Japan's political party system

Japan's political system, post-war Japan's political system is parliamentary system, specifically belonging to the parliamentary monarchy (also known as constitutional monarchy) in parliament. The Japanese government is a representative democratic country with parliamentary system and cabinet system, and implements the principle of separation of legislative, executive and judicial powers. The National Assembly, the Cabinet and the courts exercise corresponding powers. National sovereignty belongs to the people, and the Emperor is retained as a national symbol.

Chinese name

Japanese political system

Foreign name

Japanese government

monarch

national

principle

Legislation, administration and justice

Government system

parliamentary system

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form

parliament

cabinet

Referee

political party

main body

Before World War II, Japan implemented a constitutional monarchy for a long time, and the emperor monopolized power. After the war, according to the Constitution of Japan (1947), the cabinet system was implemented, and the emperor remained as a national symbol.

Before the Meiji Restoration, Japan's political system was formed late, and an early slave country, Bad Malaysia Thailand, appeared at the beginning of the 3rd century. In the 4th century, a more developed slave country, namely Yamato State, appeared in the middle of Honshu. By the 5th century, Japanese slave society had entered a period of prosperity. In 646, Yamato changed from big to new, followed the political system of the Tang Dynasty in China, carried out top-down political and economic reforms, abolished slavery, and established a centralized monarchy. After 70 1 year, actively promote the legal system. In 702 and July18, respectively, the Dabao Law and the Pension Law were enacted, which further affirmed the achievements of modernization, strengthened centralization of authority and completed the transformation from a slave country to a feudal country.

In the second half of the 8th century, private ownership of land and manor system developed, and feudal warriors began to rise in the10th century. /kloc-At the end of 0/2, Yuan Laichao, a warrior-born general, established the Kamakura shogunate, a military government that ruled the whole country. Since then, Japan has entered the shogunate period. The shogunate headed by the general became the central government, and the emperor existed in name only. Shogunate politics, also known as military politics, is characterized by military feudal rule and is based on the master-slave relationship between the pillar of the leader warrior and the follower warrior. Followers provide military services (dedication) to Liang Dong (master), and the master gives his followers land (royal grace) while protecting their territory. During the Edo shogunate period, the shogunate divided the land of the whole country into many vassals except the territory of generals, emperors and officials, and named them vassals. Daming enjoys military, administrative, judicial and tribute collection rights within his own territory, but he must pay tribute to the shogunate and undertake military obligations. San Francisco became a local organ in the Tokugawa era.

/kloc-The political system after Meiji Restoration in the middle of 0/9th century, with the frequent beating of western capitalist forces, the ethnic contradictions and internal contradictions in feudal society intensified. 1868 The Tokugawa shogunate was overthrown, ending the feudal shogunate politics and establishing a reform government headed by Emperor Meiji. History is called "Meiji Restoration". Through the version regression of 1868 and the abandonment of the county by 187 1, the feudal lords occupied the feudal land under the jurisdiction of the emperor. Especially after the Wu-Chen War of 1868 ~ 1869, Japan began to embark on the political track of modern constitutional monarchy. 1885 ended the official system of Zheng Tai since the early Meiji period and started the cabinet system. 1889 (February 22nd year of Meiji) officially promulgated the Constitution of Great Japan (commonly known as Meiji Constitution). Then there are the royal model, parliamentary law, house of lords order, house of representatives election law, accounting law and so on. Successively formulated and established a constitutional monarchy with emperor sovereignty.

The core of the leadership of the central government agency of the Cabinet is a collegiate body composed of the Prime Minister and other ministers of state, and the executive power belongs to the unified cabinet, not individuals. The Prime Minister of the Cabinet is appointed by the Emperor on the basis of nomination by the National Assembly, and other ministers of state are appointed and removed by the Prime Minister of the Cabinet. The Prime Minister of the Cabinet must be nominated among members of the National Assembly, and more than half of the ministers of state must also be members of the National Assembly. The Cabinet is jointly and severally responsible for the National Assembly. The cabinet must gain the trust of the House of Representatives, otherwise it has the right to suggest that the Emperor dissolve the House of Representatives, or the cabinet always resigns. The cabinet is composed of the parliamentary majority party, and most of the cabinet members belong to this party, so the cabinet and the parliament can usually be consistent.

After World War II, Japan reformed the judicial system with reference to the Anglo-American legal system, emphasized judicial independence, and abolished the administrative courts and special courts set up after the Meiji Restoration after imitating the continental legal system. The court organization system is divided into two categories: the Supreme Court and the lower courts. The Supreme Court enjoys the highest judicial review power and supervises the decisions and actions of the Congress and the government. Primary courts are divided into high courts, local courts, family courts and summary courts. Courts at all levels generally try civil, criminal and administrative cases, and implement a system of four levels and three trials. Judges are appointed, and the appointment of Supreme Court judges must pass the national examination. Judges have "identity protection" according to the Constitution, but impeachment courts composed of two houses of Congress can try indicted judges.

Local self-government system Before the Second World War, the Japanese central government exercised strict control over the localities. After the war, Japan's Constitution and local autonomy law expanded the power of local autonomy. The Law on Local Autonomy stipulates that prefectures, cities, towns and villages are ordinary local public organizations; Tokyo Special Economic Zone, a combination of local public organizations, property areas and local development undertakings, is a special local public organization. The functions and powers of local autonomy include: local finance and local property management, local public affairs and public welfare undertakings management, administrative coercive powers such as taxation power, police power and control power, and the right to formulate local regulations within the scope permitted by law. The organs of self-government are composed of local administrative organs and local councils. Chief executives and legislators at all levels are directly elected and removed by residents. In the relationship between the central government and local governments, although the constitution and laws restrict the central government's control and supervision over local governments, the central government exercises strict supervision and guidance over local governments. The formulation, amendment or repeal of laws and regulations by local councils must be reported to the minister of the autonomous province for approval; The preparation of the budget must conform to the proportion stipulated in the central budget; The management of various public affairs should be supervised by the relevant provincial ministers; The Prime Minister has the right to directly recall the local chief executive, and most local civil servants are arranged by the autonomous provinces.

Electoral system Japan's Constitution guarantees universal suffrage, secret elections and equal elections, which are based on individual elections, direct elections and arbitrary elections. Japan's Constitution and 1950 Public Office Election Law have established the election system for members of parliament, members of local public organizations and their responsible persons. 5 12 deputies, elected by the national 130 constituencies; There are 252 members of the Senate, of which 65,438+000 are elected in 65,438+0 constituencies in the country by proportional representation (Ketongte vote counting method), and the remaining 65,438+052 are elected in prefectures and counties. The number of members of local councils shall be prescribed by law. The administrative committee is responsible for election management, which is divided into the central election management committee and the county and city election management committees. Everyone over the age of 20 has the right to vote, and there are restrictions on the election of local Council members and their responsible persons, as well as the number of years of residence. Members of the Senate and governors of prefectures and counties are over 30 years old and the rest are over 25 years old. People who are forbidden to dispose of property and those who are sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment (imprisonment) or above have no right to vote and stand for election.

Party system Japan has a multi-party system. Although there are many political parties with seats in the National Assembly, the Liberal Democratic Party has been in power alone for a long time since 1955. There are many factions within the LDP, and factional struggles have never stopped. In the struggle, the mainstream and anti-mainstream groups are constantly reorganized, which is a feature of the Japanese political party system (see Japanese political parties).

National Rights The Japanese Constitution takes respect for human rights as the basic principle, and affirms that all basic human rights enjoyed by citizens (no longer subjects) are unimpeded, and the national rights guaranteed by the Constitution are "inviolable permanent rights" and are not restricted by law; The scope of basic rights guaranteed by the Constitution is wider than in the past, and new provisions have been added, including the right to elect and dismiss civil servants, the right of citizens to claim compensation, the freedom to be free from slavery and servitude, the freedom to choose a career, the freedom to leave the country, the freedom to study, the right to life, the right to education, the right to work and the right to claim criminal compensation.

form

Japan's current Constitution came into effect on May 3, 1947. According to the constitution, the state implements a parliamentary cabinet system based on the separation of legislative, judicial and administrative powers; The emperor is a symbol of Japan and Japanese nationals as a whole and has no right to participate in state affairs; "Forever renounce the use of state power to wage war, the threat or use of force as a means to resolve international disputes. In order to achieve this goal, Japan does not maintain war forces such as land, sea and air, and does not recognize the right of the country to engage in war "(Article 9).

On June 22nd, 2005 165438+20051October 22nd, Japan's ruling Liberal Democratic Party officially announced its draft constitutional amendment. Its core content is to abandon the important clause in the current Constitution that Japan should not own the armed forces such as the army, navy and air force, demand that the Japanese Self-Defense Force be upgraded to the Self-Defense Force, and stipulate that the Self-Defense Force can carry out international cooperation activities to "ensure international peace" [1]

parliament

Parliament, commonly known as Congress, is composed of the House of Representatives and the Senate. It is the highest authority and the only legislature. The House of Representatives has 480 members with a four-year term. Congress can pass the Cabinet motion of no confidence, and the Prime Minister has the right to dissolve the House of Representatives in advance and re-elect. The Senate has a fixed number of 242 members, with a term of six years, and half of them are re-elected every three years, and cannot be dissolved halfway. In power, the House of Representatives is superior to the Senate. Every year 10 to June, the ordinary parliament will be held for 150 days. At other times, temporary and special parliaments can be convened as needed. [ 1]

cabinet

The Cabinet is the highest administrative organ of the country and is responsible to the National Assembly. It is composed of the Prime Minister and ministers in charge of various ministries and institutions. The Prime Minister is nominated by the National Assembly and appointed by the Emperor. Other cabinet members are appointed and removed by the Prime Minister and certified by the Emperor.

After the Japanese government implemented the administrative reform, the government agencies were 1 government, 1 1 provincial offices. [ 1]

Referee

Judicial power in Japan belongs to the Supreme Court and its subordinate courts at all levels. Take "four levels and three trials". The Supreme Court is the court of final appeal, hearing "unconstitutional" and other major cases. The High Court is responsible for the second instance, and there are four in China. Every prefecture, prefecture, prefecture and county has a local court (there are four in Hokkaido), which is responsible for the first instance. There are also family courts and summary courts throughout the country, which are responsible for civil and criminal proceedings that do not exceed fines. The Chief Justice (President) of the Supreme Court is nominated by the Cabinet and appointed by the Emperor, and 14 judges (judges) are appointed by the Cabinet and accept the national vote. Judges of other courts at all levels are nominated by the Supreme Court and appointed by the Cabinet for a term of 65,438+00 years, and may be re-elected. Judges at all levels shall not be removed from office without formal impeachment.

The procuratorial organs correspond to the four-level courts and are divided into the Supreme Procuratorate, the superior procuratorate, the local procuratorate and the district (town) procuratorate. Prosecutors are divided into chief procurators (chief procurators), deputy chief procurators, chief procurators (senior chief procurators), chief procurators (local chief procurators say that the chief procurators are right) and deputy chief procurators. Officials above the Attorney General are appointed by the Cabinet. The attorney general has control over the attorney general. [ 1]

political party

After the war, Japan implemented "party politics", and various political parties representing different classes and strata were restored or established one after another. The main political parties participating in parliamentary activities are Liberal Democratic Party, Democratic Party, Komeito Party, Japanese Producer Party, Social Democratic Party and Conservative New Party.

(1) Liberal Democratic Party: the largest party. 1955165438+1October 15 was formed by the merger of the liberal party and the democratic party. For more than 50 years, the Liberal Democratic Party has occupied a majority of seats in the Japanese Senate and House of Representatives for most of the time, and has been in power alone for 38 years. The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) is a traditional Conservative Party, which has a strong influence in small and medium-sized cities and rural areas. The party advocates basing itself on the concept of democratic politics, maintaining the free economic system, amending the constitution, adhering to the security system of Japan and the United States, and strengthening the Self-Defense Forces. In foreign policy, it emphasizes Japan-US relations as the basic axis and actively participates in the construction of a new international order after the Cold War. There are many factions within the LDP. The top leader of the Liberal Democratic Party is the president, and there are secretaries-general in charge of party affairs, parliamentary countermeasures, organization, personnel and finance, presidents of general affairs and government investigations. During the president's administration, he also served as Prime Minister of the Cabinet.

(2) Komeito Party:1964165438+10/7 was established, and its superior organization was Sōka Gakkai, a religious group. 1June, 970, separation of church and state. 1In August, 1993, he joined the non-autonomous democratic coalition regime, dividing and combining. In April 2000, the Komeito Party, the Liberal Democratic Party and the Conservative Party formed a coalition government. The party calls itself an open national party, and advocates building "Japan of the world" on the basis of pacifism, adhering to the "middle line", practicing people's democracy, respecting local autonomy and promoting local decentralization.

(3) Democratic Party: The Democratic Party is the second largest political party after the Liberal Democratic Party, which was founded in September 1996. 1In April, 1998, the Democratic Party of Japan, the Democratic Party, the Friendship New Party and democratic reform jointly formed the New Democracy Party. At that time, the New Democracy Party had 38 seats in the Senate and 93 seats in the House of Representatives, making it the largest opposition party in Japanese politics. The highest decision-making body of the Democratic Party is the Party Congress, which is held every year 1 month. The Democratic Party is a moderate and conservative political party, advocating a democratic and steady political line, strengthening diplomatic activities with Asian countries, deepening economic relations, and emphasizing the development of friendly and cooperative relations with China. The party's support base is mainly trade unions and working-class citizens, and its party member is mainly young professionals, including government officials, lawyers, doctors, bankers and journalists.

(4) Japan's * * * Production Party: 1922 was founded in July 15, and gained legal status after the war. The peak of development appeared in the mid-1970s. In the 1990s, we adjusted our policy proposition and paid attention to flexibility and pragmatism. Party constitution defined the nature of the party as "the party of the working class" and "the party of all Japanese nationals". Advocating the construction of a socialist society, even a socialist society; Abolish the Japan-US security treaty and build Japan into an independent, democratic and peaceful free country. The party's support class is relatively stable and the grassroots organizations are sound.

(5) Social Democratic Party (hereinafter referred to as "Social Democratic Party"): Formerly known as the Socialist Party, it was founded in June 1945 1 1, and changed its name to 1 996 in April. Participated in the multi-party Coalition regime. The party advocates the establishment of a fair, free and democratic society that respects human dignity, and creatively develops the concepts of sovereignty in the people, permanent peace, basic human rights and international coordination stipulated in the Constitution. [ 1]