Senior two must have 3 historical knowledge.

Two laws of knowledge economy, the first is called the extreme asymmetry between initial cost and final effect, and the second is that the quality of knowledge is far more important than the quantity of knowledge. Then I will share with you some knowledge about compulsory history 3 in senior two, hoping to help you.

Compulsory 3 Knowledge of History in Senior Two 1

A hundred schools of thought contend and the formation of Confucianism

First, the emergence of "a hundred schools of thought contend"

1, the reason why "a hundred schools of thought contend" appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

(1) Politically, the enfeoffment system collapsed (the royal family of Zhou declined, and the princes competed for hegemony).

(2) Economically, the well field system collapsed (the use and promotion of Niu Geng iron plough), and the feudal private ownership of land was gradually established.

(3) Class relations: the "scholar" class is active and valued.

(4) Ideologically and culturally, academics gradually moved down, and "private learning" appeared.

2. The meaning of "a hundred schools of thought contend"

Refers to intellectuals of different schools who appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Among them, Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism and Legalism have the greatest influence, and each faction has its own opinions, but there are similarities among them. Confucian and Mohist legalists focus on political morality; Taoism focuses on the exploration of the universe itself and its development law. The center and final destination of various theories are to seek the way of governing the country and the ideal life path, which reflects the spirit of * * * in China culture.

3. The meaning of "a hundred schools of thought contend"

(1) Confucianism was formed and developed in the process of absorbing and integrating the strengths of various schools, and became the mainstream thought of China traditional culture in the future.

(2) "A hundred schools of thought contend" was the first ideological emancipation movement in the history of China, which greatly promoted the social and historical development at that time and later.

Second, the thoughts of early Confucian thinkers.

1, Confucius

(1) political thought: put forward the theory of "benevolence" and "courtesy"; Advocate the establishment of a civilized society of rites and music. Pay attention to politics and personnel and stay away from ghosts and gods.

(2) Educational thoughts: initiated the atmosphere of private lectures in ancient China; Run your own ideas through educational activities; Pay attention to people's all-round development.

(3) The historical position of Confucius: the founder, educator and cultural communicator of Confucianism.

2. Mencius

(1) ideological content: Mencius inherited Confucius' theory, developed his thought of "ruling by virtue", advocated the theory of "benevolent government" and put forward the thought of "valuing the people but neglecting the monarch".

(2) Influence: It has made an important contribution to the development of Confucianism.

3. Xunzi

The main idea of (1) emphasizes that "heaven has its own laws", puts forward the idea that "destiny belongs to it and uses it wisely", and also discusses "ceremony" in depth.

(2) Status: It has extensively absorbed the essence of various thoughts, enriched the ideological content of early Confucianism, and became a "master" of Confucianism.

Third, the main viewpoints of other schools.

1, Taoism (Zhuangzi)

(1) Laozi

"Tao" is the foundation of the world; Simple dialectical thinking; A "small country with few people" society.

(2) Zhuangzi

Advocating heaven and doing nothing naturally; Pursue "freedom"

(3) influence

The tendency of Laozi and Zhuangzi to advocate nature and pursue spiritual freedom beyond utilitarianism had an important influence on the ancient culture of China.

2. Legalists

(1) Li Kui

Wei's political reform: heavy punishment for ploughing.

(2) Shang Yang

Qin had two reforms: abandoning the old system, emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce, strengthening centralization and taking officials as teachers.

(3) Everything was done by Han Feizi.

Legalist thought is the epitome and systematization of legalist theory; Advocate strengthening the centralization of monarchy, implementing clear rewards and punishments, and rewarding farming; Advocating that "things are wrong, then prepare for change."

(4) Influence

It played an important role in the establishment of China's autocratic political system and even the unification of the whole country by Qin Shihuang. After the Han Dynasty, his thought of rule of law was absorbed into the Confucian system and became a tool to maintain the autocratic regime.

3. mohists

(1) Mozi

"Love each other, mutual benefit"; Non-attack, Shang Xian, Shang Tong, non-music, non-life, burial, frugality; Contributions of epistemology and logic.

(2) influence

It gradually disappeared after the Han Dynasty.

Senior two history compulsory 3 knowledge 2

The second lesson is "oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone"

First, from "inaction" to "promising"

1, the "inaction" in the early Han Dynasty

(1) reason

There were frequent wars in the late Qin Dynasty and serious social and economic damage-social poverty in the early Han Dynasty. In order to resume production and calm people's hearts, the rulers absorbed the Taoist thought of "governing by doing nothing".

(2) Measures: the policy of rest with the people (rest and recuperation policy).

(1) Reduce the land rent;

(2) from selling oneself for Shu Ren as a handmaiden;

(3) let a large number of soldiers go home and award them to Tian Zhai;

(4) Exemption from certain taxes and corvees.

(3) influence

① Positive effects: economic recovery and enhancement; People's lives are stable; Society is prosperous and national strength is enhanced.

(2) Negative effects: there are hidden crises in society: kingdom problems, land annexation, Xiongnu invasion, etc.

2. From "inaction" to "promising"

(1) reason

(1) The recuperation in the early Han Dynasty made the economy of the Han Dynasty recover and develop, and the national strength grew (foundation and conditions).

(2) there is a potential crisis in society (kingdom problem, vassal power expansion; The class contradiction of land problem is sharp; Border problems beset Huns)

(2) Purpose

Strengthen centralization, adapt to the situation of national unified development, and consolidate rule.

(3) Main measures

(1) Politically-issue a pardon (after the death of a vassal, the eldest son succeeded to the throne, and other children gave a part of the land to Liehou, who was under the jurisdiction of the county. )

(2) Militarily-adopt a tough policy towards Xiongnu and attack Xiongnu, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing in the north.

(3) ideologically-adopt Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone"

(4) Reforming the monetary system economically; Salt and iron official camp; stabilize (commodity) prices

The second is the proposal of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone"

1. Submitted by Dong Zhongshu

(1) Dong Zhongshu's Historical Position

The representative of Confucianism in Han Dynasty made Confucianism a key figure in the mainstream of traditional culture in China.

(2) Dong Zhongshu's life

Living in the era of Emperor Wendi, Emperor Jingdi and Emperor Wudi, the university asked the family and responded three times, which was appreciated by Emperor Wudi.

Works: Spring and Autumn Stories, Three Strategies of Heaven and Man.

Dong Zhongshu's explanation of Chunqiu is very famous, and all his theories can be found in Chunqiu. In other words, his theoretical authority comes from Chunqiu, which is why he called his work Chunqiu Fan Lu.

(3) Contribution (its ideological characteristics)

Some thoughts of Taoism, Yin-Yang and Five Elements were integrated into Confucianism and reformed, forming a new Confucian system with the characteristics of the times.

2, ideological proposition

(1) put forward the idea of "unifying the Spring and Autumn Period" and "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone"-the need for centralization.

(2) Put forward the political thought of "divine right of monarchy" and the theory of "harmony between man and nature" and "interaction between man and nature"-the need to strengthen the monarchy.

(3) Put forward the "Three Cardinal Principles and Five Permanent Principles", which is the standard of living.

3. Impact (putting the situation into practice)

Dong Zhongshu's thought is very conducive to reversing the situation of internal and external slack, and is deeply appreciated by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty accepted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" and put it into practice.

Third, Confucianism becomes orthodoxy.

1, measures taken by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to respect Confucius

(1) Politics: Many Confucians have participated in state affairs. He stipulated that local governments should regularly elect dutiful sons and honest officials to be officials in the central government, and even civilians and Confucian scholars should be promoted to each other. This obviously expanded the ranks of officials, improved the cultural quality of officials, consolidated the foundation of feudal rule, and became an important part of the martial arts of Wen Zhi of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. In the way of employing people, it also provided valuable reference and enlightenment to later feudal dynasties.

(2) Ideologically: adopt Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone"

(3) Education: The Confucian classic The Five Classics is a national textbook. Set up imperial academy and local schools to carry out Confucian education. This is the feudal country's use of the power of political power to set up education and advocate Confucianism, which is bound to have a certain guiding role in the education of the whole society. )

2. Confucian education in the Western Han Dynasty.

(1) Confucian classics became textbooks stipulated by the state, and education was monopolized by Confucianism.

(2) The establishment of imperial academy greatly improved the status of Confucianism.

(3) Establish county schools and initially establish a local education system.

3. The result of exclusive respect for Confucianism-the mainstream of orthodox ideology and culture.

Confucianism has become the orthodox thought respected by rulers of past dynasties, and has gradually become the mainstream of China's traditional culture for more than 2,000 years.

Senior two history compulsory 3 knowledge 3

Lesson 3 Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties

First, the integration of the three religions

1. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the exclusive position of Confucianism was shaken.

The reasons for the vacillation of Confucianism are: from the end of Han Dynasty to Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, social unrest, and scholars have doubts about Confucianism; The prevalence of Buddhism and Taoism and its influence on Confucianism.

2. The integration of the three religions in Sui and Tang Dynasties has seriously challenged the orthodox position of Confucianism.

(1) Confucianism in the Sui Dynasty put forward the idea of the integration of the three religions, also known as "the integration of the three religions", and advocated giving priority to Confucianism and harmonizing and absorbing Buddhism and Taoism.

(2) The rulers of the Tang Dynasty pursued the policy of three religions in parallel, that is, respecting Taoism, worshipping Buddhism and worshipping Confucianism. The development of Buddhism and Taoism began to challenge the orthodox position of Confucianism.

3. The revival of Confucianism.

(1) Mr.-Han Yu

(2) Rise-Scholar-officials in the Northern Song Dynasty

Second, Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism

1, Neo-Confucianism

(1) Concept: Confucian scholars in the Northern Song Dynasty broke through the shackles of Confucianism in the Han and Tang Dynasties, integrated Buddhism and Taoism, and explained the meaning of Confucianism. They established a new Confucian system with "reason" as the core, which is called "Neo-Confucianism".

(2) Social conditions for the rise: In order to strengthen the centralization of absolutism, the Song Dynasty emphasized literature over martial arts and advocated respecting Confucianism and reading classics; The development of agriculture and handicraft industry in Song Dynasty, the progress of science and technology culture and the thinking of Neo-Confucianism on the laws of nature and society were all the results of the development of science and technology culture in Song Dynasty. From Wei and Jin Dynasties to Tang Dynasty, the long-term debate and integration of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism laid the foundation.

2. The representative of Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism.

Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi and Zhu.

3. The main ideas of Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism.

(1) Er Cheng Neo-Confucianism (Northern Song Dynasty)

(1) "justice" is the origin of all things in the universe. There is only one justice in everything, and only reason can be justified. -Core concept

This is the core idea of Neo-Confucianism and a typical objective idealism. )

(2) Justice is directly related to ethics.

It is believed that "reason" is not only the universal law of nature, but also the highest law of human society. The feudal ethics, feudal system and feudal order, such as the three cardinal guides and the five permanents, are the embodiment of natural laws and cannot be changed. It is believed that justice is the origin of the world, which is reflected in the society as Confucian morality and ethics, and in the human body as human nature.

③ Advocating to grasp "reason" through the method of "learning from others".

Cheng and Zhu advocated understanding the justice of everything in the world. Being poor in things and reason is to teach people to understand the natural truth of Taoism from the concrete things that treat people. Wu Ge is the foundation of knowledge, and knowledge is the purpose and deepening of Wu Ge. Seeking knowledge refers to realizing the true knowledge of nature through things.

(2) Zhu's Neo-Confucianism epitomizes Zhu's Neo-Confucianism.

(1) The close relationship between Tianli and the three cardinal guides and the five permanent members suggests that Tianli is the three cardinal guides and the five permanent members as a moral norm, emphasizing "preserving Tianli and destroying human desires".

(2) Deepening the concept of "things"-"things" refers to justice, human relations, sacred words and sophistication. The purpose of "learning from the scriptures" is to understand moral goodness, not to seek scientific truth.

4. The influence of Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism at that time.

(1) adapted to the needs of the ruling class and became the official philosophy after the Southern Song Dynasty.

(2) The Notes to the Four Books and Chapters became the teaching material for the later imperial examinations.

(3) Academic thoughts spread overseas, forming "Zhuzi Studies" in Japan and South Korea.

(4) Maintain feudal autocracy with the Three Cardinal Principles and the Five Permanent Principles, and suppress and stifle people's natural desires. Confucian scholar-officials actively maintained the feudal ruling order and devoted themselves to social moral education.

Third, Lu Wang's theory of mind and nature.

1. Representative figures: Lu Jiuyuan (Southern Song Dynasty) and Wang Yangming (Ming Dynasty)

2. Lu Jiuyuan's Thought of "Mind Learning"

(1) take "heart" as the origin of all things in the universe, and put forward the view that "heart" means "reason"

(2) Emphasize that "the universe is my heart and my heart is truth" and think that everything in the world is in my heart.

(3) It is considered that poverty does not need to explore outward and reflect on internal justice.

3. Wang Yangming's thought of "mind learning"

(1) Wang Yangming's "Nothing outside the heart" and "Unreasonable outside the heart"

(2) "Conscience" and "Unity of Knowing and Doing"

Wang Yangming's "mind is reason", "conscience" and "unity of knowledge and action" all emphasize moral consciousness and dominance.

4. Comparison between Zhu Chengxin's Confucianism and Wang Luxin's Confucianism

1, * * * Similarities:

The content of (1) is the same: both are the embodiment of Confucianism, all inherit the thoughts of "benevolence" and "propriety" of Confucius and Mencius, and all think that the world is "reason" originally.

(2) The influence is the same: (1) They all help rulers to maintain autocratic rule and suppress and stifle people's natural desires; (2) Everyone attaches importance to the power of subjective will and emphasizes people's social responsibility and historical mission, which has played a positive role in shaping the character of the Chinese nation.

2. Differences:

(1) The concrete understanding of the world origin is different: Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism thinks that the world origin is external "reason", Wang Lu Neo-Confucianism thinks that the world origin is internal "heart" and that the world origin is "reason".

(2) There are different ways to grasp "reason": Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism advocates the method of "grasping knowledge by things", and Lu Wang's Neo-Confucianism puts forward that seeking "reason" means inner reflection, overcoming selfish desires, returning to conscience and becoming a saint.

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