Cultural evaluation and standards? What is the standard of culture? What are the faction opinions? )

Standard definition of traditional culture

traditional culture

An organic synthesis of customs, morals, ideas, arts, systems, lifestyles and other material and spiritual cultural phenomena left over from history. The traditional culture of any nation is formed and developed in the historical process, and passed down from generation to generation with the evolution of history, with its specific connotation and dominant basic spirit. Traditional culture contains tangible material culture, but it is more embodied in intangible spiritual culture, which is internalized, accumulated and infiltrated into the psychological depths of every generation of social members in people's lifestyles, customs, psychological characteristics, aesthetic tastes and values. Traditional culture has four characteristics: First, the old and the new blend. Traditional culture is something that has developed from the past to the present, and it is the result of the blending of the past and the present. It permeates the new ideas and blood of each era, and is not the original creation of the ancients. Second, it is relatively stable. It is undeniable that traditional culture is formed by constantly absorbing new contents in the dynamic process, but it is a steady thing rooted in its own national soil, with a relatively unchanging side, which can transcend the times and last forever. Any cultural phenomenon that does not have this stability will be eliminated by history over time and will not become a tradition. The third is ethics. Although different countries and nations have different ethical standards and forms of expression, this is the strength and reason for the continuation of traditional culture, which is quenched by the recognition of social moral concepts outside the scope of compulsory law. The fourth is extensive sociality. Traditional culture is neither Tessa's point of view nor the ideological tendency of a few people. It reflects and represents the overall consciousness and trend of a country and society.

How to evaluate popular culture

Evaluation of popular culture: the soil nourished by popular culture theory is a highly developed market economy in modern industrial society, which presents countless material and cultural consumption with high-tech production. Cultural consumption is a phenomenon, not culture itself; Culture is a spiritual product, not a concrete material. Industrial production solves the basic needs of human existence, that is, providing rich means of subsistence, while culture solves the advanced needs of human existence, that is, spiritual improvement and the construction of beauty, that is, how human beings realize their own value, explore their own potential and realize the ultimate concern for human nature. Advocates of pop culture obviously ignore this simple fact. Social production pursues the richness and diversity of materials and provides complex consumption composition for human beings as much as possible. The purpose of flattening and large-scale reproduction of popular culture is to dispel the individuality and creativity of culture. The richness and diversity of material pursuit and the simplicity and standardization of cultural pursuit obviously constitute the paradox of human existence. In a sense, the trend of western popular culture is an ideological movement against the mainstream ideology. It is based on the highly developed western economy, industrial civilization and people's freedom consciousness and ideological emancipation.

Reflection on the New Culture Movement

Chen Duxiu founded Youth magazine in Shanghai in September 19 15, and changed its name to New Youth in September.1917 10 moved to Beijing and closed its publication in July./. The representatives of the New Culture School with New Youth as the main public opinion position are: Chen Duxiu, Hu Shi, Li Dazhao, Lu Xun, Yi Baisha, Qian and so on. The New Culture School started with the literary revolution and criticized the traditional culture of China, which is called the New Culture Movement.

On May 4th, 2009, students from Peking University and other schools gathered in Tiananmen Square for a party. Line, against the Paris peace conference damage the rights and interests of China, known as the "May 4th Movement".

However, later generations often confuse the New Culture Movement with the May 4th Movement and call it the May 4th New Culture Movement in general. In fact, the May 4th Movement is the May 4th Movement and the New Culture Movement is the New Culture Movement. The two cannot be confused. The May 4th Movement inherited from Tokyo in the Eastern Han Dynasty is a spirit responsible for the rise and fall of the world. The new culture movement is just another national salvation movement in the face of the "great change that has never happened in three thousand years" in the Qing Dynasty. However, this time, it is the so-called "saving the country by culture", which is less explosive and political than the previous national salvation movement.

However, due to the confusion between the New Culture Movement and the May 4th Movement today, it seems that the re-examination of the New Culture Movement has also become a re-conviction of the May 4th Movement. Therefore, it is necessary to point out that I am here to re-examine the New Culture Movement, which has nothing to do with the May 4th Movement.

Looking back at the New Culture School today, we need to admit that the New Culture Movement really brought a fresh wind to China at that time, which made the concept of science and people * * @ master deeply rooted in people's hearts and became an irresistible trend of the times, thus affecting the history of China in the twentieth century. This influence is still of great practical significance even today (of course, it needs to be pointed out that the master of science and people * * @ is not only the credit of the New Culture School. In fact, Xue Heng School, which was attacked as a conservative at that time, also supported these views. It's just that their two schools hold different views on traditional culture and the way out of Chinese civilization. This point has been ignored by people until now. Today, this neglect has been added to Neo-Confucianism and cultural conservatism, accusing them of bringing people back to the so-called feudal society. However, its negative effects accompany it, and it is still harmful until today.

One of the negative effects is historical and cultural nihilism.

We know that the origin history of any nation in the world is characterized by myth, and there is no distinction between god and man. For example, the ancestors of Rome are said to have been fed by wolves. It is not surprising that the history of three emperors and five emperors in China is the same. However, since the 1920s, the "ancient skepticism" school, with Gu Jiegang and Qian as the ancestors of cynicism, totally denied the ancient history of China, thinking that the history of "Three Emperors and Five Emperors" was pseudo-ancient, and Xia did not exist (Dayu is a worm is the representative work of this old gentleman). Without the excavation of Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Anyang, the Shang Dynasty was almost destroyed. Even the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty were considered as the legendary "no-trust history" era. There are still people who deny the existence of the Xia Dynasty. Since these histories do not exist, cultural classics such as poems and books based on them are also pseudo-classics. Let's appreciate some conclusions of the "ancient school":

"Xu Shen's Shuowen is a book that integrates pseudo-ancient characters, pseudo-ancient meanings, pseudo-ancient rituals, pseudo-ancient systems and pseudo-ancient theories."

"As for Zuo Zhuan, ... the bottom value of this book is similar to that of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms."

"In fact, the worst of the six classics is Spring and Autumn Annals."

Even Hu Shi, who sought scholarship by "careful verification", said, "None of the history before the Eastern Zhou Dynasty is credible." Here, what we see is his "bold doubt", and "total westernization" is put forward by Mr. Hu Shi's "careful verification"

In this academic atmosphere, it is conceivable that the classics, as the essence of Chinese civilization and the historical practice foundation established by it, have been overthrown, and the spirit of China people has lost its source power of self-improvement and its interpretation system. Their existence is just a living fossil, which can only be appreciated. Classics and their historical practice were overthrown. First of all, China people fell down and lost confidence in China culture. Lack of self-confidence in one's own culture often leads to blind worship of other cultures. Thus, China scholars appeared in the 2nd/kloc-0th century, and they played a joke on worshipping Mencius as a foreigner.

The second negative effect is to replace rationality with extremism.

The new culture movement flaunts science and rationality, and demands that everything be judged by rationality and science. But in fact, the New Culture Movement advocated the survival of the fittest from the vulgar evolutionary point of view, and it was extreme, one-sided and almost irrational.

The New Culture Movement flaunted its opposition to autocracy and advocated people's independence. Oppose Confucianism and admire Legalism. However, Lu Xun is praised by contemporary people as China's Nietzsche. If Confucianism is autocratic, Legalists are at least more autocratic than Confucianism and have been polluted by people. Nietzsche himself was later regarded as the pioneer of fascist theory. Where is rationality?

The New Culture School denied China's tradition in literature and called it "literary revolution". Later, this trend of negative doubt developed to deny all the so-called old things in China (how similar to the Cultural Revolution! ), even in China. Ah Q is the representative of China people's international image. Let's take a look at the proposition of the new culture school:

First, abolish Chinese.

Cancel Chinese and replace it with English or French (Liu Bannong, Qian).

Second, the abolition of Chinese characters.

To maintain the vitality of China, it is necessary to cancel the Chinese characters (money) that record Taoist myths;

If Chinese characters are not abolished, China will die (Hu Shi);

Chinese characters will eventually be abolished, and if people cover them, they will be abolished, and if people stay, they will die. In this era, there is no way to survive (Lu Xun);

Third, abolish China opera.

Fourth, abolish Chinese medicine

Verb (abbreviation of verb) literary revolution

19 17, 1 In June, Hu Shi published "My humble opinion on literary improvement", proposing for the first time that vernacular literature should replace classical Chinese and vernacular literature should replace ancient Chinese literature. In February, Chen Duxiu published "On Literary Revolution", which changed from improvement to revolution, flaunting the so-called national literature and equating traditional literature with aristocratic literature and feudal literature. Chen actively advocated the "three principles" of his so-called literary revolutionary army, namely: overthrowing aristocratic literature and building national literature; Pushing down classical literature and building realistic literature; Tear down mountain forest literature and establish social literature. This kind of labeling civilization and its carrier, beating it down with a stick, and then casually putting on a high hat and going up indefinitely, is there some kind of back channel in communication?

Six, ...

Seven, ...

Abolish! Abolish! Abolish! ……

Get down. Get down. Get down. ……

This madness really makes people think, should we embrace civilization or die of civilization? If all these abolishment are realized, what is left of China? I'm afraid we China people really don't understand China people! But what if it is not realized or not fully realized? Then the new culture school has something to say, what you have done is not thorough enough!

Another disadvantage brought by this extreme is that the style of study is frivolous, and scholars pursue sensational effect and advertising effect; The literary revolution brought the life of China civilization, and the accumulation of thousands of years of civilization was destroyed and lost. 19 12, Cai Yuanpei abolished "reading classics" in primary schools, 1920, and all Chinese subjects in primary schools were changed to vernacular. Today, few people in China can read classical Chinese; Most people who read classical Chinese only regard it as a personal hobby and read it with appreciation. Chinese civilization lost its development. With the demise of the Qing Dynasty, it stayed in the past forever and became a lifeless thing.

The third negative influence is anti-moralism.

The New Culture School opposed Confucianism and overthrew Kongjiadian. In Lu Xun's view, China's book has only three words-"man eats man", which is hidden in the cracks of benevolence, righteousness and morality. The only thing that has remained unchanged in China for thousands of years is the hypocritical benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom of Taoism. The New Culture School also depicts a bright and splendid society of fraternity and new morality for us, which makes people recognize the so-called narrow old moral society:

"We are not satisfied with the old morality. Because the scope of filial piety is too narrow. It is too cunning to say that love is equal, and it is too cunning to give it to parents. " What is the New Culture Movement? Chen Duxiu) Mr. Mozi's all-embracing old tune has long been proved to be inhuman, but it has become a treasure in the hands of the New Culture School. Lei Feng's spirit can be described as universal love, and Chinese people have studied and practiced it for many years. On the contrary, Mencius criticized the phenomenon that "animals are worse than eating people" from time to time, and people have heard about dogs kneeling.

Morality has a strong practicality. Only by examining the subtlety of human nature and proceeding from the road that conforms to human nature can we truly practice morality. Inhumane morality will not last long.

Zi Gong is a disciple of Confucius, a businessman with a name of kindness and wealth. On one occasion, he redeemed a Lu who became a slave abroad. According to Lu's law, the state should pay the corresponding compensation to the redeemed, but the rich son Gong didn't get the compensation he deserved. He thinks a gentleman should help people in need, and besides, he has money. What ransom is this?

Zi Gong told Confucius about it. Confucius said, "Here, it's your fault to do so." Zi Gong was a little surprised and asked why. Confucius said: "taking the compensation you deserve from the government will not do any harm to your virtue." Not taking compensation is to suggest to others that taking compensation is a sign of low morality. I'm afraid that from now on, Lu people will no longer redeem their compatriots. "Confucius is very observant!

When people raise their moral standards to the point where they need to look up to see and do it, the moral practice of this society can only be observed by others.

Mr. Lu Xun has a metaphor of a vest, saying that the old vest is not worn out, and people can make a new vest to wear. We can also say that if the new vest is still painted cakes, the old vest can be discarded.

The ultimate goal of negation is to deny yourself. Now, after nearly a century of development, denying the so-called feudal morality has reached the point of denying the morality advocated by those who advocated denying morality at the beginning. "Immorality" has become the mantra of some people.

The above three points are the main negative effects brought by the New Culture Movement. I have no intention of denying the historical significance of the New Culture Movement ―― although it should be denied in some aspects and it is very important. Instead, we hope that in today's construction of a new civilization, we can build an independent, contemporary and vital new China civilization from the reality of China with the broad mind of "Mount Tai does not allow soil, rivers and seas do not choose small streams, and kings do not take the crowd".

References:

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