "Yuan" and "Yong" is much more important than "Pu" and "Yuan". "As far as their characteristics are concerned, the former is mainly to meet people's material needs, that is, mainly for food, and its material utility value is the first form of value produced by human society, while the value of the latter has been changed by. The' Garden' and' Garden' in the pre-Qin period can't be regarded as gardens belonging to the art category, because they only have practical material value, while' Yong' and' Garden' can be said to be the origins of classical garden art, because they have aesthetic value at least at the same time, get rid of material needs in a certain sense and embody some freedom of spiritual life. "

The above quotation points out the aesthetic value of Yuan and Yong outside production, but it seems debatable to exclude Yuan and Pu from production and deny that they are the origins of China classical gardens. Isn't ornamental plants also an aesthetic activity? Ornamental trees and flowers have been recorded in various written records in the Yin and Zhou Dynasties. People not only appreciate the beauty of their images, but also give them symbolic meanings to express their feelings. "People have seven emotions and are sensitive to things. It is unnatural to feel things and express ambitions. " Those heartfelt feelings in these 300 poems are the responses of the mind to the natural sounds of vegetation. It's hard to imagine that ancestors with natural consciousness in their blood would be indifferent to beautiful plants. Mr. Zhou believes that at least in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, garden cultivation spread to the people, and gradually penetrated into people's aesthetic field from simple economic activities. Therefore, many edible and medicinal plants have been cultivated as ornamental flowers. People open gardens in front of and behind houses, which is not only an economic activity, but also an ornamental purpose. "Garden" should be the third source of classical gardens in China besides terraces. We believe that it is not only the practical needs of material production and military training, but also the spiritual enjoyment in hunting and viewing, that is, the aesthetic value, which further strengthens the "garden", "nursery", "garden" and "cave" as an inevitable part of the city. In the subsequent historical process, especially after the reunification, the social economy has developed. From Beijing to prefectures and counties, the economic hinterland of the city has generally increased, and the productive dependence on "garden", "garden" and "garden" has been decreasing continuously until it is almost zero. It is their aesthetic and entertainment functions that make them continue to accompany the city and develop into.

3. Gao Feng spirit.

As early as 3000 years ago, the earliest palace gardens ―― Lingyou, Lingtai and Lingnuma became a part of the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty.

Lingkou is located 42 miles west of Chang 'an, across the border between Chang 'an and Huxian, and 70 miles in Fiona Fang, basically maintaining the original natural ecological environment.

There is a platform and a swamp at Lingkou. Poetic and picturesque, absolute beauty and Lingtai described the scene where Wang Wen won the hearts of the people, and everyone Qi Xin worked together to build Lingtai, as well as the scene where Wang Wen wandered around Lingqiu, swamp, beautiful animals and fish, singing and dancing.

4 Shang Lin Yuan of Chang 'an in the Western Han Dynasty

In the third year of Jianyuan (BC 138), the garden was built in China on the basis of the Qin Dynasty.

"Hanshu Jiuyi" says: "Shanglin Garden is 300 miles square, and there are many animals in the garden, and the emperor shoots in autumn and winter." Shanglin Garden was originally built by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty for tourism and hunting, but it played a more important role in practice.

First of all, it still retains a strong productive nature. First, fruit and wood production. Second, animal husbandry and fish farming. Third, the workshop. Shanglinyuan is rich in mineral resources, mining gold, silver, copper, iron and jade, and the copper mine near Dinghu Palace is used to cast money. In addition, metal utensils and metal parts of buildings can be made for the palace. People sat on the floor in the Han dynasty, and the indoor floor should be covered with mats. There are thousands of families in the imperial court, and the required mats are supplied by Shanglinyuan. Fourth, breeding.

In addition, it can be seen from the setting of the management organization and officials of Shanglinyuan that the nature of its production base is very prominent.

Secondly, ponds such as Kunming Pool play the role of reservoirs, supplying water and storing floods for the city for irrigation. Kunming Pool is equivalent to a medium-sized reservoir. Other ponds, such as pickaxe pond, Taiye pond, Cangchi pond, Chuchi pond and Niushouchi pond, have the function of flood storage.

Third, perform martial arts and station troops.

In addition, Shanglinyuan is also used for religious activities and astronomical activities. It is also used to receive foreign guests.

In a word, "Shanglinyuan is a multifunctional royal garden, which has all the functions of classical gardens in the formation period-recreation, residence, meeting in court, entertainment, hunting, spiritual cultivation, seeking immortality, production, military training, etc."

Luoyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty

1. Luoyang urban construction

Liu Xiu established a new dynasty by relying on Nanyang strongmen group * Wang Mang. In June of AD 25, he became emperor in Yong (Hao, now north of Baixiang County, Hebei Province) and moved the capital to Luoyang in June+10, 65438. History is called the Eastern Han Dynasty or the Later Han Dynasty. In 220 AD, Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor in the Han Dynasty and died in the Eastern Han Dynasty. * * * Twelve emperors, Luoyang was about 195 as the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty.

The reason why the Eastern Han Dynasty abandoned Chang 'an and returned to Luoyang;

1) After the war in the late Western Han Dynasty, Chang 'an was severely damaged, with a sharp drop in population and a depressed city.

2) The warlord regime-Gongsun Shu in Shu, Wei in Tianshui, eyeing Guanzhong; At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Xiongnu took advantage of chaos to go south, threatening Chang 'an.

3) Luoyang is closer to Liu Xiu's hometown Nanyang.

4) Luoyang operated in the Zhou Dynasty for 500 years; Lv Buwei in Qin Dynasty was named Luoyang to build Wan Huhou; In the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Bang proclaimed himself emperor in three months. In the last year (AD 23), the re-established emperor also moved the capital for about five months. Luoyang has the conditions to build its capital.

Nevertheless, some people advocated moving the capital to Chang 'an, and the debate lasted for half a century, that is, from the middle period of Liu Xiujianwu, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty, to Zhang Dijian's junior high school, and ended with the publication of Ban Gu's Two Capitals.

2. Urban form

Compared with Chang 'an in the Western Han Dynasty, Luoyang is also called Tokyo. Based on the expansion of Lv Buwei into Zhoucheng. Archaeological exploration shows that its site is located at15km east of Luoyang, Henan. Mangshan Mountain in the north and Luoshui in the south. The terrain is high in the north and low in the south, with natural barriers and convenient transportation. It took about 20 years to build this city. During the reign of Emperor Guangwu, the ancestral temple, the country, the South Palace, the city walls, the city gates, the Ming Hall, the Lingtai and the Biyong were built. Liu Zhuang and Ming Di established Gong Bei and various government offices and gardens, and established a city outside the market. Archaeology shows that the walls of Luoyang City are all rammed earth, and the basement thickness is 14 ~ 25m. The total length of the East City Wall is about 38,662.7 meters; The total length of the west city wall is about 38 1 1 m; The total length of the north city wall is about 2600 meters; The south city wall was completely destroyed because of the diversion of Liluoshui. The circumference of the whole city is about13000m, which is about 3 1 li in the Han Dynasty. The total area of the city is about 9.5 square kilometers. The plane is a rectangle about 9 miles long from north to south and 6 miles wide from east to west, so it was also called "six nine cities" at that time. There are 12 gates in Luoyang, but not three on each side, three in the east, three in the west, four in the south and two in the north. There is a pavilion at the city gate. There are three doorways in the city gate, and the imperial road is in the middle. The Pingcheng Gate in the south is the most prominent, leading directly to the Palace, and the emperor has to pass through this gate when he goes to the suburbs to offer sacrifices. Out of Pingcheng Gate, there are Tang Ming, Lingtai and Biyong. Tang Ming-the place where the ancient emperors carried out political education. Sacrifice, celebration, selection of scholars, pension, teaching and other ceremonies are held here. Mencius Hui Liang Wang Xia: "The hall of the monarch is also the hall of the husband." "The History of the Three Kingdoms Shu Wei Emperor Wudi": "In the first month of the second spring, the suburbs worshipped heaven and earth, Tang Ming." Lingtai-the name of the Zhou Dynasty. Biography of the Three Kingdoms Shu Wei Wang Lang: "The famous halls are so worshipful to God and the Taiwan is so astronomical." Lingtai, west of Luoyang Mingtang in the Eastern Han Dynasty, was the place where Zhang Heng observed astronomy. According to archaeological investigation, the scope of Lingtai is about 44,000 square meters, surrounded by rammed earth walls, and the central building is a square rammed earth platform with a residual height of more than 8 meters. There are two platforms around the platform, which surround the cloister.

3. Palace

There are two main palaces in Luoyang: Nangong Palace and Gong Bei Palace. It existed in the Western Han Dynasty and was expanded and built on a large scale in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Nangong covers an area of about 1.3 square kilometers, with a length of about 1.3 meters from north to south and a width of about 1.3 meters from east to west. Liu Xiu mainly built an anteroom here, and The History of Emperor Wudi in the Later Han Dynasty: "In the first month of 14th spring, the anteroom of Nangong was built". The Nangong was a place where the emperor discussed politics and was congratulated by ministers. Its address is in the northwest of Longhutan Village, and the terrain is uplifted. The locals call it "Xigang". Gong Bei is located in the north of Luoyang, slightly to the west. Its north wall is very close to the north wall of Luoyang city. Gongbei is about1500m long from north to south, about1200m wide from east to west, and covers an area of1.8km2, which is larger than Nangong. Ming Di Ji, the book of the later Han Dynasty, recorded that Yongping established the government in the third year (AD 60) and completed it in October of the eighth year. The main hall in Gong Bei is called Deyang Hall. It is seven feet long from north to south, four feet long from east to west, and two feet high in the hall. The surrounding square can accommodate ten thousand people. Gong Bei has beautiful scenery, where the emperor and his concubines lived. There are four doors in the North and South Palace. The south gate is called Zhuquemen, the north gate is called Xuanwu Gate, the east gate is called Longcang Gate, and the west gate is called Baihumen. The two palaces are connected by many paths. There is also a palace in the northeast of Gong Bei, called Yong 'an Palace, which is an independent palace with a circumference of 698 feet.

4. Garden

Fanglinyuan, located in the north of the city, is connected with Miyagi. Liu Hong, Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, built a "pavilion" in the palace, stepping on moss, flowing around the canal and swimming by boat. Xiyuan.

5. Streets and markets

According to records, there were 24 streets in Luoyang City in the Eastern Han Dynasty, with long lanes extending in all directions. The longest street is 3000 meters, and the width is generally about 40 meters. There are many trees in the city, with peaches and plums beside the road, opposite flowers and opposite leaves. There are three cities in Luoyang: heather, located outside the east of the city; Horse market, located outside the south of the city; Jinshi, located in the middle of the west side of this city.

6. Political, economic, social and cultural

6. 1. The center of centralization

Liu Xiu's policy of taking Luoyang as the center led to the great governance trend in the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty.

6.2. Handicraft, commerce and culture

Cai Lun invented Cai Houzhi. Business is developed, and residents abandon agriculture to do business. Wang Fu said: "Today, when we look at Luoyang, there are more entrepreneurs and more hypocrisy than industries in the last days." Commodities are mostly luxury consumer goods.

Biography of Zhong Changtong in the Later Han Dynasty: "Ships, chariots and merchants are everywhere, and wastes are piled up and stored in the capital. Luo Qi's treasures can't be accommodated in a huge room; Horses, cattle and sheep (stones, pigs), the valley can't stand it. "

The monarch and ministers in the Eastern Han Dynasty, headed by Liu Xiu, had a "Confucian image", and Luoyang's culture and education were prosperous. Liu Xiu attaches importance to education, loves classics and treats intellectuals with courtesy. Make "Confucian clouds meet the capital." In the fifth year of Jianwu (AD 29), imperial academy was established. Imperial academy is located in Biyong.

Bi Yong-too scientific name. It was originally designed by the Zhou Emperor for aristocratic children. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were all generations. The school site is round, surrounded by water, and there is a bridge outside the main entrance. Book of Rites: "The university students are in the suburbs, the emperor is called Bi Yong, and the vassal is called Pan Gong." History of rites and music in Han Dynasty: "Liu Xiangyin said:' Righteousness is more harmonious than harmony, and the voice of Chen and Ya Song is full of excitement and makes the world weather. "Three Auxiliary Huang Tu" Volume 5: "Zhou Wen Wang Biyong, four miles northwest of Chang 'an, ..., like a round wall, harmonious with water, like enlightenment, like popularity. "Biyong is also a musical name." "Under Zhuangzi": "King Wen has the pleasure of parting. "Shun Di is the heyday of Imperial College, with as many as 30,000 students. The emperor sometimes went to imperial academy to give lectures himself. After Buddhism was introduced into China, the White Horse Temple, the first Buddhist temple in China, was established in Luoyang. It can be said that it is the birthplace of Buddhism in China, so it is also called "Yuanshi" and "Zuting". Baima Temple is located in the west of Yong Men, north of Longhai Railway and 25 miles east of Luoyang Old Town. It was founded in Yongping 1 1 year (AD 68).

Characters: Ban Biao, Ban Gu and his son. Ban Gu has famous historical works "Han Shu" and "Fu of Two Cities". The great thinker Wang Chong. When I was young, I went to Luoyang Imperial College to learn from Ban Biao. Zhang Heng, an outstanding scientist.

The Three Kingdoms and Sui and Tang Dynasties

The capitals of the three countries are Chengdu of Shu Han, Jianye of Wudu and Yecheng of Cao Wei. Among them, we should pay special attention to Yecheng of Cao Wei, whose planning has a great influence on later generations. Chang 'an in Sui and Tang Dynasties is a glorious monument of urban planning in China.

Caowei Night City

(Also on the Establishment of Morphological Characteristics of Ancient Cities in China)

Caowei Yecheng is located in the southwest of Linzhang County, Hebei Province 17.5km. Zhanghe River in the north and the vast plain in the south are the economic and cultural centers of the lower Yellow River in the early feudal society of China. Due to the southward migration of Zhanghe River, Yecheng in Cao Wei has been destroyed, leaving only three platforms, namely Hujin (south), Tongque (middle) and Bingjing (north), and some building materials, and nothing else.

Yecheng is a city with a long history. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Qi Huangong built a city here, so-called "keeping summer"; During the Warring States Period, Wei Wenhou established its capital here and appointed Ximen Bao as Ye Ling to irrigate farmland and develop agriculture. As a result, "Hanoi was ruled"; In the Han Dynasty, this was the place where Wei Jun ruled; At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Yuan Shao was ruled by Ye, destroyed by Cao Cao, and continued to build with Yecheng as the base.

"The History of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Wei, Emperor Wudi": "In the thirteenth year of Jian 'an, the public returned to Ye and joined Xuanwu Pool as a sailor." "Fifteen years ... in winter, as a bronze sparrow terrace." "Eighteen years ... In autumn and July, Wei Sheji ancestral hall was built ... In September, it was built as a Hujin terrace, and a canal was dug to introduce water into the white ditch and reach the river." "Twenty-two years ... maybe, as a palace." (Pan Pan Palace, or Gong Xue, is like the emperor's blessing. )

1. Urban form

According to Volume 10 of Notes on Water Classics Zhang Zhuoshui, Yecheng is an east-west rectangular city, "seven miles from east to west, five miles from north to south, decorated with bricks, and hundreds of steps to the first floor. All palaces, doorways and pheasants have pavilions. Meng (Meng) goes against the sky, and the eaves are fluttering. This picture is painted in blue, and the color is very light. When it is in its heyday, go to Liu Ye or Qili and see the pavilion from a distance.

Yu, Archaeology 1963No. 1 period, yecheng has seven gates, and the south three gates are Guangyangmen, Zhongyangmen and Fengyangmen from east to west; The north gate, from east to west, is Guangde Gate and Stair Gate; Everything has a door, namely Jianchun Gate and Jinming Gate. If 1' 24 cm is calculated, 1 is 432 meters, then the north-south wall of Yecheng is 3024 meters long, and the east-west wall is 2 160 meters long, with an area of 6.53 square kilometers. (slightly different from the textbook)

The planning and layout of Yecheng in Cao Wei period had a great influence on later generations. Its innovation may be related to Cao Cao's extraordinary talent and his political quality of knowing the law but not implementing it. His knowledge, courage and spirit are embodied in architecture, which is bound to be as Shu Wei of Wang Shen said: "Building palaces and repairing ceremonies are all in line with the law and do their best." Therefore, we can break through the pattern of capital construction since Qin and Han Dynasties and create an unprecedented new pattern, which will be imitated by future generations.

The outstanding features of Yecheng's planning have a great influence on later generations:

An east-west main road leads to the east-west gate, which divides the whole city into north and south parts. The northern part is the imperial palace, forbidden garden and aristocratic residential area, while the southern part is the official residence and residential area, forming an obvious division. The main road from Miyagi Duanmen to Zhongyangmen in the south gate of Yecheng forms a wide and straight central axis, and forms a T-shaped skeleton with the east and west main roads. Relying on the T-shaped skeleton, a crisscross road network is derived and orderly lanes are divided. The layout of Yecheng can be regarded as the inheritance and development of the combination of "city" and "country".

2. Palace

The palace is located in the northeast, mainly including Wenchang Pavilion and Zhengting Hall. To the east of the palace is Qili, that is, the aristocratic residential area, and later Qili became synonymous with nobility.

Step 3 park

To the west of the palace is the bronze bird garden, which is a royal forbidden garden. In the northern section of the western wall, there are the tall Hujintai (south), Tongquetai (middle) and Bingjingtai (north), all of which are "the base of the city, and its towering mountains were played by Wei Wu in the fifteenth year of Jian 'an" (Notes on Water Classics, Volume 10, Notes on Turbid Zhang Water). Zuo Si's Du Wei Fu: "There are three outstanding figures". The functions of these three sets of equipment should be:

Defense-The three pagodas stand on the city wall, which should be the dock-walled manor inherited from the Central Plains and Guanzhong area at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, for the defense needs of frequent wars and turbulent situation at that time; Amusement-the purpose is "but you broaden your horizons by three hundred miles"; Storage-because there are chestnut kilns, salt kilns, ice banks and graphite.

4. Interior and city

The south of the city is divided into grid-like residential areas by streets, called Li. Besides Qili in the north, Du Weifu also has Changshou, ji yang, Yongping and No.4 Middle School. Yecheng still implements the system of "dividing cities into districts" in Han Dynasty. Zuo Si's Du Wei Fu: "The three cities are wide open, Pingkui (the road extending in all directions) gives birth to nine, all classes are in Rome, and the belt is set up, so that the economy is often biased, and the flag pavilion (Yao and Jun Gao) is resisted in the distance. ..... "Praseodymium (Huan)-the wall of the market; Hui-the gateway to the market. Market.