What are trade barriers

Question 1: what are trade barriers in international trade, affecting and restricting the free flow of goods in a variety of means and measures, called trade barriers or trade barriers. Such barriers can generally be divided into tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers. The so-called tariff barriers, refers to the import and export commodities through a country's customs border, by *** set up by the customs to impose tariffs on importers and exporters formed a trade obstacles. According to the purpose of tariffs, there are two kinds of tariffs: first, fiscal tariffs, the main purpose of which is to increase national revenue; second, protective tariffs, the main purpose of which is to protect the country's economic development and impose high tariffs on the import of foreign goods. The higher the protective tariff, the greater the role of protection, or even practically equal to the ban on imports. Non-tariff barriers, refers to tariffs in addition to all the import restrictions formed by the obstacles to trade, can be divided into direct restrictions and indirect restrictions of two categories. Direct restrictions refers to the importing country to take certain measures to directly limit the number or amount of imports, such as import quotas, import licensing system, foreign exchange control, import minimum price. Indirect restrictions are indirectly through the development of strict regulations on imports, regulations and other indirect restrictions on imports of goods, such as discriminatory *** procurement policies, harsh technical standards, health and safety regulations, inspection and packaging, labeling requirements and a variety of other mandatory technical regulations. Green trade barriers, refers to environmental (non-tariff) barriers, is the international community in order to protect human beings, animals and plants and the health and safety of the ecological environment, and to take direct or indirect restrictions or even prohibit the import and export of certain commodities of laws, regulations and policy measures. In essence, developed countries rely on their scientific and technological personnel and environmental protection level, through legislative means, the formulation of strict mandatory technical standards, so that the products from developing countries to keep out. Technical barriers to trade is the main form of non-tariff barriers, refers to the commodity importing countries to develop technical regulations, standards and conformity assessment procedures for foreign imports of goods constitute a trade barrier. That is, through the enactment of laws, regulations, technical standards, certification systems, inspection systems, etc., in the technical indicators, health and quarantine, commodity packaging and labeling and other aspects of the development of harsh regulations, and ultimately to achieve the purpose or effect of restricting imports, this restriction or impediment to imports of technical measures is a technical barrier to trade

Question 2: What are the barriers to international trade barriers to trade (Barrier to trade), also known as obstacles to trade. Barriers to trade (Barrier to trade) is also known as trade barriers. The exchange of foreign goods and services set up artificial restrictions, mainly refers to a country's imports of foreign goods and services to implement a variety of restrictive measures.

Trade barriers are generally divided into tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers.

Tariff barriers are one of the main forms of trade barriers. It refers to a country (region) *** set up by the customs on the import and export of goods imported and exported to the country (region) customs territory of the formation of a trade barrier. Common tariff barriers include the following: tariff peaks, tariff escalation, tariff quotas.

The main forms of non-tariff barriers are: import bans, quota management, import and export license management, customs clearance barriers, import and export of state monopolies, discriminatory *** procurement policies, discriminatory domestic taxes and fees, Customs valuation, quantitative foreign exchange controls, import deposit management, technical barriers to trade, animal and plant inspection and quarantine measures, rules of origin, subsidies and so on.

Specific reference: tbt.testrust/library/detail/14397

Question 3: Classification of trade barriers Generally divided into two categories: non-tariff barriers and tariff barriers. In a broad sense, where normal trade is impeded, the role of market competition mechanism is interfered with a variety of artificial measures, are trade barriers to the scope. For example, import duties or other tariffs that play an equivalent role; quantitative restrictions on the flow of goods; discriminatory measures or practices among producers, buyers or users (especially with regard to prices or trading conditions and freight charges); subsidies or special burdens imposed by the State; and restrictive practices for the purpose of dividing up the scope of the market or seeking additional profits, and so on. Tariff liberalization, liberalization of trade in goods and barriers to trade in services under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), while making considerable progress in tariffs, has had little effect in other areas. While some forms of trade barriers have been weakened, others have been strengthened and new ones have emerged. With the increasing membership of international trade organizations such as the WTO and the establishment of regional organizations, such as the North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA), tariff barriers to non-member countries of these two types of organizations are still in effect. However, it is worth noting that the role of non-tariff barriers at the international level is on the rise, or has a tendency to rise. The certification requirements imposed by some developed countries on products from other countries, utilizing their own technological advantages, have greatly hampered the export of manufactured goods from less developed and developing countries; only resource-based primary products can be exported. This has exacerbated the economic and trade development gap between the North and the South. In addition, developed countries, as well as some sub-developed and even developing countries are increasingly used anti-dumping measures, is also one of the non-tariff barriers. As far as China is concerned, quotas and licensing systems also belong to the latter. The so-called tariff barriers refer to a kind of trade obstacles formed by the tariffs imposed on importers and exporters by the customs set up by the *** when imported and exported commodities pass through a country's customs border. According to the purpose of tariffs, there are two kinds of tariffs: first, fiscal tariffs, the main purpose of which is to increase the country's fiscal revenue; second, protective tariffs, the main purpose of which is to protect the country's economic development and impose high tariffs on the import of foreign goods. The higher the protective tariff, the greater the protective effect, or even practically equivalent to banning imports. In addition to tariffs, it refers to all import restrictions other than the formation of trade barriers, which can be divided into two categories of direct and indirect restrictions. Direct restrictions refers to the importing country to take certain measures to directly limit the number or amount of imported goods, such as import quotas, import licensing system, foreign exchange control, import minimum price. Indirect restrictions are indirectly through the import of goods to develop strict regulations, laws and regulations to restrict the import of goods, such as discriminatory *** procurement policies, harsh technical standards, health and safety regulations, inspection and packaging, labeling requirements, and a variety of other mandatory technical regulations. Measures implemented or supported by a foreign country (or region) *** are regarded as trade barriers if they have one of the following circumstances: l. Violation of a multilateral trade treaty in which that country (or region) participates with China *** or a bilateral trade agreement with China; 2. Constituting, or likely to constitute, an unreasonable impediment or restriction to the entry of Chinese products or services into that country's (or region's) market or into the market of a third country (or region); 3, Causes or is likely to cause unreasonable harm to the competitiveness of Chinese products or services in the market of that country (or region) or in the market of a third country (or region). Failure of a foreign country (or region) *** to fulfill its obligations under a multilateral trade treaty with China *** or a bilateral trade agreement with China is also considered a trade barrier. The more common trade barriers in practice are mainly reflected in the following aspects: tariff measures in violation of commitments; import management restrictions (including customs clearance restrictions, domestic taxes and fees, import bans, import licenses, etc.) lacking a basis in rules; technical regulations, product standards, conformity assessment procedures, sanitary and phytosanitary measures lacking a scientific basis; and unjustified anti-dumping, countervailing, safeguard measures and other trade remedy measures; *** Procurement practices restricting imported products in violation of relevant rules; export restrictions; subsidies; restrictions on access to and operation of trade in services; unreasonable trade-related intellectual property rights measures; other trade barriers, etc.　　 Tariff barriers, also known as tariff measures, refer to measures that impede imports in terms of tariff setting, tax calculation methods and tariff administration. Common tariff barriers have several forms: tariffs (ad valorem tariffs, ad valorem tariffs, selective tariffs, mixed tariffs), tariff peaks, tariff escalation, tariff quotas, and special tariffs (additional tariffs). 1. tariff reduction (tariff reduction) For example, a WTO member fails to reduce the level of reduction promised by that country's schedule of concessions. ...... >>

Question 4: What is the meaning of trade barriers Barriers to trade (Barrier to trade) is also known as trade barriers. The exchange of foreign goods and services set up artificial restrictions, mainly refers to a country's imports of foreign goods and services to the implementation of a variety of restrictive measures.

Question 5: What is the meaning of non-trade barriers Trade barriers (Trade barrier) Trade barriers are also known as trade obstacles. The exchange of goods and services between countries and foreign countries set up artificial restrictions, mainly refers to a country's imports of foreign goods and services to implement a variety of restrictive measures.

Non-trade barriers are restrictions on imports that are not imposed by ***, such as cultural, religious, and so on.

Question 6: What is the SPS / TBT barriers to trade "SPS" full name "Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures" sanitary and phytosanitary measures. The fundamental purpose of the provision is: to promote international trade in the direction of freer, fairer, non-discriminatory development. The essence of the establishment of such an objective is that all members believe that the implementation of sanitary and phytosanitary measures on international trade will have a certain degree of non-tariff restrictive measures, that is, the nature of technical barriers to trade. In fact, in the specific formulation of their national animal and plant health protection measures, all members are more or less interested in taking advantage of the principle provisions of this agreement to act in a way that maximizes the protection of their national interests. That is, to maximize the use of these principle provisions to limit the entry of other countries' products and promote the export of their own products.

TBT is a technical barrier to trade "Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement" (referred to as "TBT Agreement" technical barriers to trade mainly refers to those mandatory and non-mandatory technical regulations, standards, and inspection of goods by the importing country of the formation of trade barriers to the formation of conformity assessment procedures, that is, through the promulgation of laws, decrees, ordinances, regulations, the establishment of technical standards, certification systems, Inspection and quarantine system, etc., on foreign imports of goods to develop harsh and cumbersome technical, health and quarantine, commodity packaging and labeling standards, thereby raising the requirements of imported products, increasing the difficulty of importation, and ultimately achieve the purpose of restricting imports.

Question 7: What is meant by green trade barriers? Green barriers is "green trade barriers" for short, also known as environmental barriers, ecological barriers or environmental trade measures. Green barriers have a narrow and broad understanding of the two. Green barriers in the narrow sense refers to a country in the name of protecting the ecological environment and human health, in order to restrict imports, protect trade for the purpose of importing foreign goods specially set up with discriminatory or normal environmental protection is not necessary for trade barriers. Green barriers in a broad sense refers to the commodity importing countries in the name of protecting human health and the environment, through the promulgation and implementation of strict environmental regulations and harsh environmental technical standards, in order to restrict the import of foreign products trade protectionist measures.

"Green barriers" are different from other types of trade barriers in that they are characterized by rationality in appearance, covertness in approach, and discrimination in implementation. Green barriers are usually used to protect the environment, natural resources and life and health as a pretext, ostensibly in line with the requirements of sustainable development and human health development, and based on international conventions and country-specific laws and regulations and other public legislation, with the appearance of reasonableness. Green barriers use the name of environmental protection in the name of trade protectionism, so that exporters are difficult to foresee its content and changes, not good to adapt and respond.

"Green barriers" are set by importing countries according to their own specific trade conditions with other countries, which as a new trade protectionism measures can effectively prevent the import of foreign products for the domestic market to provide effective protection barrier, but also less likely to cause trade friction. With the continuous development of economic globalization and international economic integration, the traditional non-tariff barriers have been gradually cut, green barriers are increasingly becoming the main obstacle to the development of international trade, which has a growing impact on international trade.

Question 8: What are trade barriers Reasons for trade barriers Reasons

1 The deterioration of the world's environment has caused changes in human values

2 Traditional non-tariff barriers are increasingly being condemned by the international community

3 The existence of various green organizations and their political influence

4 Differences in environmental standards among countries

5 Existing international trade rules and agreements are imperfect and lack binding force

Background

1 Global environmental problems have made environmental protection a global ****same call

2 The emergence of trade and environmental problems has given a reasonable excuse for the implementation of green barriers

3 Relevant provisions in the GATT and the WTO have given legitimacy to the implementation of green barriers

4 Developing countries are increasingly using green barriers as a means of protecting the environment.

4The gap between developing countries and developed countries in science and technology and economic development is an important factor in the rapid development of green barriers.

I hope it can help you Oh, O(∩_∩)O haha~