Compare the advantages and disadvantages of agricultural extension models at home and abroad

Comparison of Agricultural Extension Models at Home and Abroad

First, it is of great significance to establish a new transformation model of agricultural scientific and technological achievements.

The transformation mode of agricultural scientific and technological achievements refers to the whole process from the innovation research of agricultural scientific and technological achievements to the pilot test of achievements and then to the listing (the first line of production). According to the transformation models of agricultural scientific and technological achievements adopted by developed agricultural countries in the world, we can divide these basic models into five types: one is the trinity transformation model of agricultural scientific and technological achievements in the United States; The second is the transformation model of community agricultural scientific and technological achievements based on cooperatives in the Netherlands and France; The third is the form of peasant associations adopted by Japan, South Korea and Taiwan Province Province. The fourth category is the national system of Israel and other countries; The fifth category is the mixed system used by Australia and other countries. Over the years, China has formed a traditional transformation model of agricultural scientific and technological achievements. At present, scientific research institutes and universities are fully supporting the construction of new countryside, enterprises have become the main body of scientific and technological innovation, and they are all exploring new models for the transformation of agricultural scientific and technological achievements. Therefore, studying the transformation model of agricultural scientific and technological achievements in developed countries has important reference significance for establishing a new transformation model of agricultural scientific and technological achievements in China.

Two, a comparison of the transformation mode of agricultural scientific and technological achievements in several major agricultural developed countries

1. The transformation model of agricultural scientific and technological achievements characterized by "trinity" in the United States. America is a super economic power. American agriculture has also reached a high level of modernization, with fertile land and mild climate. The arable land area is 65.438+0.52 billion hm2, and the pasture area is 560 million hm2. The United States is a model of modern agriculture, with a vast territory and rich resources. The agricultural population is relatively small, with more than 6 million people working in agriculture, but its agricultural output value accounts for about 1.7% of the gross national product. The high development of American agriculture is inseparable from the fruitful agricultural scientific research and extension work in the United States. The transformation system of American agricultural scientific and technological achievements was founded in 1960s, which is a trinity cooperative agricultural scientific and technological achievements transformation model of education, scientific research and technology popularization. Relying on state universities, this model organically combines agricultural education, scientific research and technology extension. Its basic idea is to help people help themselves by bringing universities to people. It is based on three acts: Moreel Act, Hatch Act and Smith-River Act. The biggest characteristics of this model are as follows: (1) The center and support of "Trinity" are all kinds of state universities; (2) "Cooperation" is the model of "Trinity"; (3) The important content of "Trinity" is promotion and service; (4) "Trinity" to carry out a huge adult education project.

2. French agricultural and scientific and technological achievements transformation system. France is the largest importer and exporter of agriculture and food in Europe and the second in the world (after the United States). In 2003, the total value of French agricultural products was 65 billion euros, accounting for 23% of the EU 15 countries. The added value of agricultural products calculated by market price in French agriculture accounts for about 50% of the total value of agricultural products, about 32 billion euros. This is inseparable from the French government's measures to strengthen and improve the agricultural research and technology extension system, as well as the diversification of land management methods, the cooperation of agricultural economic organizations and the government's strong agricultural subsidy policy. France has established a three-level pyramid service system for the transformation of agricultural scientific and technological achievements from the central government to local governments. The top level is the Agricultural Achievement Extension Agency and the Rural Development Agency. The second layer is agricultural scientific research units and professional technology centers; At the bottom are the extension service systems such as peasant association system, agricultural cooperative system, agricultural technology coordination association and agricultural resources and development service center. As the carrier of the transformation of agricultural scientific and technological achievements, agricultural cooperatives are a major feature of the transformation of agricultural scientific and technological achievements in France. Among them, agricultural cooperatives alone are composed of 3,800 enterprises, 1.3 million members and 1.2 million employees, involving 90% of the agricultural field. Its branches are all over the country, and it goes deep into all aspects of agricultural development. Its main tasks are: safeguarding the interests of agricultural laborers and developing technology popularization and technical services.

3. Dutch agricultural and scientific and technological achievements transformation system. The Netherlands is a major producer and exporter of agricultural products, agricultural food and horticultural products in the world, second only to the United States and France. Its land area is only 46,5438+500 km2, and its population engaged in agriculture is only 300,000. However, its flower production and export volume rank first in the world, and other agricultural and sideline products such as potatoes, milk and dairy products occupy an important position in Europe and even the world. The degree of agricultural modernization in the Netherlands is very high, with the agricultural added value per unit labor force ranking first in the world and the agricultural added value per hectare ranking second in the world. The achievements of Dutch agriculture are inseparable from its developed agricultural scientific research and transformation system of agricultural scientific and technological achievements. The transformation of agricultural scientific and technological achievements in the Netherlands is mainly carried out by the government, local governments or farmers, and consists of national extension agencies, agricultural cooperatives and private consulting service organizations, in which the state plays a leading role.

Similarly, the Netherlands also has a perfect agricultural cooperative system as a supplement. Agricultural research in the Netherlands can be traced back to19th century. The first agricultural experimental station was established in Holland in 1876. At present, there are more than 100 agricultural research institutions in China, which are engaged in research work under the unified management of the Agricultural Research Bureau under the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. 1890, the Netherlands established the Agricultural Advisory Bureau, which is responsible for agricultural technology popularization and cooperates closely with agricultural scientific research and educational institutions. Every province has a provincial agricultural advisory bureau. In addition to promotion, extension workers are also engaged in research, experiment and education. In terms of field crops, the whole country is divided into six extension areas, each with about 6000 farmers and 1 extension director. And equipped with 1 ~ 2 promoters and several assistants to assist in the work.

In terms of horticultural crops, the whole country is divided into 18 extension area, and the livestock and poultry dairy industry is divided into 19 area. Extension workers often conduct surveys and visits, and teach new technologies through meetings, movies, speeches, printed materials, agricultural exhibitions and roving performances.

4. Israel's agricultural and scientific and technological achievements transformation system. Israel's land is barren, 45% of the total land area is desert, and water resources are extremely poor. The cultivated land area is 440,000 hm2, with a population of 6.3 million, and the per capita cultivated land area is less than 1 mu. Israel has created a new miracle of agricultural production under such natural conditions, and its 4% agricultural labor force can create 10% GDP. It has become a model for developing conservation agriculture and water-saving agriculture, and has been learned by many developing countries.

Three. Similarities and differences of transformation modes of agricultural scientific and technological achievements in developed countries and their reference to China

There is a gap between China and developed countries in the transformation of agricultural scientific and technological achievements. At present, the transformation rate of agricultural scientific and technological achievements in China is only 30% ~ 40%, far below the level of 65% ~ 85% in developed countries. There are four main reasons (as listed in table 1) that lag far behind developed countries.

1. Strong support from the government. There are many ways for governments to support the transformation of agricultural scientific and technological achievements, including macro-development policies and stable capital policies. The United States has the Moore Act to support the establishment of a stable transformation system of agricultural scientific and technological achievements; France and the Netherlands determine the direction of agricultural development through laws to avoid agricultural fluctuations and achieve sustained and stable development of agriculture. In recent years, China has also attached great importance to agriculture, rural areas and farmers. Since 2003, the Central Committee has issued guiding opinions on "agriculture, countryside and farmers" for six consecutive years (2004-2009) in the form of the No.1 Document of the Central Committee. Even so, compared with foreign developed countries, China's investment in agricultural science and technology only accounts for about 1% of the total agricultural output, far below the level of 2% ~ 5% in developed countries.

2. Highly developed market economy system. The United States, France, the Netherlands and Israel are all market economy countries, whose main characteristics are that enterprises are the micro-subjects of the market and government departments are service institutions. In the field of scientific and technological innovation, the source of the transformation of agricultural scientific and technological achievements, enterprises are the main body of innovation, and their achievements are mainly products and achievements with great market value, while products with strong public welfare are mainly handed over to the national scientific research department for completion. Therefore, market economy is the basic condition for the rapid industrialization and transformation of agricultural scientific and technological achievements.

3. Industry-University-Research is closely integrated. Looking at the transformation system of agricultural scientific and technological achievements in the above countries, the biggest feature is the close integration of Industry-University-Research and the organic integration of Industry-University-Research. For example, in the United States, agricultural extension, education and scientific research are undertaken and completed by agricultural colleges and universities alone, and the federal government and state governments only play a coordinating role. The Netherlands has a developed agricultural education, scientific research and extension system, which is regarded as the three pillars of Dutch agricultural development and comprehensive management. French, Israeli and other countries also organically combined Industry-University-Research. This process can be summarized as follows: on the basis of market economy and on the premise of market demand, we can achieve purposeful production, meet market demand in production, find key links and nodes in production and improve them through research and innovation. Education is mainly embodied in technical education, that is, practical technical education, which effectively spreads scientific and technological achievements to the production field through the education system, forming a new research and innovation system closely combined with innovation education in Industry-University-Research.

4. Developed science and technology and education. Advanced scientific and technological achievements also need to be applied by knowledgeable producers. Different from the current situation of rural production in China, the overall level of farmers' cultural education in China is not high, and the average education period of farmers is about 8 years, which is equivalent to the second grade of junior high school. In contrast, the residents of these developed agricultural countries are highly educated. In the United States 17.4% of the population has a bachelor's degree, and more than 80% of the labor force engaged in agricultural production has a high school education or above. Similarly, the population of the Netherlands, Israel, France and other countries is highly educated. 24% of the Israeli working population has a university degree, and 60% of young farmers in France have graduated from secondary agricultural technical schools.

Fourth, the enlightenment of establishing the transformation model system of high-efficiency agricultural scientific and technological achievements in China.

4. 1 Rational distribution of agricultural scientific research institutions according to ecological regions, and active promotion of system reform.

On the basis of the phased achievements in the current agricultural scientific research system reform, we can learn from the management experience of the United States and South Korea to further deepen the reform work. Change the present situation that most agricultural scientific research institutions in China are located in cities, rearrange scientific research institutions according to ecological areas rather than administrative areas, and have a clear division of labor, complement each other and promote each other. Market-oriented, create conditions for non-public sectors to participate in agricultural scientific research, set up a national agricultural scientific research center, and conduct unified management of agricultural scientific research project declaration and project establishment to avoid repeated project establishment.

4.2 Strengthen the positive role of government and legislation in agricultural scientific research

Draw lessons from the experience of the United States and other countries, formulate relevant laws and regulations on agricultural scientific research, and use laws to ensure the healthy development of agricultural scientific research. The relevant departments of the state jointly set up the National Coordination Committee for Agricultural Research and Education Promotion to coordinate the national agricultural and agriculture-related research and education promotion units from a macro perspective. It is necessary to formulate a national agricultural scientific research plan, guide the direction of scientific research, ensure scientific research funds, and gradually educate farmers and popularize agricultural technology through government and legislation.

4.3 Encourage division of labor and cooperation, and strengthen the horizontal connection between agricultural scientific research institutions.

In order to improve the overall level of agricultural scientific research, it is necessary to learn from the experience of foreign agricultural scientific research systems, strengthen the horizontal links between local scientific research institutions, strengthen the links between central agricultural scientific research institutions and agricultural universities, comprehensive universities, agricultural enterprises, farmers' organizations and international agricultural scientific research and education institutions, and encourage scientific research cooperation among agricultural scientific research institutions.

4.4 the introduction of personnel management incentive mechanism

Drawing lessons from the personnel management mechanism in the United States, the new scientific research mechanism of "openness, mobility, competition and cooperation" is introduced into the agricultural scientific research management in China, and the appointment system of scientific researchers according to projects and topics is implemented, so as to actively introduce useful talents and stimulate the positive spirit of scientific researchers.

4.5 Establish a scientific and dynamic project evaluation and management system and improve the project management mechanism.

Adhere to the principles of openness, justice and fairness, make full use of the role of competition mechanism in the allocation of scientific and technological resources, implement the bidding system for topics and projects, and entrust them on the basis of merit. Drawing lessons from the experience of project management in the United States and South Korea, the application, examination and approval, management and evaluation of agricultural scientific research projects are specified in detail without duplication of research topics.

4.6 Implementation of agricultural scientific research personnel training plan

Through the construction of national key agricultural laboratories and key disciplines, combined with major science and technology plans and talent training plans, the task will drive talent training. At the same time, accelerate the training of an academic leader, agricultural technology extension talents, agricultural technology entrepreneurs, high-quality farmers and agricultural science and technology teams, strengthen the management of agricultural scientific research, and adopt various forms to improve the strength of agricultural scientific research.

4.7 Take the market as the driving force, guide enterprises and promote the transformation of achievements.

Enterprises are all for profit, and scientific research projects without market prospects will not be supported by enterprises, so enterprises' participation in agricultural scientific research investment can lay a solid foundation for the promotion of agricultural scientific research achievements. Drawing on the experience of other countries, we must reform the existing scientific research system, create an environment conducive to enterprises to participate in the transformation of public scientific research institutions, actively mobilize the enthusiasm of enterprises and farmers, establish a diversified agricultural scientific research system led by the government, and promote the transformation of scientific research results.

4.8 Increase investment in scientific research, especially in application and development, and improve scientific research conditions.

While increasing state financial input, agricultural enterprises and agriculture-related enterprises are encouraged to increase investment in agricultural scientific research. Give full play to the role of market and social demand in guiding and promoting the progress of agricultural science and technology. Agricultural scientific research institutions should also broaden their thinking, establish scientific and technological enterprises in the form of joint-stock or credit funds through the funds brought by the popularization and transformation of scientific research achievements, and form a virtuous circle of the transformation of scientific research achievements. We should actively attract foreign investment and strive for international scientific and technological cooperation and assistance. So as to gradually establish a diversified agricultural scientific research investment system with government investment as the mainstay and multi-channel coexistence, and continuously improve and improve the level of agricultural scientific research in China.