What elements does Lingnan style architecture include?

Characteristics and forming factors of Lingnan architecture

The meaning of a feature refers to something that best represents or reflects its essence. The same is true of architectural features. According to its essence and attributes, architecture should be both practical and beautiful. There is both technology and art, which is the essence and feature of architecture, that is, duality.

How are architectural features formed? Mainly from the nation, culture, customs, characteristics, aesthetics. From its composition, it comes from natural conditions such as life, climate, geography and topography, which together form the characteristics of architecture. The architectural features of this place come from various conditions in this place.

From the perspective of social culture, the expression of architectural characteristics can be divided into social characteristics, cultural characteristics and characteristics of various historical periods. From the point of view of the building itself, it also has technical and artistic characteristics. Technically, it has the characteristics of plane, structure and material, as well as climate, geography and landform. From an artistic point of view, it has the characteristics of appearance, detail, decoration and embellishment. Taken together, this is the general feature of the building.

In the expression of architectural features, generally speaking, material technology is easy to embody, spiritual temperament is difficult to express, and the most difficult thing to express is its cultural connotation. In architecture, the artistic expression of architectural image, detail, decoration and color, as well as the technical means of plane function, structure, structure and material. It is visible, tangible and easy to express. It is difficult to judge the cultural connotation, personality and temperament of a building, which is hidden in the deep layer of the building.

In addition, there are three levels of architectural features, namely:

1. 1 is a shallow expression, which has many characteristics in material technology and is also a characteristic expression that is easy to see and reflect. Generally speaking, in architecture, such as plane, structure, materials, climate, landforms and some shapes, details, components, patterns and so on. , can be directly applied to architectural design, and can be called plagiarism or imitation in creation.

The intermediate expression in 1.2 has begun to be disassembled and synthesized, which can be said to be a representative or typical feature, such as symbols, symbols, techniques and so on.

1.3 High-level performance is a kind of characteristic performance with in-depth cultural connotation, which takes quite a while to gradually form.

1.3. 1 technical characteristics and performance of buildings

This is a superficial expression and belongs to the technical category of architecture. To sum up, there are four characteristics:

; Open and transparent plane and space layout

In order to obtain good ventilation conditions, the orientation of buildings should be considered in the layout of buildings. Transparent space, including open corridors, open doors and windows, and indoor open halls, open ladders, column floors, large open halls, etc.

; Lightweight appearance

The artistic composition of architectural design has four elements: form, material, detail and color, in which form is the key. The first condition for a building to be beautiful and pleasing to the eye is that the shape is appropriate, that is, the proportion is appropriate and beautiful. Harmonious and beautiful proportion is a necessary condition to form the natural beauty of architecture. Secondly, materials are the material basis of building formation. Details and colors, including decoration and decoration, are important auxiliary means to increase the aesthetic feeling of buildings.

The climate in the south is hot, humid and rainy. People like a relaxed and lively life and outdoor activities. For heavy and solid objects, I often feel heavy and depressed from the heart. This concept has also influenced the view of architecture. Generally speaking, I hope the building will be lively and free.

There are some ways to make the building lighter, such as: the asymmetrical shape of the building and the contrast between the virtual and real lines. Use light and transparent materials, and choose transparent detail components.

; Bright and elegant colors

Lingnan architecture often likes to use bright light colors in color selection, and at the same time likes to use solid colors such as cyan, blue and green as the color keynote, which can reduce the heavy feeling of the building and make the appearance of the building light.

; The combination of architecture and natural environment is divided into two aspects:

A, the combination of architecture and nature, that is, the building makes full use of cliffs, streams, lakes and other natural landscapes as the environment to increase the natural scenery of the building.

B. the combination of architecture and gardens. Its characteristic is that there are courts and gardens, and the gardens are combined. There are many types of courtyards, including water courtyard with water as the center, dry courtyard with green land as the center, stone courtyard with stone scenery as the center, and water stone courtyard with stone scenery in the water. The building is built around the courtyard, which is called courtyard building.

Introducing gardens indoors is also a technique of architecture and gardens. The specific methods are: introducing the garden into the hall, introducing the garden into the room, introducing the garden into the roof layer, which is called roof garden or roof garden, and introducing the garden into the column layer, which is called ground garden.

... the use of traditional local details and decorations.

1.3.2 Representation of architectural symbol characteristics

This kind of characteristic expression goes deeper than the above-mentioned technical, appearance or formal characteristic expression, and it goes deep into the essence of architecture to reflect it. It can be said that it belongs to the category of concepts and laws, and it already has general content expression, such as symbols, techniques and symbols that ordinary designers usually like to use. However, features such as symbols, technologies and symbols are not fixed, but architectural features from one period to another, which change with the development of the times, or are eliminated or sublimated.

For example, there is a local proverb that "plate buildings are added with windows, high-rise buildings are added with podium buildings, high and low floors are combined, and sun visors are added with flower windows", which is the symbol, image and details of Lingnan new buildings at that time and its concrete embodiment, which is a step further than the technical and material characteristics. Not long after, however, in the 1980s, these characteristics also declined, resulting in new features.

1.3.3 Characteristics and performance of high-rise buildings

High-level expression, which belongs to the connotation of culture and thought, has gone beyond some superficial forms and other material features and expressions of symbols, symbols and techniques, but entered expression through artistic conception, from theoretical research and creation of philosophy, aesthetics, history, humanities and other disciplines, which is the highest realm of architectural creation. Usually, people in the industry say that they should be "similar in spirit" rather than "similar in shape", which is what they mean. This kind of creative realm is difficult to achieve, and it is also difficult to achieve. It takes energy and time to gradually achieve it through long-term practice and exploration. If you can achieve a high-level performance of a certain aspect of ideological connotation in your creation, it will not be easy.

Let's analyze the characteristics of Lingnan architecture from the perspective of Lingnan culture.

The formation of cultural characteristics is caused by different nationalities and regions because of their different geographical environment, climatic conditions, historical development and concepts.

The characteristics of Lingnan culture can be summarized as three cultural systems and four cultural characteristics. The three major cultural systems are multiculturalism, marine culture and commercial culture. As far as compatibility, practicality, secularity and innovation are concerned, radiation has been added to the development of modern culture.

; Multiculturalism. Lingnan area was the residence of South Vietnamese in ancient times, and it was called indigenous culture at that time. In several drastic changes after Qin and Han Dynasties, the northern Han people moved south, bringing the Central Plains culture. For a long time, the cultural exchange and integration between China and Vietnam, coupled with the absorption of the advantages of the surrounding areas of Lingnan such as Jingchu and Fujian and Vietnam, as well as the Wuyue culture and foreign cultures in overseas areas, have made the diversity of Lingnan culture its greatest feature. Nationwide, this is also quite special.

Lingnan culture is one of the components of China culture, and the formation of its characteristics can not be separated from the influence and blending of China cultural characteristics. The multiculturalism in Lingnan area is mainly the result of the long-term integration of Central Plains culture and local culture, and also the result of absorbing the cultures of surrounding areas. What is clear here is that in Sino-Vietnamese culture, it is rooted in Central Plains culture, and in Lingnan multiculturalism, it is clearly dominated by China traditional culture. Secondly, it should be emphasized that the historical development and characteristics of South Vietnamese culture can not be ignored in the main body of Sino-Vietnamese cultural integration. If we leave the above two points, then the multi-culture of Lingnan deviates from the national and regional characteristics. What is the difference between it and the multi-culture of foreign regions?

; Marine culture. Climate geography is characterized by openness, cheerfulness, openness and integration with nature, which is the embodiment of naturalness and openness. In addition, there are many exchanges, explorations and trade in marine culture, many cultures have been absorbed and spread, and there are also many advanced technical and cultural exchanges between the two sides. Modern communication between China and foreign countries began and developed from coastal towns. Therefore, marine culture is characterized by openness and development.

; Business culture. It is characterized by an economic mind and a sense of competition, but it also brings utilitarianism and worships business and profits. Dealing with the relationship between justice and benefit, that is, the relationship between economic benefits and social benefits, is the key, which is also reflected in the relationship between traditional culture and commercial culture. In the new values of modern society in China, the two should be unified, but social benefits must be emphasized.

Here are four specific features of Lingnan culture.

; Compatibility. This is one of the most obvious features of Lingnan culture in its historical development. Lingnan people can treat ancient culture and foreign culture, including all cultures at all times and in all countries, with the attitude of "whoever comes to them will be critical and absorb everything for our use", which is the effect brought by multiculturalism. The most important principle of compatibility is to give priority to me, that is, diversity is based on China culture.

; Pragmatic. This is the advantage brought by business culture. In business, long-term business depends on honesty. We must have credibility, honesty, honesty, honesty, genuine goods, and a down-to-earth style. This is correct, and the behavior brought by ethical business culture must be pragmatic. Secondly, business culture also brings flexibility, which is another side that complements pragmatism. As long as it does not violate pragmatism and credibility, things are allowed to be flexible and flexible.

; Secularity is also one of the main characteristics of Lingnan culture. Lingnan local culture represents the culture of South Vietnamese people and reflects things, concepts, etiquette and systems in the life and production of South Vietnamese people. In the historical and cultural development, Lingnan culture represents the interests demanded by the people, such as ancestral halls and bookstores in ancient buildings, shops and teahouses in modern times, which are loved and used by the people. This is folklore.

; Innovation is also a comprehensive embodiment of commercial culture and marine culture. Innovation is a necessary means of competition and an inevitable way for anything to succeed and win. It is impossible to advance without competition, but this competition must be benign and aboveboard.

Innovation is different from creation. Innovation is mainly a concept and thought, which requires novelty and uniqueness. And creation is a concrete behavior, a behavior that produces value, and a behavior that creates value through scientific efforts. Of course, the two are related, and the explanations can also have certain similarities.

Lingnan architecture originates from regional culture and natural conditions. To sum up, the characteristics of Lingnan architecture can be summarized as: 1, pragmatism, and the essence of Lingnan architecture is truth-oriented; 2. It is inclusive, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign, and all the essence is used by me. This is the way for Lingnan architectural bloggers to enrich themselves; 3. Secularity, which shows that Lingnan architecture attaches importance to folk architecture and popularization; 4. Innovation is the main feature and foundation of Lingnan architecture. It pays attention to innovation and seeks change through innovation. In addition, with the development of culture at any time, the function of radiation is also developing in Lingnan architecture, which can be said to be the fifth feature.

2 Creation of regional style of Lingnan architecture

2. 1 Factors and conditions for the formation of local architectural style

There are four main factors in the formation of architectural style, namely social factors, economic factors, natural factors and cultural factors.

2. 1. 1 social factors

Social factors include historical factors and humanistic factors. Historical factors, including times, nationalities and regions, are relatively stable and do not change frequently. Humanistic factors are the most active and frequently changing social factors. Humanistic factors include people's habitual character, religious belief, cultural accomplishment, aesthetic concept and so on.

Among historical factors, social system plays a leading role. In feudal society, there were different manifestations in different periods, which constituted the factors of the times.

2. 1.2 Economic factors

This is the material condition for the formation of architecture. The same material and structure can lead to different architectural images and appearances, because architectural creation is not determined by science and technology such as material structure, but by the social needs at that time, people's understanding of architecture and the requirements of ideology and culture for architecture. Materials and structural methods provide architectural creation with the possibility and economy of architectural implementation, which is a necessary condition, but not a decisive condition.

2. 1.3 natural factors

Different natural conditions, including climate, geography, landforms and materials, are one of the main factors that make China's architectural image rich and colorful with local characteristics.

2. 1.4 Cultural factors

Anything that belongs to ideology and immaterial technology belongs to the category of cultural factors. Such as system, clan, art novels, poetry, painting, music, drama, sculpture, decorations, decorations, costumes, patterns and so on. All belong to the cultural category. In terms of architectural categories, it focuses on system, customs, aesthetics and artistic treatment.

Architecture serves people's production and life, and architecture is designed and built by people. The formation of architecture is inseparable from people. People's different cultural qualities and personalities will lead to different reflections on the layout, space, environment and image of buildings, especially architectural styles.

The formation of architectural style needs four factors, but different regions, nationalities and their existing conditions will lead to different architectural styles and styles. Especially in the south, there are two keys to grasp the characteristics of Lingnan, one is the humanistic factor of Lingnan, and the other is the natural factor of Lingnan.

So, what is the symbol of local architectural style? Through many times of practice, it is considered that three conditions are needed: mature humanistic conditions, obvious regional conditions and relatively complete local traditional cultural conditions.

; Mature humanistic conditions

There are many contents of humanistic conditions, of which two are the most important, one is personality characteristics and the other is cultural characteristics. If we say that the local people's unique personality characteristics formed under certain historical conditions have been carefully summarized, and their similar cultural characteristics have also been summarized, then we can say that the humanistic conditions in this area are basically mature, which has laid a humanistic foundation for creating the architectural style in this area.

; Obvious geographical conditions

Any building is built in a certain place, and each place has its specific topography, surrounding environment and specific climate characteristics. Without these specific climate, topography, landforms and other features, buildings cannot be designed. An excellent building, especially a local building, must have obvious regional characteristics, which can make the building fully present local style and style.

; Relatively complete traditional cultural conditions

There are two kinds of culture in architecture: one focuses more on literature and art, such as painting, sculpture, colored plastic sculpture, decoration, decoration, patterns, plaques, couplets and so on. The other focuses on cultural connotation, that is, aesthetic aspects such as scenery and artistic conception. The latter is a step deeper than the former, but it is more difficult.

Architecture has an artistic side, which can be classified as art. Its performance is mainly image performance, but it is also inseparable from material and technical conditions such as material and structure. In ancient times, some buildings with complex functions and huge scale had to be represented by other kinds of art, such as sculpture and painting, which not only helped to increase the image expression of buildings, but also increased the cultural connotation and presented a richer appeal.

Artistic expression is also the accumulation and precipitation of a country and a nation in history and culture, and each period has its own characteristics. Therefore, art is national, contemporary and local to the local people. Since it is history and culture, it must be traditional and passed on. These traditional cultures are also the expression and reflection of a country, a nation and a local culture. Without these cultures, no matter a country, a nation or a place, it will be ignorant and lifeless. A country, a nation and a place, with splendid and unique rich culture, are noble, vital and glorious.

The architectural style is the same, and it must be based on a strong cultural foundation. A country with excellent traditional culture must have a unique style in architectural style. The style of ancient architecture in China is majestic, solemn, bold and magnificent, giving people a powerful feeling. The simplicity, richness and diversity of folk architectural styles, as well as the freedom, flexibility, liveliness and variety of gardens, constitute the richness and diversity of ancient architectural styles. This is a valuable asset that we need to inherit.

Therefore, as long as the humanistic conditions are mature, there are obvious regional conditions and relatively complete cultural conditions, then Lingnan architectural style has the foundation and possibility of creation.

2.2 Historical context, humanistic quality and Lingnan local customs

According to the above, when the human conditions, regional conditions and local cultural conditions are met, can the local style of architecture naturally emerge? The answer is not necessarily. Although these three conditions are complete, they are only the objective conditions and foundation for the formation of local architectural style. The key point is that people, that is, architects, are determined by thoughts, qualities and beliefs. This is a subjective condition.

As an architect, we should have certain thoughts, accomplishments and beliefs. First of all, we should understand the customs, life, thoughts, personality and aesthetics of the local people, and at the same time understand the objective conditions such as local climate, geography, materials and environment. Second, we should master the historical context, which is related to whether the architectural style created has national characteristics and Lingnan characteristics. Third, improving one's own quality, that is, thinking, culture, belief and ability, such as a correct understanding of architecture, firm belief in the direction of creation, a certain level of professional cultural theory and practical experience, and a serious, pragmatic and in-depth work style, are the foundation of architects' creation.

Architects' understanding of historical context includes four aspects: first, understanding the local historical culture, which is the need to carry forward the nationality and tradition of culture and is convenient for us to criticize, inherit and absorb; Second, the lifestyle, mode of production, customs and beliefs of local people; Third, the personality characteristics of local people, which involves lifestyle, emotional hobbies, aesthetics and so on; The fourth is the local cultural characteristics. According to the categories of literature and art, there are literature-related plaques, couplets and inscriptions, art-related paintings, calligraphy, sculpture and furnishings, as well as practical art decoration, decoration, patterns, patterns and colors. These four aspects are closely related to history, local natural conditions and local environment, which constitute the local cultural connotation and are the practical basis for creating Lingnan style.

In this respect, native architects are the most qualified creative practitioners and the most successful. Some famous architects in Guangdong have set a precedent. At present, many architects are not locals, but architects of new immigrants, and they can also be excellent creators of Lingnan architectural style. But as mentioned above, they must understand, be familiar with and master the three basic conditions for the formation of local style, especially the historical context of Lingnan. Only by going deep into the masses, understanding Lingnan culture, mastering Lingnan customs, cultivating feelings, and constantly improving their own quality can we create a real Lingnan local style building.