There is a traditional folk house in pastoral area-Mongolian yurt (or Mongolian yurt) (5.24). They are easy to disassemble, carry and install. Think about this kind of residential and pastoral areas.

The Mongols (Buryats) are a nomadic people, and now most of them have settled down, but there are also some scattered semi-settled "mud bags".

The "mud bag" building looks like a yurt. It is made of wicker, covered with earth, followed by a wooden floor and a stove. The room is warm. In summer, you can see many empty "mud bags" on the pasture. According to the herdsmen, when the owner of Caolv River comes back here, he only needs to repair the old bag and live there.

Mongolians (Buryats) who are used to mobility still use traditional Mongolian felt bags. This is a typical nomadic house in northern China, which can be demolished. It has the characteristics of simple manufacture, easy assembly and cold resistance. Mongolian in other parts of China, Ewenki and Daur in the northeast, Kazak and Tajik in the northwest all use similar blankets. Only the height, shape and name are slightly different, but the overall structure, even folk culture and ancestors' worship of fire are the same.

Features of yurts:

(1) is suitable for natural environment.

The overall style of yurts is round, without edges and corners, and streamlined. The top of the bag is arched, which has the strongest bearing capacity. The bag body is approximately cylindrical, forming a solid whole from top to bottom. Therefore, sandstorms and snow on the grassland will not make yurts fall into disaster. Strong yurts can withstand the ten winds in winter and spring. Because the top of the yurt is round and can't hold water, when it rains and snows, the top felt of the yurt is covered, forming a spherical closed body. So it can bear the heavy rain on the grassland. After several days and nights of heavy rain, the house collapsed, but it was safe and sound, and no matter how heavy the rain, it would not leak into the bag.

Mongolian yurts are warm in winter and cool in summer. Mongolia has been extremely cold since ancient times. "The cold on March 9 will crack the horns of a three-year-old cow." . Mongolian yurts, who have lived for generations, have never heard of freezing a person to death, because, first, there is fire in the yurt and a lot of cattle and sheep dung in the pastoral area. As long as the fire lasts for a lifetime, the heat wave will come immediately. Secondly, in winter, the felt bag is thickened outside, and a layer of felt is tied inside, which has better windproof performance. Third, when sleeping, warm up the house, cover the quilt, close the door, cover the sheepskin quilt and fur robe. Why is it cold? Fourth, you can also put a warm kang in your bag and burn the fire from the outside. If the bag is too hot, you can also use the top felt to mediate; In the hot summer, people sit on the vast highland, drinking and singing. It is really fragrant with flowers, cool breeze and milk, no less than the Forbidden City. Because the yurt is shaped like a sphere, with white as the main color, it has a good reflective effect. You can open the skylight at the back, lift the edge of the felt, and let the wind around you, such as sitting in a gazebo. Especially suitable for making milk food, because it won't be too sour. Now some yurts are deserted, and they are specially used for making milk food in summer.

(2) Adapt to nomadic life

Rapid erection: It is not necessary to choose a strict site to erect yurts, as long as the surrounding water plants are good. A yurt is a combined house, and all the components are separated. When you build it, you don't need many people to participate, just two people can. When you arrive at a new place, unload them from the car. Just make a fire to cook milk tea and a yurt will be set up. It's still a picnic when making tea. Here we are.

When I was drinking tea, I was already sitting in the yurt.

Easy to disassemble: The yurt is much easier to disassemble than to cover. It only takes ten minutes for two people to open it. The rope and belt are movable buckles, which are easy to untie. As soon as the belt is untied, the felt and the frame will automatically separate. Hannah, Wu Ni and Tao Tao are all divided into small pieces, which can be opened and folded soon.

Easy to load and move: yurts are made of wood and felt, without metal, brick, tile, cement, etc. At the same time, it is assembled from various parts. Nothing that is removed is heavy, so a woman can lift it and put it in the car.

Convenient maintenance: the materials used in yurts are all adapted to local conditions. Any part that is broken or old can be replaced. Mongolian yurts can be expanded or shrunk. But psychologically and habitually, Mongolians don't like to shrink back. There is a saying that "shrinking the belly is better than shrinking the felt house".

Composition of yurts:

The yurt is mainly composed of three parts: wooden frame, felt (cover) and rope belt.

(1) Jia Mu

The overall framework of the yurt is a wooden structure, which consists of Taonao, Wuni, Hana and doors.

Taonao is the head of the wooden frame and the skylight of the yurt. The size of pottery brain determines the length and quantity of black mud. The canopy is a circular arch, such as an umbrella, which is generally composed of three circular wooden rings with neat specifications and four curved wooden beams. A square socket is chiseled on the outside of the largest circular wood ring.

Translated as rafters, Wunitong is a wooden pole connecting Taonao and Hana. The length of the wooden pole is about 1.5 times the diameter of the peach brain, and the upper end is thinner and the lower end is thicker. The upper end is inserted into the square mouth of the log, and the lower end is perforated, which is the same as Hannah and connected with Hannah by rope.

Hana is a net that sews wicker into a diamond mesh with a leather rope. Connect several hanas to form a circular grid frame, which is the wall of the yurt. The size of a yurt is generally determined by the number of yurts in Hana. Ordinary yurts are mostly four, five or six Hanas, and there are also eight or ten big yurts of Hanas. Hana has three magical characteristics: First, it is flexible and high.

The size can be adjusted relatively, unlike the fixed size of peach brain and black mud. The second is that it has great support. After the head of Hana bears the gravity from Wuni evenly, it spreads evenly to Hana's legs through the grid. This is the secret that wicker with thick fingers can withstand two or three thousand kilograms of pressure. The third is beautiful appearance. Make a flower of wood.

Generally made of red willow, it is light but not folded, the nail hole does not crack, and it does not deform when it is wet. Same thickness, same height and same grid size. The felt bag made in this way not only meets the mechanical requirements, but also has a symmetrical and beautiful appearance.

The gate is called "Halaga" in Mongolian. It consists of a door frame, a threshold and a lintel. The height of the door frame is equal to Hana, and the door is framed. So the door of the yurt should not be too high. Generally, it is about three feet five inches high and two feet five or six inches wide, and people have to bend down to get in. The door faces south or southeast to avoid the northwest wind. Winter doors are generally double-decked, and the two doors inside are called air doors, facing both sides.

Open. The outer door is a single door, which opens from left to right and is called a closed door. In addition, the door curtain (called "Ude" in Mongolian) is also an integral part of the yurt. Mongolian yurts usually use two kinds of door curtains: one is made of felt, with two sides and various patterns. Usually white, blue and red, hanging on the door. The other is made of reed or white wicker, which is usually used in summer.

(2) Carpets

Felt consists of top felt, ceiling, surrounding felt, outer cover, felt wall root and felt curtain. The yurt is covered with one layer in summer, two layers in spring and autumn, and three layers in cold winter, with curtains hanging inside. The felt on the cover of Tao nao is called top felt, and in Mongolian it is called "forehead". It is a square felt covered on the peach brain, and it is covered with buckle ropes all around. Covered in a square at night, half exposed during the day becomes a triangle. It has the function of adjusting the old and new air, the cold and warm inside the bag and the intensity of light. Top felt, also known as felt-wrapped hats and top ornaments, has always been valued. When disassembling the felt bag, you should first remove the felt on it and put it away from people's feet to prevent trampling and crossing. Because it covers the highest position of the set of nao, the fireworks go out, so pay attention to it when moving, put it together with the Buddha statue and walk in front of the car.

(3) Belt and wool rope

Although these things are fragmentary, they are very useful. Keep the shape of the yurt; Prevent Hana from exploding; In this way, the ceiling and carpet will not slide down and will not be lifted by the wind. In a word, it has a lot to do with maintaining the stability of yurts and prolonging their life.

The cover of the yurt is relatively simple. First, choose the right position, fix the whole frame after slightly trimming the ground, then wrap it with felt and tie it with wool rope.

There are many ethnic patterns on the yurt, and its decoration is mainly on the road, forehead, felt and door curtain. It is usually decorated with letters, palindromes, scrolls and other striking ethnic patterns.

Mongolian yurts fully embody the aesthetic culture of Mongolian people. The color of the yurt is white, and the whole shape is round. Taonao is connected with Wuni and shines like the sun and the moon, which is the aesthetic psychological expression of Mongolian people's respect for the sun and the moon.