What are the nursery rhymes, poems and customs of ancient and modern literati describing the Spring Festival?

Tianjiayuan Day

(Tang) Meng Haoran

I returned to the north last night and set out from the east today;

I'm already strong, and I'm worried about agriculture without money.

Mulberry field cultivates father, lotus hoe follows shepherd boy;

Tian said that this year's climate is abundant.

Selling dementia

(Tang) Fan Chengda

On new year's eve, people don't sleep, tired of being depressed and forcing the new year;

Children are told to take the long street, and clouds are called to sell if they have dementia.

Except at night.

(Tang) Legu

It's a matter of unity being empty, and Wan Li is lovesick overnight.

Worried that the crow dies, you will see the spring breeze again.

The first day of the lunar month

(Song) Wang Anshi

In addition to the one-year-old firecrackers, the spring breeze sends warmth into Tu Su;

Thousands of families always trade new peaches for old ones.

Yuanri Yulouchun

Maopang (Song Dynasty)

Every year, the lotus drops leak, and Bijing Tu Su sinks the frozen wine.

Han Xiao is still cheating. She is slim in spring.

Beauty urges a long life, and cypress leaves and green peppers are covered with beautiful sleeves.

Deep in my hometown, I don't know each other, but I only stay with Dong Jun.

New Year's Eve

Wen Tianxiang (Southern Song Dynasty)

Dry kunkong, years go to the church;

The end of the road is stormy, and the poor side is full of ice and snow.

Life disappears with the years, and the body is forgotten;

There is no dream of killing Sue. The night is still young and the lights are burning.

Article: Lao She

According to the old rules in Beijing, the Spring Festival begins almost at the beginning of the twelfth lunar month. "Pull up Bala and freeze to death in western Western jackdaw", which is the coldest time of the year. However, as soon as the severe winter is over, it will soon be spring, and people have not reduced their enthusiasm for the Spring Festival and the Spring Festival because of the cold. On Laba Festival, people will eat Laba porridge at home and in temples. This special porridge is used to worship ancestors, but when you think about it, it is a pride of agricultural society-this porridge is made of all kinds of rice, all kinds of beans and all kinds of dried fruits (almonds, walnuts, melon seeds, litchi meat, lotus seeds, peanuts, raisins, water chestnut rice ...). This is not porridge, but a small agricultural exhibition.

Laba will also soak Laba garlic on this day. On this day, garlic cloves are put in high vinegar, sealed and eaten in jiaozi for Chinese New Year. By the end of the year, garlic is soaked like jade, and vinegar has some spicy taste, which makes people want to eat more jiaozi. In Beijing, during the Spring Festival, every family eats jiaozi.

Since Laba, shopkeepers have stepped up the purchase of new year's goods, and more stalls have been added on the street-those selling Spring Festival couplets, New Year pictures, honey products, daffodils and so on. Only in this season. These stalls, which catch up with the new year's goods, have taught the children to have a fast heartbeat. In hutongs, the shouting sounds are more complicated than usual, and some only appear in the twelfth lunar month, such as selling constitutional books, pine branches, barley, rice cakes and so on.

When there was an emperor, schoolchildren didn't go to school on the 19th of the twelfth lunar month and took annual leave in January. When children prepare for the Spring Festival, the first thing they do is almost to buy mixed food. This is made of various dried fruits (peanuts, dates, hazelnuts, chestnuts, etc.). ) mix candied fruit. Ordinary ones have skins and advanced ones have no skins-for example, ordinary ones use hazelnuts with skins and advanced ones use hazelnuts. Children like to eat these odds and ends. Even if they don't have jiaozi to eat, they have to buy mixed food. Their second big thing is to buy firecrackers, especially boys. I'm afraid the third thing is to buy toys-kites, diabolos, harmonicas, etc. -And New Year pictures.

Children are anxious, adults are nervous. They must prepare everything they eat and drink for the New Year. They must also make new shoes and clothes for children quickly to show the new atmosphere of Vientiane in the new year.

This is almost a "rehearsal" to celebrate the New Year on the 23rd. In the old society, firecrackers sounded at every household of the king, and the paper image of the kitchen god was burned to ashes with the firecrackers, which was euphemistically called sending the kitchen god to heaven. A few days ago, there were many people selling maltose and glutinous rice sugar in the street. The shape of sugar was rectangular or melon-shaped. According to the old saying: the kitchen god has sticky sugar on his mouth, and even if he goes to heaven, he will not report the bad things at home to the jade emperor. Now, there are still selling sugar, but it is only for everyone to enjoy, and it is no longer confined to the mouth of the chef.

After twenty-three, everyone will be busy, and the New Year will arrive in a blink of an eye. Before New Year's Eve, every household should put up Spring Festival couplets and have a general cleaning, which is called general cleaning. We must prepare enough meat, chicken, fish, vegetables and rice cakes for at least a week-according to the old custom, most shopkeepers close their doors in Wutian Gate until the sixth day of the first month. If you don't prepare food for the next few days, it's not easy to make up temporarily. Also, in the old society, my mother said that it was unlucky to cut everything that should be cut on New Year's Eve, in order to save the knives from the first day to the fifth day of the first month. This means superstition, but it also shows that we are really peace-loving people, and we don't even want to move a kitchen knife at the age of one.

New Year's Eve is really lively. Every family is scrambling to make new year's dishes, and there is wine and meat everywhere. Men, women and children all put on new clothes, put up red couplets outside the door, and put up various New Year pictures in the house. All the houses were lit all night, and guns were fired day and night. People who work outside will go home for a family reunion dinner and worship their ancestors unless they have to. That night, no one slept except very young children, but everyone stayed up late.

The scene of New Year's Day is very different from that of New Year's Eve: on New Year's Eve, the street was crowded with people; On the first day of New Year's Day, all the shops put up wooden boards, and the firecrackers set off last night were piled in front of the door, and the whole city was resting.

Men go out to visit relatives and friends before noon. Women receive guests at home. At the same time, there are many temples open for people to visit inside and outside the city. Vendors set up stalls outside the temple, selling tea, food and various toys. Dazhong Temple outside the North City, Baiyun Temple outside the West City and the Temple of Fire (Long Hall) in the South City are the most famous. However, the first two or three days after the opening of the temple were not very lively, because people were still busy celebrating each other's New Year and had no time and time. On the fifth and sixth day of the fifth lunar month, the temple fair began to be beautiful, and the children went to visit it with great enthusiasm, in order to see the wild interests outside the city, ride donkeys and buy those unique toys for the New Year. There are arrogant racing cars in the square outside Baiyun Temple. In the old days, it was said that there were camel races. These competitions are not about who is the first and who is the second, but about performing the graceful postures and skills of mules, horses and riders in front of the audience.

Most shops open their doors and set off firecrackers on the sixth day. From dawn to early morning, the sound of guns in the whole city continued. Although Zhang has opened, everyone is not very busy except the shops selling food and other important daily necessities. The guys in the shop can take turns visiting temples, flyovers and operas.

Yuanxiao (Tangyuan) is listed, and the climax of the New Year is the Lantern Festival (the 13th to 17th day of the first month). New Year's Eve is lively, but there is no moonlight; What about the Lantern Festival? It happens to be the bright moon in the sky. Decent New Year's Day. Bright red Spring Festival couplets are posted in front of every household, and people are wearing new clothes, but they are not beautiful enough. Lantern Festival, hanging lights everywhere.

The whole street looks like a wedding, brightly lit and beautiful. Hundreds of lanterns are hung in famous old shops, some are all glass, some are all horns, and some are gauze lanterns; Some are colorful, and some are all the stories of painting a dream of red mansions or outlaws of the marsh. At that time, it was also an advertisement; As soon as the light is hung, anyone can go shopping; Lighting candles in the light at night will attract more people. This advertisement is not vulgar. Dried fruit shops have to do a lot of miscellaneous business during the Lantern Festival, so they often make all kinds of ice lanterns, or make one or two green dragons with wheat seedlings to attract customers.

Besides hanging lights, there are flowers in the square. A judge at the stake was lit in the Town God Temple, and the flame spit out from the mouth, ears, nose and eyes of the judge's clay sculpture. Hang sky lanterns in the park and fly into the sky like a superstar.

Men and women come out to step on the moon, watch lights and watch fireworks; The people in the street were crowded and motionless. In the old society, women didn't go out easily, and they could get some freedom during the Lantern Festival.

Children buy all kinds of fireworks to set off, even if they don't go to the street to be naughty, they can still play with sound and light at home. There are also lights at home: lanterns-palace lanterns, all kinds of paper lanterns, and gauze lanterns, with small bells inside, which will jingle when the time comes. Everyone must eat dumplings, too. This is indeed a beautiful and happy day.

Blink of an eye, we arrived at the residual light temple. Students go to school and adults go to work as usual. The New Year ends on the 19th day of the first month. The twelfth lunar month and the first lunar month are the most leisure times for everyone in rural society, such as pigs, cows and sheep. They are all growing up, so everyone has to kill pigs and sheep after a year of hard work. After the Lantern Festival, the weather turned warmer and everyone went to work again. Although Beijing is a city, it also celebrates the New Year with rural society. It's too noisy.

In the old society, Chinese New Year was inseparable from superstition. Laba porridge, Guandong sugar and jiaozi on New Year's Eve should be offered to the Buddha before people can enjoy them. Meet god on new year's eve; On the second day of the new year, the God of Wealth will be sacrificed and eat Yuanbao soup (wonton). And some people will go to the Temple of Wealth to borrow paper ingots to burn incense. On the eighth day of the first month, the old people should be lucky and pray for their longevity. So the biggest waste at that time was the money to buy waxed paper horses. Now that everyone is not superstitious, we can save this money and use it in useful places. It is particularly worth mentioning that today's children are only happy for the New Year and are not influenced by that superstition. They are only happy, not afraid-afraid of gods and ghosts. Perhaps, the Spring Festival is not as lively as before, but it is so sober and healthy. In the past, people celebrated the New Year with the blessings of ghosts and gods. Now that everyone's work is over, everyone should have a happy New Year.

Poetry: Wang Anshi in Song Dynasty

The first day of the lunar month

The roar of firecrackers, the old year has passed; The warm spring breeze ushered in the New Year, and people happily drank the newly brewed Tu Su wine.

Thousands of families always trade new peaches for old ones.

Nursery rhymes:

Children, children, don't be greedy, after Laba is the year;

Laba porridge, after drinking for a few days, is twenty-three miles away;

Twenty-three, honeydew melon is sticky; Twenty-four house sweeps;

Twenty-five, frozen tofu; Twenty-six, go to buy meat;

Twenty-seven, slaughter the rooster; Twenty-eight, send face;

Twenty-nine, steamed bread; Stay up for 30 nights;

Walking all over the street the first day and the second day.

Honey melons worship the stove, and the new year is coming;

Girls want flowers, boys want guns;

The old man wants a new felt hat.

The old lady needs a new cotton-padded jacket.

Around the Spring Festival customs:

Beijing

Since the twelfth lunar month, there have been literati writing Spring Festival couplets under the eaves of shopping malls in an attempt to earn some money for the New Year. After the sacrifice, the new Spring Festival couplets were gradually posted, and thousands of families took on a new look. Some people use James Zhu, others use red paper, and only the imperial court and imperial clan princes use white paper with red and blue edges as the rules. Those who are not imperial clan shall not use them at will.

In the twelfth lunar month, plum blossoms will be tied in a big-bellied and small-mouthed utensil and placed about five feet underground. When the fire warms the ground slightly, the plum blossoms will gradually turn white, put in paper cages and sell in the city. Momo, plum blossom and Spring Festival are also acceptable. In busy areas, stalls are set up to sell pictures, and women and children compete to buy them for fun.

Shandong Province

Eating wonton on New Year's Day in Ningyang County is called "filling the warehouse". In Huangxian County and Penglai area, it is wasteful to get up early on New Year's Day. The hostess holds a red candle to light up every corner of the room, which means to drive away the darkness with light, and then paste all kinds of window grilles made of flour on the windowsill. After getting up, the child has to climb the door and play three swings. It is said that they grow very fast. In some areas, cooking jiaozi with sesame stems means that the New Year rises like sesame blossoms, and steamed bread should be put in the pot after meals, which means there are "leftover heads". In the first year, the new wife in Jiaodong will go to her husband's grandparents' house to pay a New Year call, which is called "Zagen". It is said that when you get to your grandparents' house, you can take root, and there will be no divorce and early widowhood.

Zhejiang Province

On the first day of the Lunar New Year in Wucheng County, a long pole sokcho was placed on it, which was lit and burned, and gongs and drums were played, which was called "Qingtian Silkworm". Light a lantern on the pole until March 3. Ningbo should eat bean porridge after ancestor worship on the first day of New Year's Day, and order a "closing cannon" before closing the door at night. Shaoxing uses a "tea bowl" for Chinese New Year guests, in which olives and kumquat are put, and tea eggs are put at the same time, which is called "holding gold ingots".

Shanxi province

There are few customs of worshipping gods and ancestors in Shanxi now, but the rule of eating and not talking at the age of 30 remains. The first meal of the Spring Festival is jiaozi. When cooking jiaozi, set off firecrackers. In order to drive away evil and seek good luck, jiaozi is cooked with sesame stalks in some areas, which means that the new year is like sesame blossoms and the days are getting better and better. Jiaozi wants to cook more, it must be more than enough. When eating, in addition to one bowl per person, one or two more bowls should be served in order to prosper the population.

Fujian Province

Before going out on New Year's Day, Xiamen people should worship the jade emperor in the sky, which is called "offering sacrifices to the gods". Sacrifice flowers and fruits to God in the morning, and sacrifice and a bowl of spring rice to God at noon. Spring rice is a spring flower made by inserting red paper on white rice. "Spring" and "leftover" are homophonic in Min dialect, and spring rice is a good choice because of its "surplus every year". The fourth day in Zhangzhou is called "Jiegu". In addition to burning incense in the temple, a candy and cake box called "recommendation box" should be prepared to welcome the gods in the main hall.

Liaoning province

Many people in Liaoning light the longevity lantern on New Year's Eve and keep it on all night. From New Year's Eve to the Lantern Festival on the fifteenth day of the first month, every family hangs red lanterns, lights are lit on New Year's Eve, and lights are lit all night, which means longevity.

Married daughters can't spend the New Year at their parents' home, otherwise this year will be bad for their brothers. That's what the so-called "don't look at the bride's lamp" means on New Year's Eve. Of course, this custom with feudal superstition has been gradually forgotten with the progress of society and the changes of the times.

Guangdong Province

In Haifeng area, young people and elders pay New Year greetings, and elders will give them red envelopes or oranges. Chaozhou's Spring Festival diet includes pickled vegetables, rotten jiaozi, fermented steamed stuffed buns, tube frying and five-fruit soup. On the fourth night, every household should light a lamp and prepare a jar of water, which is called "waiting for water". On the first day of the first month in Dongguan, taro is offered with sugar, which is called "wealth is predestined friends".

Jiangsu Province

During the Spring Festival in Jiangning County, a rooster was posted at your door. On New Year's Day, there were more believers in Wuxian than in Tong Yuan Temple. Suzhou people's congress needs three firecrackers to open the door in advance on the first day of the lunar new year, which is called "promotion to the third level" When you go out in the morning, you should follow the direction specified by the Gregorian calendar, that is, the so-called "happy side of God", and go to temples such as the City God Temple and the Land Fair to burn incense. You have to go through ten temples, which is the so-called "ten temples to burn incense". From New Year's Day to Lantern Festival, huge coal is burning in the stove, which is called "Happy Group".

Heilongjiang province

It is the custom of northerners to eat jiaozi during the Spring Festival. On New Year's Eve, we must eat jiaozi, but people in Heilongjiang have to wrap some coins (usually peanuts or other nuts instead) in the jiaozi. Whoever eats this kind of jiaozi indicates good luck and good luck in the new year. In addition, Heilongjiang must eat jiaozi on the fifth day, also known as "breaking the fifth day", which means biting jiaozi, which means destroying all unlucky things, and it means driving away disasters and evil spirits.

Sichuan Province

Chengdu people don't eat during the New Year because "rice" and "sin" are homophonic. In order to avoid taboos, they eat glutinous rice balls or dried noodles to pray for family reunion and longevity. Liu Ge and other places will celebrate the "off-year" on the seventh day of the first month. Besides worshipping God and ancestors, they will also have a family reunion dinner. Chengdu people visit Du Fu Caotang in the western suburbs every day. On the first day of the Lunar New Year in Changshou County, nine candles are lit outside the door, which are called "nine-level candles" to respect heaven and earth.

Shanxi(Province)

All the clans in Fuping County are portraits of their ancestors. On the first day, they called their children and grandchildren to worship. After the sacrifice, they were given a golden banquet called "Sacrifice Sitting". On the second day of the following year, relatives and friends give each other pasta and pork, which is called "Worship Festival". On the first day of New Year's Day in Gaoling County, yellow paper is hung on a bamboo pole at dawn to worship heaven, which is called "welcoming the gods". It is said that charcoal can be hung on the door, and it can kill the plague. Shiquan County takes yellow paper as money and hangs it on the door on New Year's Day, named "Bao Gai Qian". Lintong county regards the fifth day as "send the poor festival". After cutting the paper, every household takes it to the door and throws it away. Everyone must eat enough on that day, which is called "filling the five poor"

Jilin province

Due to the cold weather in Northeast China, some fruits will have different tastes after freezing. The most common are iced pears and frozen persimmons. It is understood that the purest is frozen autumn pear. In Jilin, there is a kind of pear called Qiuli, which is sour and astringent when it is just picked, so people pick it and put it directly under the tree and cover it with a layer of leaves. The frozen autumn pear is sweet and sour, and the juice is abundant. Frozen pears should be thawed in water before eating. Eating this pear after New Year's Eve can relieve hangover and boredom.