The roofs of many traditional European residents are tapered, mainly because

European architecture is the general name of ancient architecture distributed in Europe. Its style is characterized by simplicity, clear lines and symmetry, and the use of light and dark colors to influence vision. From the attitude, people feel luxurious, elegant and romantic.

European architectural styles include: Baroque architecture, French classical architecture, Gothic architecture, Roman architecture, Romantic architecture, Roman architecture, Locke style and Renaissance architecture.

Chinese name

European architecture

Foreign name

European architecture

1, ancient Roman architecture

The ancient Romans followed the architectural techniques of Etruscans in Apennine Peninsula and the achievements of ancient Greece, and reached the peak of ancient western architecture in the1-3rd century. Large-scale buildings have rich and dignified style, harmonious and unified composition and various forms. In some buildings, the artistic treatment of internal space is more important than the external image. The most significant thing is to create a combination of pillar and arch coupons, such as pillar and continuous coupons, which are used for both structure and decoration. There are many kinds of ancient Roman architecture. There are Roman Pantheon, Venus and Roman temples, as well as religious buildings such as Baalbek Sun Temple, as well as public buildings such as palaces, theaters, arenas, baths, squares and rectangular halls (rectangular halls).

The picture above shows the Temple of the Sun.

2. Romanesque architecture

Classical European architecture (12 sheets)

Also translated into Roman style, the original intention is Roman architectural style, which is an architectural style in the Christian-popular areas in Europe in the10-12nd century. Roman architectural style is more common in monasteries and churches, inheriting early Christian architecture. Pisa Cathedral Complex in Italy, Worms Cathedral in Germany, etc.

Typical features are: the wall is huge and thick, the wall adopts serial coupons, and the portal adopts concentric multi-layer coupons to reduce the sense of heaviness. There are one or two bell towers in the west, and sometimes there are bell towers at the intersection of Latin crosses and horizontal halls. The large and small columns in the central hall are arranged alternately in rhythm. Narrow windows create a dark and mysterious atmosphere in a large internal space. The simple central hall contrasts with the magnificent altar, and the huge spatial change between the central hall and the side gallery breaks the sense of balance in classical architecture.

The picture above shows Pisa Cathedral.

3. Gothic architecture

Gothic architecture first rose in France in the second half of the 20th century, and it was an architectural style popular in Europe from 13 to 15. The structural system of Gothic church is composed of stone skeleton coupons and flying buttresses, and large-area stained glass windows are another feature. It is generally believed that the first truly Gothic church was Saint Denis's church in the suburbs of Paris. Notre Dame de Paris is a masterpiece of early Gothic churches in France. Amiens Cathedral is a masterpiece of French Gothic architecture in its heyday. There are also Reims Cathedral and chartres Cathedral, which are called the four French Gothic cathedrals together with Amiens Cathedral and Beauvais Cathedral. Strasbourg Cathedral is also famous. Salisbury Cathedral and Canterbury Cathedral in England. Cologne Cathedral, one of the earliest Gothic churches in Germany. There is also a Gothic church in Germany, except that there is a tall bell tower in front of it. A famous example is Ulm Cathedral. The most famous Gothic church in Italy is Milan Cathedral, which is one of the largest churches in medieval Europe.

The picture above shows Notre Dame de Paris.

4. Renaissance architecture

Following the Gothic architecture, it appeared in Italy in the15th century, and then spread to other parts of Europe, forming a unique Renaissance architecture. The most obvious feature is the sublation of the Gothic architectural style in the Middle Ages, and the re-adoption of the pillar elements in ancient Greece and Rome in religious and secular buildings. Renaissance architects and artists believe that this kind of classical architecture, especially the classical cylindrical composition, embodies harmony and rationality and has something in common with human beauty.

The picture above shows a Renaissance building.

5. Baroque architecture

It was developed on the basis of17 ~18th century Italian Renaissance architecture. Its characteristics are freedom of appearance, pursuit of sports, love to use rich decoration, sculpture and strong colors, and often use interspersed curved surfaces and oval spaces to express free thoughts and create a mysterious atmosphere. The original meaning of baroque is strangeness. This style has played an important role in opposing rigid ancient forms, pursuing free and unrestrained styles, expressing secular interests, etc., and has had an impact on city squares, garden art and even literary and art departments. A typical example is the church of San Carlo in Rome. /kloc-in the 7th century, Roman architect fontana built the Polo Square in Rome, French built the radial square in front of Versailles, and Russian built the radial square in front of the Admiralty Building in Petersburg. Russian Winter Palace. St Peter's Cathedral in Rome was designed by bernini, an outstanding Baroque architect and sculptor. German Baroque church architecture, famous examples are the Fourteen Saints Pilgrimage Church in the suburbs of Bamberg and the Abbey Church in Roche. Baroque architecture in Austria, such as Schubelen Palace in Vienna.

The picture above shows the church of San Carlo.

6. The representative works of French classical architecture include the east facade of the Louvre in Paris, the Palace of Versailles, and the new church of the Paris Hospital for the Disabled.

The picture above shows Versailles.

7. Rococo style reflects the life interest of the court nobles in Louis XV period of France, which was once popular in Europe. The representative works of this style include the Princess Salon in Soubise Mansion and the Queen's Room in Versailles. The same is true of Benras Palace in Dü sseldorf and Ningfenburg in Munich.

The picture above shows Ningfenburg, Munich.

Different countries have different styles, and the following countries or regions are also the most representative.

1, French architecture

During the heyday of Louis XIII and Louis XIV's absolute monarchy from17th century to18th century, French began to advocate classical architectural styles and built many classical buildings. Classical architecture has rigorous modeling, classical columns are widely used, and interior decoration is rich. French architecture pays attention to embellishment in essence, regardless of the size of the area and the pursuit of color and internal relations, but sometimes it deliberately presents the conflict between the building and the surrounding environment. Therefore, French architecture often advocates the beauty of conflict rather than simple coordination. Another feature of French architectural style is strict grasp of the whole building and good at carving details. Most buildings adopt symmetrical shapes, and there are many exquisite tiger windows on the roof. The representative works of French classical architecture are large-scale and magnificent palace buildings and memorial square buildings. During this period, the French royal family and powerful ministers built separation halls and gardens, which were imitated by other European countries. With the popularity of classical architectural styles, Paris established the School of Architecture in 167 1. Most of the students come from noble families. They despise craftsmen and their skills and form an academic school that advocates classical forms. Academic architecture and education system continued until19th century. The academic school's ideas about the professional skills of architects and the art of architectural composition have dominated the architectural cause in western Europe for more than 200 years. The representative works of French classical architecture include the east facade of the Louvre in Paris, the Palace of Versailles and the new church of the Paris Hospital for the Disabled.

2. Italian architecture

Italian architectural style is represented by the summer architectural style of medieval Rome. Named after the roll arch style. Its main features are thick walls, narrow windows, semi-circular vaults, door frames picked out layer by layer, tall towers, and a large number of masonry materials. Romanesque architecture is dominated by churches, with distinct outlines, giving people a solemn and sacred feeling. Classic Italian multi-storey apartments usually use standard units. Some apartments have shops on the first floor and balconies upstairs. This shape is similar to that of a modern apartment. The exposed parts of these buildings will have beautiful patterns, which are quite interesting; However, some rich people's mansions, town halls, trade associations and other buildings are mostly masonry structures, and many Gothic churches are used for beautification. The patterns are delicate and soft, and many different techniques are often used. They like to use arcs and S-shaped lines, especially shells, eddies and rocks, as decorative themes, rolling grass and flowers, touching and winding them together. Baroque style rose in Italian architecture in17th century. In Italian, baroque means "deformed pearl". Baroque style is mainly reflected in unrestrained decoration, bohemian and colorful. In baroque architecture, murals and sculptures are dazzling, and the composition of murals is agitated and distorted, gilded and silvered and colorful. Artists are more keen on illusory and dramatic decorative techniques. Obviously, such a room is not suitable for ordinary people. Today's scholars generally believe that baroque style is a retrogression of "humanism" in the Renaissance.

3. German architecture

In Germany, there are obvious regional differences in architectural styles, and fresh and lively Baroque buildings can be seen everywhere in Bavaria, southern Germany. In northern Germany, most of them are solemn and rigorous Gothic buildings. Buildings in various places are inseparable from the cultural traditions of other districts. But as far as the architectural styles of castles and churches are concerned, apart from regional differences, there is also an important factor, that is, the time difference of buildings, because in the historical development of Europe, the architectural styles of different periods are obviously different, which can be divided into Roman architecture, Gothic architecture, Baroque architecture, Renaissance architecture and classical architecture. Churches built in different times must have obvious characteristics of the times. For example, Freiburg Cathedral in Baden-Wü rttemberg in southern Germany was built in 1340, which was the most exquisite and charming building in Europe during the Gothic period (1200 ~ 1500). It is a typical St. Peter's Cathedral in Cologne (built in 1400). This kind of building is straight as a whole, with its spire pointing to the sky, giving people a feeling of getting rid of all the burdens in the world. The architectural style of Romanesque architecture is distinct in appearance, with doors, windows and arcades in semicircle, barrel or cross arch, which gives people a heavy, solid and steady feeling. The memorial church in Spayer, with a tower height of 96.75 meters, is the largest Romanesque building in Germany. As a typical representative of Baroque and Rococo architecture, there are Banz, Hertar Abbey Church, Fourteenth Saint Cathedral and Weiss Cathedral near Stangarton. This kind of building has gorgeous appearance, tortuous lines and dim light, and the whole building gives people a magnificent and vibrant feeling. The "Unintentional Palace" built by Prussian King Friedrich II in Potsdam can be regarded as a pearl in Rococo architecture.

4. Spanish architecture

Spain has a unique history. Earlier, with the prosperity of the Roman Empire, it was ruled by Romans and Goths for more than 1000 years. Later, with the expansion of the Arab Empire, from the 8th century to15th century, several Muslim dynasties appeared in Spain, and they were once "Iraqis". /kloc-After 0/5th century, it returned to the Christian world and became "Christian Spain". In this historical process, Christian culture and Muslim culture infiltrated and merged with each other, forming a pluralistic, mysterious and peculiar Spanish culture. Art comes from culture, and the unique cultural background breeds Spanish art characterized by pluralism, mystery and strangeness. In modern times, Spanish artists, represented by Picasso, formed the middle of impressionist art, and their works of art were contrary to the traditional artistic principles, starting from their personal senses and forming pictures through simple geometric figures. This artistic tradition was fully reflected in the closing ceremony of 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games. Architectural inspiration comes from art, and Gaudi is a master of modern architecture in Spain. His "Butler Apartment" and "Sagrada Familia Barcelona" are the greatest buildings in Spanish history, attracting millions of people from all over the world to worship every year. Through these two works, Gaudi exaggerates Spain's diverse, mysterious and peculiar cultural and artistic traditions with modern architectural techniques.

5. Russian architecture

Russians lived around the forest earlier, and used local materials to build their homes. The wood resources are inexhaustible. Traditional buildings are mainly made of wood. /kloc-After accepting Christianity at the end of 0/0 century, influenced by Byzantium, stone buildings began to appear, but they were mostly used in public buildings. However, the traditional Russian wooden building technology is still preserved and mixed with stone buildings. Stone architecture is elegant, generous, high, wide and straight. The main building structure matches some semi-circular roofs at the upper end. The main purpose of this architectural form is to create a solemn, elegant, great and noble atmosphere based on God, so that believers can feel pious. In that polytheistic era, for ordinary people, there was indeed a feeling that this god was above everything else. To sum up, we can find several characteristics of Russian traditional architecture: techniques developed from wood structures, such as layered and stacked buildings, steeples of large inclined tents, and folk reliefs on external walls derived from them; In addition, the independent tower structure and the piled helmet-shaped section decoration are the products of the times.

6. British architecture.

The architectural styles of European countries during the Renaissance (/kloc-Italy in the 5th century,/kloc-France in the second half of the 5th century,/kloc-Britain in the 6th century) were the profound background for the formation of the American Renaissance. Although all countries in the Renaissance infiltrated their own aura and ideas, one thing is the same, that is, the inheritance and innovation of classical style. In the embodiment of villa style, it has the characteristics of symmetry, balance and exquisite details decoration. The influence of western Europe on American villa style in this period is obvious. It was also during this period that Europe gradually became the most powerful region in economy, politics and culture in the world. The styles belonging to this tradition include Georgian style and Adam style. British villas emphasize porch decoration and pay more attention to facade. Georgian style was popular in British colonial countries for a whole century (18th century). It originated from the Italian Renaissance style after it was introduced into Britain, adhering to the principle of classical symmetry and harmony. It is the most influential style in America. Characterized in that:

A, the facade often has a classical porch;

B, rectangular groups are arranged under the eaves, and there are dental ornaments on the eaves;

C windows are paired up and down and divided into many small grids (9 to 12). Usually, the windows are also five rows with symmetrical centers;

D. Doors often have rectangular carved patterns, and the door beams have vertical rectangular patterns.

There are five forms: side gables; Double broken line roof; Four slopes roof; Central gable; Usually used as urban residence.

Adam style (Adam)

Adam style is the development and essence of Georgian style, which is very popular in the northeastern United States. It draws lessons from the research results of the Adam brothers on the Italian Renaissance style. Compared with the Georgian style, the eaves are decorated with longer teeth, semi-circular or oval shutters are added above the main entrance, and decorative windows are used in the wall windows. Other features and shapes are almost the same as those of Georgian style.

British residential style (post-medieval English)

In addition to Indian houses in the United States, the earliest style of English houses was after the Middle Ages. This kind of building was first built by the British in the richest area on the northeast coast of the United States. Most of them are wooden structures, which have been preserved for more than 300 years and have a monotonous appearance. Its architectural features are:

1. Steep triangular roof with almost no decoration on the eaves;

B, wooden doors, diagonal windows and conspicuous exquisite chimneys.

It has two forms: two-story wooden house, central chimney (north); A two-story brick house with chimneys on both sides (south).

7. Greek architecture.

The existing architectural sites are mainly public buildings such as shrines, theaters and arenas, among which shrines are an important activity center of a city-state and can best represent the architectural characteristics of that period. The earliest temple buildings in Greece were just rectangular buildings with porches and nobles living in them. Later, the column type was added, which gradually developed from the early "end colonnade" to the "front porch", that is, the porch in front of the temple was composed of four columns, and then developed to the "front and back porch". By the 6th century BC, the portico style had evolved into the standard form of Greek temple architecture-"enclosed column", that is, the rectangular temple was surrounded by colonnades. The overall style of Greek temple architecture is solemn and elegant, with harmonious, grand and lofty beauty. These style features are obvious in all aspects. According to the heritage of Greek architecture, we can sum up several characteristics of ancient Greek architecture.

The first feature is a rectangle with a plane structure of 1: 1.6 18 or 1: 2, with a hall in the middle and columns around it, which can be collectively called a ring-column building. This modeling structure makes the ancient Greek architecture more artistic. Because under the irradiation of sunlight, various buildings produce rich light and shadow effects and changes in reality and reality, compared with other closed buildings, sunlight eliminates the dull feeling of closed walls and strengthens the characteristics of Greek architectural carving art.

The second feature is the rigidity of columns. * * * There are four kinds of columns: 1. Doric column, 2. Love Onek column, 3. Corinthian column, 4. Maiden statue column. These four columns are gradually formed in people's exploration, and the latter column is always linked with the former column, which has certain progressive significance. What runs through the four pillars is the eternal harmony between human beauty and numbers. The development of columns played a decisive role in the structure of ancient Greek architecture, and also had a great influence on the architectural style of ancient Rome and later Europe. The third feature is that the double-sided sloping roof of the building forms a specific method of gable decoration before and after the building. There are some decorative techniques in ancient Greek architecture, such as round carving, high relief and shallow relief, which create a unique decorative art. The fourth feature is: advocating the harmony between human beauty and numbers, which is produced by the progressive artistic interest of civilians. The ancient Greeks advocated the beauty of the human body. Whether sculpture or architecture, they all think that the proportion of the human body is the most perfect. The great architect Vitruwe explained the ancient Greek theory: "Architecture ... must be strictly proportional to the styles of all parts of the human body." Therefore, the proportion and norms of ancient Greek architecture are completely consistent with the style of its cylindrical external form, which is based on the scale and beauty of the human body. Their shapes can be said to be the artistic expression of the beauty of human manners, shapes, faces and manners, and their proportions and norms can be said to be the image embodiment of human proportions and structural laws. Therefore, these pillars all have a noble beauty full of vitality, because they show the pride and nobility of people as the spirit of all things. The fifth feature is that buildings and decorations are carved. Greek architecture and Greek sculpture are closely combined. It can be said that Greek architecture is a work of art carved from stone. From the vortex on the stigma of Ionek, the flower basket composed of honeysuckle leaves on the Corinthian stigma, to the girl with free expression on the stigma of the girl statue, the relief on the cornice of the gable of the temple is a fine carving art. It can be seen that sculpture is an important part of ancient Greek architecture, which created a perfect art of ancient Greek architecture. It is precisely because of sculpture that Greek architecture is more mysterious, noble, perfect and harmonious.

8. Nordic architecture.

Nordic style design is modern and simple, emphasizing the simplicity of life and nature. The top surface, wall surface and floor of indoor space are completely decorated with no patterns and patterns, only lines and color blocks. Nordic-style furniture is simple and powerful in appearance, natural in color, and advocates the charm of logs, which embodies the Nordic people's pursuit of high-quality life. For example, with tough materials and bright colors, simple furniture and elegant accessories, the space is endowed with simple and bright colors, which reflects the elegant and leisurely personality charm of Finnish wooden houses. The overall design color of the room is mainly light pine, and the furniture such as coffee table, dining table and bed are all pine. In order to match this tone, the living room, bedroom and other walls have adopted the same color wallpaper. The beige fabric sofa in the living room and the adjacent dining table of the same color are horizontal and vertical, simple and generous. Sunshine, flowers, pine trees and Finnish wooden houses are close at hand. Nordic style is suitable for young people who like modern simple lifestyle and pay attention to quality of life. Create a Nordic-style home space with light colors: white, beige, light wood and so on. Most of the materials are wood, stone, glass, wrought iron, etc., and they all retain the original texture of these materials. The essence of Nordic architectural design is that products are not only for beauty, but also for humanity. Nordic people attach great importance to the structural system of building entities on the basis of paying attention to the architectural appearance style. They use various methods to make the building have a solid architectural system, and understand the advantages and disadvantages of various materials, and use these to create a good indoor environment, which fully embodies people-oriented in the field of architecture.