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Manchu is mainly distributed in three northeastern provinces of China, with Liaoning being the largest. In addition, there are a few Manchu scattered in Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Shandong, Xinjiang and other provinces and large and medium-sized cities such as Beijing, Chengdu, Lanzhou, Fuzhou, Baiyin and Xi 'an.

Manchu has a long history, which can be traced back to Sushen people more than two thousand years ago. Their descendants have been living in the northern Changbai Mountain, the middle and upper reaches of Heilongjiang and the Wusuli River basin. 1644, the Qing army entered the customs, unified China, and formed a situation in which Manchu and Han lived together for a long time. After the Revolution of 1911, Manchu was renamed Manchu.

Manchu has its own language and writing, belonging to Manchu branch of Manchu-Tungusic language family of Altai language family.

Manchu was founded at the end of 16, borrowing Mongolian letters. 17 In the 1940s, after a large number of Manchu entered the customs, Chinese was widely used.

Manchu people have loved singing and dancing since ancient times, and ancient dance evolved from hunting and fighting activities. Historically, Manchu men like to wear blue robes and jackets, with hair and braids behind their heads, domes and trousers. Women, on the other hand, like to wear cheongsam, bow or "bun", ring and handkerchief around their waist. After Manchu entered the customs, the dress tended to be consistent with that of Han nationality, but the cheongsam was handed down with its unique charm and became the traditional dress of women in China.

custom

Manchu people honor their elders and pay attention to etiquette. When they meet elders on the road, they should bow sideways and wait for them to pass by. Not only the younger generation should greet the elders, but also the younger generation should greet the elders. When relatives and friends meet, in addition to shaking hands to say hello, some people will also say hello. During the Spring Festival, we should worship once every two years, once on the evening of the 30th, once on the New Year's Day, which is called welcoming the new year.

Manchu traditional houses are generally divided into three rooms: west, middle and east, with the gate facing south. The west room is called the upper room in the west, the middle room is called the hall, and the east room is called the lower room in the east. There are three health in the west, namely, south, west and north. Xikanggui, Beikangda, Nankang Small. Visitors live in Xikang, elders live in Beikang, and younger generations live in Nankang.

Taboo: indoor Xikang is not allowed to sit and lie down and pile up sundries at will; Avoid beating, killing and eating dog meat; Don't wear a dog skin hat, don't spread a dog skin mattress, and avoid guests wearing dog skin hats or dog skin sleeves.

marriage customs

Manchu wedding not only has the strong characteristics of its own nation, but also integrates many customs and etiquette of Han nationality. Generally speaking, it must go through the following procedures:

Engagement: There are two forms of engagement between young Manchu men and women. First, the parents of young men and women are acquaintances or friends. The two knew each other very well and were interested in getting married, so they asked the matchmaker to promise their children a lifetime. Some men propose to women, while others propose to men. The other is that men and women don't know each other and find a matchmaker to engage their children. The matchmaker will give them "portal stickers" and issue their flags, resumes, surnames and three generations. Besides, we should test each other's birthdays.

Release: that is, give gifts. There are two kinds of amplification and amplification. Letting Xiaoding go means that the future daughter-in-law will visit relatives of the man's family, such as aunt, brother and sister-in-law, and get property. Enlarged it is called "big gift", commonly known as "big dish", that is, choose an auspicious day of the zodiac, and the man will send the bride price to the woman's house. The day before the wedding, people who bid farewell to their families should drink "windward wine". The bride left home to live in a good apartment borrowed by the man, commonly known as "shooting down." The next morning, the woman saw her off with a float and was escorted by her brother. When the float arrives at the groom's house, there is a brazier on the ground in front of the bridal chamber, which is commonly known as "going too far to ward off evil spirits". In order to drive away or kill the ghost that comes with the sedan chair, the groom should shoot three arrows at the sedan chair door; There are also real shots, but they are usually taken under the sedan chair to avoid hurting the bride. Then, the bride was helped out of the sedan chair to heaven and earth, and kowtowed to the north three times with the groom, commonly known as "worshipping Beidou". After worshipping Beidou, a world-famous ceremony of "Leaving the Light" was held. That is, the bride and groom wearing red hijab face south and kneel in front of the god table in the yard. On the table, there is a pig's elbow, three small glasses of wine and a sharp knife. Shaman knelt in front of the table with one leg, chanting in Manchu, cutting the meat into pieces with a sharp knife and throwing it into the air, and throwing it on the ground with a small glass of wine. The main purpose is to pray for God to bless the newlyweds and let their children and grandchildren grow old together. After these ceremonies, the bride is brought into the bridal chamber by a general practitioner (that is, a person whose parents and children are present). When the bride crosses the threshold, there is a saddle on the threshold and the bride must cross it. The beds in the new house must be made by all practitioners. After the new house is paved, music should be played in the room. This is called a "ringing room". When the bride entered the bridal chamber, a little girl took pictures of the bride with two bronze mirrors, and then hung them on the bride's chest and back. Then, another little girl handed me two tin cans containing rice, money and so on. Brides either hold them in their arms or put them under their armpits, commonly known as "holding bottles" or "holding media pots". When the bride sits firmly on the bed, the groom takes off the red cloth covering the bride's head with the weight, which is called "lifting the veil". Next, the husband and wife drink a toast and eat happy noodles, longevity noodles or children's cakes.

Dietary customs

Manchu people eat three meals during busy farming hours and two meals during slack farming hours. The staple foods are mostly millet and sorghum rice, japonica rice and dried rice. I like to add red beans or baked beans to rice, such as sorghum rice and dried bean rice. In some areas, corn is the staple food, and corn flour is fermented into "sour soup". Manchu people in most parts of Northeast China also have the habit of eating plain rice, that is, after cooking sorghum rice or corn prickly heat, wash it with clear water, soak it in clear water, take it out when eating, and put it in a bowl, which is cool and delicious. This way of eating is mostly in summer.

Manchu cakes have a long history and became the staple food of the court in the Qing Dynasty. Among them, the most representative is the imperial meal "Chestnut Noodles Wowotou", also known as Xiaowotou. Saqima, a Manchu dim sum, has also become a famous pastry in China. There are also famous Qing tombs [corridors] cakes, also known as Qing tombs cakes, cakes of Beijing snacks, cakes of Chengde snacks in Hebei, and cakes of lard in Jingzhou [corridors] in Hubei.

It is cold in winter in the north, and there are no fresh vegetables. Manchu people often eat sauerkraut (pickles) as their staple food in autumn and winter. It is said that the method of preserving vegetables began in Shunzhi period of Qing Dynasty. Boiled white meat vermicelli with sauerkraut is a common dish for Manchu people after winter.

Manchu people love to eat pork and often cook it in white. Manchu restaurants in Shenyang, Liaoning Province have a history of 100 years. Its white meat and blood sausage is known as authentic Manchu flavor.

Typical food: Manchu people live in scattered places, and typical food is representative everywhere, mainly including:

1 white meat and blood sausage.

② Hot pot. Traditional Manchu dishes.

Sour soup. Features of Manchu cuisine in Xiuyan, Liaoning.

④ Qing Dongling Pastry. Also known as Dongqing Tomb.

Holidays and festivals

Traditional festivals mainly include Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, February 2nd, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival. Traditional sports activities such as "Pearl Ball", vault, camel jumping and skating are generally held during festivals.

Golden Festival: It is the National Day of Manchu. 1635 Lunar New Year+10 On March 3rd, Huang Taiji issued an imperial edict, officially changing the surname "Nuzhen" to "Manchuria", which marked the formation of a new national identity. 1989 10, at the first Manchu culture seminar in Dandong, the annual 12.3 was officially designated as the "Golden Festival".

Shangyuan Festival: the 15th day of the first month, commonly known as "Lantern Festival". Manchu, like Han nationality, also has the custom of hanging lanterns and eating Yuanxiao. Away from all diseases: a festival for Manchu women. Usually on the sixteenth day of the first month. That night, women in groups of three or five traveled far away, or went roller skating, or had fun, and were called "peers with all diseases."

February 2 nd: commonly known as "Dragon Rise Day". On the morning of the same day, Manchu people scattered kitchen ashes in the courtyard, and the ash road was curved like a dragon, so it was called "Zhao Long". Then a ceremony was held in the yard to pray for good weather. The whole family will eat "Longxu Noodles" and "Longlin cake". Women can't do needlework on this day.

Tomb-Sweeping Day: When going to the grave to pay homage to the ancestors, it is not the Han people who put money on the top of the grave after making paper money, but put a "Buddha flower" in the grave. "Frodo" is Manchu, which translates into "willow" or "willow branch" in Chinese. According to Manchu belief, willow is the ancestor of man, and man is the descendant of willow. In order to show that there are successors, willows should be inserted in the grave.

Dragon Boat Festival: Manchu people eat zongzi and row dragon boats on the Dragon Boat Festival, and the customs are the same as those of Han people.

Mid-Autumn Festival: The Manchu people take July 15 as the Mid-Autumn Festival, which is also regarded as a "ghost festival" to turn over the dead. At that time, temples all over the country will set up Dojo, burn lamps to chant Buddhist scriptures and hold various ceremony of crossing over.

Mid-Autumn Festival: Manchu families also eat "reunion dinner" in the Mid-Autumn Festival. Besides, when the moon rises, there will be a moon. That is, a wooden screen is placed on the east and west side of the courtyard, and cockscomb, soybean branches and fresh lotus roots are hung on the screen for the use of moon rabbits. There is a square table in front of the screen with a big moon cake on it. When offering sacrifices, women worship first, and men worship later.

Laba Festival: Manchu people soak "Laba vinegar" and cook "Laba meat" on the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month. In addition to the food for the whole family, it should also be distributed to relatives and friends.

Off-year: Manchu people have the same off-year customs as Han people. The 23rd of the twelfth lunar month is a "small year". At that time, every household would sacrifice to the kitchen god, commonly known as "sending the kitchen god"