Method for plan grape in greenhouse

Grape planting has high benefits and good prospects, so many farmers are planting grapes. How to grow grapes in the greenhouse? The following is the greenhouse grape planting method I carefully arranged for you. Let's have a look.

Method for plan grape in greenhouse

To cultivate grapes in greenhouse, we must choose very early-maturing, early-maturing and middle-maturing varieties, such as Kyoho, Jingya, Zaosheng Mogao (Yu Zi), Fenghuang 5 1, Nezha, Richamat and so on. And Jufeng is the first choice. There are two cultivation systems, one for each year or many years, and one for each year is better. In the newly-built greenhouse, planting ditches with a depth of 40-60 cm and a width of 100cm are dug according to the planting row spacing, and 4,000 kilograms of fully decomposed high-quality organic fertilizer and a proper amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer mixed with soil are filled in the planting ditches. The wide and narrow row system is implemented, with the narrow row spacing of 50-60 cm, the wide row spacing of 2.5 m and the plant spacing of 40 cm. Select 1 year-old seedlings with full and robust buds, and dip the roots with 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate yellow mud first to improve the survival rate. Then dig planting pits according to the row spacing, each pit is 30-40 cm wide. Plant the seedlings in the pit and water them. Then cover with plastic film to moisturize.

Top dressing 50-100g for seedlings with a height of 40cm, and then top dressing every 50 days. 165438+ 10, the frozen water is poured once in early October; 12 in late February or 10 year 10 in early October. Water once before flowering, and 2-3 times after flowering and berry coloring. After the grapes germinate, they will be put on the shelves, and the secondary buds will be smeared to keep the strong buds, and the new shoots without inflorescences will be removed. When flowering, leave 5-6 leaves above the fruiting branches, then pick the heart and remove the tendrils. When the temperature is below 7.2℃, the Jufeng grape can cover the roof with plastic film in front of the shed after the dormancy period of 1, 200- 1, 500 hours and 438+0 in early June, so that no light can be seen indoors. Open all vents and control the indoor temperature at-10℃ ~ 7.2℃, which not only increases the low temperature, but also prevents icing. From germination to flowering, the temperature should be above 10℃, and air will be released when it reaches 28℃ during the day. The flowering period should be above 15℃, and the suitable temperature is 18℃ ~ 28℃. After coloring berries, the temperature at night should be controlled at about 65438 05℃, and should not exceed 20℃. 25℃ ~ 32℃ during the day is beneficial to coloring and increasing the content of soluble solids. The temperature is controlled at 70% ~ 80%, and carbon dioxide gas fertilizer can be supplemented during the growth period; Spraying 0.2% borax solution before flowering can improve the fruit setting rate; Spraying 1500 times ethephon and 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution before ripening.

There are many pests and diseases on grapes in greenhouse. After germination, 1605 liquid can be sprayed to control horses. Spraying 800 times of zineb wettable powder and 1500 times of cypermethrin before flowering to control ear blight, black pox, horse plague, red spider and other pests and diseases. Spraying 1 ~ 2 times 700 times 90% ethyl phosphate or 1000 times tetramethyl thiophanate during fruit growth period to control powdery mildew and downy mildew. When the whole fruit ear is purple with fruit powder, the pulp is soft, sweet and juicy, with a slight strawberry flavor, and the joint between the fruit stalk and the fruit branch is gradually lignified and turns yellow-brown, it can be harvested. Due to the inconsistent maturity, it can be harvested in stages.

Cultivation method of greenhouse grape

(a) Promoting the selection of cultivation sites

Should choose leeward, sunny, no tall shade, loose and fertile soil, convenient watering place.

(2) Types of cultivation and extension

1, solar greenhouse

Use sunlight to raise the room temperature without heating. Greenhouse requires light transmission, heat preservation and convenient work, and plastic film is often used in production. The back wall height 1.6- 1.7m, ridge height 2.8-3.0m, middle column height 2.2m, front column height 1.55m, width 6-7m and length 60-70m of greenhouse. The three walls (back wall, left and right walls) of a greenhouse can be adobe, brick, earth, etc. The wall thickness is 40-50 cm. Because the outside temperature tends to be stable at this time, the grapes have passed the natural dormancy period. As long as proper temperature and humidity are given, the grapes can germinate and grow, which can mature 45 days earlier than that in the open field, and the economic benefit is 2-3 times that in the open field. In greenhouse, straw curtains and other coverings can be added to the shed film to enhance the heat preservation effect at night. Because this type has low cost, high benefit and rapid development.

2. Warm greenhouse

On the basis of solar greenhouse, heating systems such as air, diesel engine and firewall are used. Installed and covered the shed, which was put into production in early June. At this time, the grapes are still in dormancy, and people need to cooperate to break the dormancy, such as using 5 times of lime nitrogen clear solution, 1: 1 Murray clear solution, 20%. This kind of greenhouse has high economic benefit, but its cost is also high, and its management cost is labor-intensive, so it is relatively seldom used in production.

3. Plastic shed

In the first ten days of March, the greenhouse was directly made on grapes growing in the open field, with bamboo slices as the arch skeleton, covered with plastic film (PVC drip-free film is ideal), with no cover, and the collapse degree was 7-8m. The length depends on the convenience of work and the height depends on the original grape stand. This kind of greenhouse requires light transmission, heat preservation and wind resistance, and it can be earlier than open field 15-20 days. The greenhouse is simple and easy to build, with low cost and remarkable benefits. Intercropping vegetables in early spring, the income of 667 square meters is more than 2000 yuan.

The above three forms of repair promotion have their own advantages and disadvantages. From the perspective of cultivation benefits, solar greenhouse is better than plastic greenhouse, and the fruit ripens early. Fruits ripen in the plastic greenhouse between the open field and the greenhouse, which fills the gap of fresh fruit supply, not only achieves the purpose of perennial supply of grapes, but also increases income.

(3) Diversity

1, a Eurasian species from Nezha, is one of the excellent early-maturing varieties to promote cultivation. Good performance in the shed, no fruit cracking, good color. Plastic greenhouse is 20-25 days earlier than open field, and solar greenhouse is 60 days earlier.

2. Fenghuang 5 1, a Eurasian species, is an excellent early-maturing variety, which performs well in greenhouse or greenhouse production and is basically disease-free from production to harvest. It can be 25 days earlier in the plastic shed than in the open field (closed in mid-March and listed in mid-June).

3. The hybrids from Beijing, Asia, Europe and America have above-average quality, strong growth, high yield and early disease resistance.

4. Jingxiu Eurasian species, with strong disease resistance, high yield and no fruit cracking, is an early-maturing fresh food species with excellent flavor.

5. Fujiminori is a hybrid variety of Europe and America, which has strong disease resistance and storage and transportation resistance, and is an excellent medium-mature variety.

6. Jufeng, a hybrid between Europe and America, has strong growth, high yield and strong disease resistance. In greenhouse production, we must pay attention to controlling the yield, otherwise it will affect the coloring or delay the ripening (generally the yield is controlled at 1500-2000kg/667m2).

(4) Grape cultivation management

1, cultivation frame

Greenhouse cultivation frame is not limited, and hedgerow shed can be used. Hedgerows are generally planted in the north-south direction, with a row spacing of 2m and a plant spacing of 0.5-1m.. (If no soil is buried in winter, the row spacing can be 1.5m).

2, winter pruning

In greenhouse or plastic shed, the incidence of light is affected due to the blocking of plastic film, so the light intensity in the shed is about 1/3 less than that in the open field, and the air flow in the shed is small, which directly affects the synthesis of photosynthetic products in leaves. Therefore, whether in greenhouse or plastic greenhouse production, the permeability of grape trellis must be guaranteed, otherwise the trellis will be closed because of too dense branches, too long branches and too long internodes, which will affect fruit setting. Therefore, pruning cultivation in winter should be advocated. In order to ensure that there are 8- 12 new shoots per square meter, priority should be given to pruning the middle branches, combined with the mixed pruning of long, medium and short branches, and the amount of buds left can be flexibly controlled. Results The thickness of the mother branch was about 0.8 cm.

3, buckle shed and shed time

Generally, it is carried out after the natural dormancy period of grapes, and it can be done in late February or early March in Hebei Province. At this time, the outside temperature tends to be stable, and the production in the shed is safer. When the outdoor temperature rises to 25-26℃, it is better to evacuate the shed.

4. Temperature management

Temperature management is the key to greenhouse and greenhouse production. Ensure that grapes are not affected by low temperature and high temperature under artificial control. In order to keep the temperature of greenhouse and uncovered greenhouse, a cold-proof ditch with a width of 40-50cm and a depth of 50cm can be dug around the greenhouse, and the ditch is filled with heat insulation fillers such as weeds or sawdust to prevent indoor temperature from spreading outwards and cold air from invading inwards. The ground in the greenhouse can also be covered with plastic film, which can increase the ground temperature during the day and keep the soil moisture and adjust the temperature at night.

Heating to accelerate germination: The natural dormancy period of grapes generally ends from late October to early February at 65438+/kloc-0, and the greenhouse with cover can be heated to accelerate germination during this period. If there is no mulch, the temperature should be delayed for about 20 days to accelerate germination. At this time, the temperature should be controlled at 15-20℃, and the night temperature should be 5- 10℃. By the third week, the temperature can rise to 20-25℃, and the night temperature should be above 12℃. In this way, the buds can germinate after about 15-20 days, and it takes 30-40 days for the plastic greenhouse that cannot be heated at night to be uncovered. At this stage, the temperature should not be too high, because the ground temperature rises slowly and the root activity is weak. If the temperature in the shed is too high, flower buds will germinate quickly, resulting in imbalance between the ground and the ground, which will affect the growth of flower buds and the differentiation of flower heads. The humidity should be kept above 90%.

From germination to flowering: during this period, the new shoots grow rapidly, but the ear differentiation in winter buds is still going on, so the temperature and humidity in the shed should not be too high, and the humidity should be kept at 20-25℃ and 60% during the day to prevent the new shoots from growing white.

Flowering period: Flowering period can be controlled at 25-28℃ and the relative humidity is lower. Air drying is beneficial to pollen maturation, pollination and fertilization, and attention should be paid to ventilation in the shed during this period.

Young fruit expands to maturity: at this time, the temperature should be kept at 25-28℃, which is conducive to fruit expansion to maturity and discoloration. In general greenhouses, the plastic film should be removed at this time. Note: The temperature in the growing period should not exceed 35℃.

(e) New tip management

Because of the high temperature in the greenhouse or shed, the cleanliness of plastic film is not enough, the vines are too long and the internode growth is not full, so the management of vines is stricter than that in the open field.

1, shoot at the right time.

When the new shoots grow to about 40cm, they should be tied up and put on the shelves. When the flowering spike can distinguish the fruiting branches, the new shoots that are not flowering and too strong and too weak should be erased to make the new shoots grow neatly.

Fixed branches: branches should not be too dense. Generally, the new shoot is about 20cm away from the fruiting branch of the hedge frame. Ensure ventilation and light transmission on the surface of the frame. Keep about 12 new tips per square meter.

2, timely coring and auxiliary tip processing

Results The new shoots should be cored about 7 days before flowering to improve the fruit setting rate. The strength of enucleation should be 4-6 leaves above the ear (the giant peak with poor fruit setting can be enucleated in 3-4 leaves). After core removal, all the secondary branches except the top two extension sections are removed, and the secondary branches with two top extension sections are repeatedly picked with 3-4 leaves.

3. Pinch off the spike tip and remove the secondary tip before flowering.

The pinch tip should be 1/3- 1/4 of the ear, so that the ear is more compact and the ear shape is more regular.

Step 4 Adjust the number of fruit bowls

Remove the spikes from the weak shoots, only one spike will be left on each new shoot after fruit setting, and two spikes can be left on the strong fruiting branch at the front end of the fruiting vine, ensuring that there are about 10 functional leaves per spike, and 8- 10 new shoots will be left on each square meter of frame surface.

Leave 10 leaves for core removal, and control the yield at 1500-2000Kg/667m2.

(6) Management of soil, fertilizer and water

The high utilization rate of soil in greenhouses requires loose and fertile soil, which creates good soil conditions for Portugal. Generally, the greenhouse production uses less chemical fertilizer, mainly organic fertilizer, and the fertilization of 667m2 is about 3000Kg, which can basically meet the needs of grape growth in one year. The dosage of urea should be controlled at 25-50g/ plant, and more phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be applied (pure nitrogen10.5kg, phosphorus 3Kg and potassium10.5kg are needed to produce Kyoho grape). In the greenhouse or shed, because of the high temperature, the fertilizer decomposes quickly and the fertilizer efficiency plays a rapid role. In order to avoid excessive growth of branches and vines, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied in greenhouse should be less than that in open field. Fertilization method should be carried out in a ditch 30-40cm away from the root neck, with a depth of 40-50cm and a width of 40cm. In the second year, apply it on the other side to renew the root system year after year. Under the condition of only applying chemical fertilizer, the plant grows normally without fertilizer phenomenon, and no topdressing is needed before the expansion period of young fruit begins. Spraying potassium dihydrogen phosphate (concentration 0.3%) continuously every 65,438+00 days can enhance the stress resistance of plants, increase the sugar content of fruits, promote coloring and branch ripening, and increase the application amount of urea when grapes germinate.

Water management: Irrigation should be combined with all growth stages of grapes: germination and germination stages need a lot of water, so irrigation should be carried out after the shed is closed, and the air humidity should reach 90% to facilitate germination. Plastic film can be spread to raise ground temperature, keep moisture and promote root growth. After germination, the temperature is lowered by airing, and watering is controlled to prevent the branches from growing in vain. During flowering, it is necessary to air dry and stop watering, which is beneficial to pollen maturity. Irrigation from fruit setting stage to fruit expansion stage is helpful to the rapid growth of fruit grains. When fruits are ripe and colored, watering should be stopped to improve the quality of berries. Watering winter water after defoliation.

Key points of grape planting in greenhouse

1, time to market

The main reasons for the high price of greenhouse grapes are their time to market and the characteristics of off-season sales. Generally, the earliest greenhouse grapes in the south are listed around April, and the earliest greenhouse grapes in the north are listed around June. Therefore, some early-maturing varieties can be selected in greenhouse grape planting to occupy the fruit sales market from April to June, because northern fruits are mainly used in this season.

2. Picking cycle

If the greenhouse area is relatively large, we can consider the way of multiple varieties interplanting, such as early-maturing, middle-maturing and late-maturing varieties interplanting, which can prolong the picking time of a greenhouse, but the same greenhouse should not have more than four varieties, because too many varieties will bring different ways of using drugs during grape flowering, and small planting area will also have a great impact on grape pollination during flowering.

3. The difference between greenhouse and cold shed

The so-called greenhouse mainly refers to the greenhouse with adjustable temperature, or the greenhouse with night heat preservation measures. The cold greenhouse refers to the ordinary plastic greenhouse whose temperature in the greenhouse cannot be adjusted. The grape growing methods between them are different. The planting method of cold shed is the same as that of open-air grape, but it is listed about one month earlier than open-air grape under photosynthesis. Therefore, some high-yield and high-yield grape varieties should be selected when planting in cold shed. In the greenhouse, grape varieties with good taste and good appearance quality are generally selected.

4. Mainly recommend greenhouse varieties and cold-shed grape varieties.

Greenhouse grape is a variety with good taste and good appearance; For example, Victoria, Beauty Finger, Golden Finger, Zaojufeng, Seedless and other grape varieties.