Inspirational articles in the collection of Chinese studies

Cultural life in China

Cheng Hao, a Neo-Confucianist in the Northern Song Dynasty, wrote a poem entitled "Accidental Autumn": "N

Inspirational articles in the collection of Chinese studies

Cultural life in China

Cheng Hao, a Neo-Confucianist in the Northern Song Dynasty, wrote a poem entitled "Accidental Autumn": "Nothing is idle when you are idle, and nothing is red when you sleep. Everything is complacent when you are quiet, and you are happy when you are with people at any time. Tao passes through the material world and thinking enters the abnormal situation. Wealth is not poor and happy, and men are heroic here. " This poem expresses the life realm of a philosopher who has gone through the world and learned from others. It is "broad-minded, transcending the secular, and integrating nature with man".

The theory of life realm is an eternal humanistic topic in China traditional culture, and it is also a topic that people often talk about today. There is a poem in the Tang Dynasty: "It is endless and passed down from generation to generation, and Jiangyue is only similar year after year." Throughout the ages, as long as human beings still exist, the realm of life is an unavoidable problem. Isn't it? Facing the shocking absurdity of value and the lack of humanity in China today, we still have to explore and respond to the theory of life realm from time to time.

Speaking of the realm of life, the word "realm" is also commonly used in our daily life today. For example, when we criticize a person's low moral level, we often say that his (her) realm is low; To say that this man is moral is to praise his high realm. The word "realm" runs through every aspect of China people's life. Wang Guowei wrote a famous work "The Thorn on Earth", the main category of which is "realm". In this book, Wang Guowei emphasizes that the realm of life is the premise of literary realm, without which you can't write a poem well. From Wang Guowei's thoughts, we can clearly see that the core of China culture is the problem of life, and the realm of life is the humanistic feelings that China's traditional academics have been striving for. I think the theory of life realm in China's cultural vision is the unity of ideal and reality, eternity and the present, which generally includes these aspects:

The first aspect of life realm theory is personality theory. In traditional culture, life realm is directly related to personality realm. Westerners emphasize the expression of personality, and believe that people's internal thoughts and external expressions can have two sides, and it is not necessary to achieve internal and external unity. They pay more attention to people's privacy, probably because of this; However, from ancient times to the present, people in China have viewed personality phenomena from the moral level. Although there was no name of personality in ancient China, the related concept of "personality" has a long history. There is a saying in the Confucian classic "Book of Rites and Clothes" that "words have substance, deeds have their own style, life cannot be achieved, and death cannot be named." The "case" mentioned here also refers to the unity of internal morality and external behavior.

From Confucius to Meng Si School, the doctrine of the mean and universities advocate sincerity and self-care. Up to now, what we China people hate most is the double-dealing in our daily life. The so-called personality refers more to the moral realm of both internal and external cultivation. This moral level is based on the outlook on life. China's ancient thoughts and theories mostly taught people how to be a man, which of course involved the realm of personality. China's ancient personality is a kind of moral spirit with self-awareness and firm will, which has reached the transcendence of harmony with heaven and earth and integration with the universe. "Heaven is powerful, gentlemen strive for self-improvement" and "the terrain is vast, and gentlemen carry things with morality" put forward in Yi Zhuan is a portrayal of this resolute and heavy personality realm, and it is still our spiritual motto today.

At the same time, the realm of life is also related to a person's basic morality, which is not mysterious. No matter how the times develop, these moral bottom lines will not change. In the Wenchuan earthquake of May 65438+February 2008, a school house collapsed, and a teacher lay prone on the table, sacrificing his own life and saving four students under the table. At the same time, in another place, a teacher left his students in the earthquake and fled first. Afterwards, under the clamor of a group of "postmodernists", he shamelessly hyped himself. However, it is an indisputable fact that there is a world of difference between the two.

The second aspect of the theory of life realm refers to the spiritual realm. Without the light of the fire of the soul, the nobleness of the personality realm cannot be achieved. According to the explanation in the Dictionary of Buddhism edited by Ding, "the place where the mind climbs is called the realm", which means that the realm reached by the mind climbing is called the realm, that is, the realm, which refers to the spiritual cultivation after liberation from secular interests. Confucius said, "Knowing is not as good as being kind, and being kind is not as good as being happy." It is believed that there are three moral realms, the first is to understand and know, the second is to like and the third is to enjoy. This obviously refers to the gradual rise and sublimation of the three moral realms. Mencius once said when discussing the realm of personality: "Those who desire are good, those who desire are faithful, those who are rich are beautiful, those who are rich and glorious are great, those who enlarge are sacred, and those who don't know are gods." This division of personality realm is actually based on the wholehearted understanding of nature, which is of spiritual experience significance and close to religious belief.

The Life Wisdom of Zhouyi

Author: Lin Xiaoping

The Book of Changes is called "the first of the Six Classics", which is "simple and profound" and contains rich philosophy and life wisdom. The summary of the general catalogue of Sikuquanshu commented: "Therefore, the Book of Changes is a book, and it is also a person who pushes heaven and justice." Zhang deeply loves Zhouyi, "always fiddling with it when sitting in his seat", and declared that "saints can make wonderful use of the world, all in this book". The wisdom of life in Zhouyi is highlighted in the following aspects.

"Self-improvement" lifestyle

The observation and acquisition of heaven, earth and nature is the basis of the book "Eight Diagrams" and "Zhouyi". It shows people a magnificent picture of the operation of Heaven: "Soft and hard rubbing, gossip swaying, drums thundering, wind and rain moist, the sun and the moon running, one cold and one summer, the avenue becomes a man, Kun Dao becomes a woman, when you learn it, Kun makes it." "The sun has gone, the moon has come, the moon has gone, and the sun and the moon have come in tandem. The cold is gone, and the heat is coming. When the heat goes, the cold comes, and the cold and heat push each other. " (Easy Cohesion)

The Book of Changes emphasizes that man should be "in harmony with heaven and earth" and that "humanity" should conform to "heaven". This gave birth to an eternal famous saying: "Heaven is healthy, and gentlemen are constantly striving for self-improvement." "Self-improvement", as a way of life advocated in Zhouyi, mainly includes two meanings. The first layer means "vigorous". Being vigorous means being strong, which is highly recommended in Zhouyi. It frequently appears in various places in the book, such as being vigorous and civilized, vigorous and energetic, upright and upright, upright and upright, upright and upright, upright and upright, a bright future and so on. It must be pointed out that the "fortitude" advocated in Zhouyi does not mean that fortitude has no boundaries. According to his thought of "extreme is opposite", being too strong is easy to break, so "vigorous" should be moderate and just right, that is, "upright and upright" should be emphasized.

The second meaning is struggle. The Book of Changes says that everything in the world is endless, and even withered poplars can "live on the ladder" and "live on the China" (Yi Dayu). The Book of Changes uses sixty-four hexagrams to symbolize everything, but the order of the sixty-four hexagrams is somewhat puzzling: "Jiji" ranks 63 rd, and "Wiki" ranks 64 th, which is the last hexagram. Its mystery and profound significance lies in revealing the truth that nature and society are an open system that is constantly developing and changing, so people also need to make continuous progress. I ching also believes that even in difficult circumstances, people should make unremitting efforts. The divinatory symbol of "Kun" is "Kun" under "Dui", in which Kun is water, Dui is Ze, and water is under Ze, indicating that there is no water in Ze, so the life in Ze is in danger, hence the name "Kun". "Yi Xiang Kun" says: "Without water, you are sleepy, and a gentleman's determination is fatal." This requires people not to lose confidence in the predicament, but to keep fighting for their ideals and even give up their lives. This pursuit of "self-improvement" is not only the great wisdom to guide life, but also the basic spirit of the Chinese nation.

The law of "elasticity" and "elasticity"

In this world, it is not easy to deal with people, so Zhouyi puts forward two important rules in dealing with things: "Be wise" and "be flexible". Time is mentioned many times in Zhouyi, for example, Gan Jiusan said "keep pace with the times", Gan Shangjiu said "keep pace with the times", Buffon said "keep pace with the times", others include "keep pace with the times" and "change with the times". I ching believes that "time" must be considered when doing things. "Time stops, time passes, and sports lose no time." The concept of "tomorrow" gives us multiple inspirations. First, things should be timely. We should clearly understand the current situation, act according to the current situation and do things worthy of the times. Second, there must be rules in doing things. Cherish time, stress efficiency and do useful and effective things. Third, we should pay attention to the timing. Timing is very important for a country, a nation or an individual. Seize the opportunity to increase the odds, close to success. As the saying goes, "it's now or never", and only those who are good at grasping opportunities can succeed.

"Flexibility" is an important idea in Zhouyi, and it is also a way of doing things that it emphasizes. This flexible idea is based on its view of change. Zhouyi itself is a book full of changing ideas. First of all, judging from the title of the book, the author of Yi is a generic name and a proper name of Yi. Cheng Yi said: "The Book of Changes also changes with the Tao at any time." Zhu's explanation is more clear: "The Book of Changes, with the same title, was painted by Fuxi, and Fuxi's divination has the meaning of change, so it is called the Book of Changes." (Zhu's Original Meaning of Zhouyi) Secondly, judging from the hexagrams, poems and their combinations in Zhouyi, hexagrams and poems are the main elements in Zhouyi. There are two kinds of hexagrams, yin and yang, which are represented by "-"and "-"symbols respectively, and three hexagrams are arranged up and down. By randomly arranging the same or different two hexagrams in the Eight Classics up and down, we can get 64 hexagrams, representing all things in the universe and their changes. Divination is not only the result of combination change, but also the meaning of change. Among them, "changing one's mind" is a method in the prediction process of Zhouyi, and it also embodies the changing attribute of divination.

The idea of adaptation in Zhouyi is based on its view of change, and it also contains new contents. What is "elasticity"? "Yi copula" said: "When you are one, you will change, and endless communication will pass." He also said: "The change of cutting is the change, and the push is the pass." Therefore, flexibility is to achieve fluency through change. "If you are poor, you will change, if you change it, you will have a long rule." The Book of Changes not only attaches importance to the role of flexibility, but also emphasizes timely flexibility: "Flexible people are also people who keep up with the times." Based on this idea, Zhouyi spoke highly of the "Tang Wu Revolution", saying: "The world changes in four seasons, and the Tang Wu Revolution depends on people. When it changes, it is great." In the journey of life, when the original road proves unworkable in our career, work and life, we should "be firm" (Analects of Confucius, Zi Han), sum up in time, and be flexible, which is an important inspiration from the Book of Changes.

A meaningful "warning language"

The Book of Changes has both positive encouraging words and wise warning words in life. Here are some examples.

"Kang Long has regrets". In the divination of "dry", dragons are used as metaphors for gentlemen. From the beginning to the top, it describes the extremely high process of "dragon" from lurking to being present, leaping to jade garden, flying to the sky, and even reaching "health", in order to compare the situation of people's career from small to large and their status from low to high. It is worth noting that "Dragon" is either "blameless" or "profitable" from lurking to soaring in the sky, but when it reaches the position of "Shang Jiu", it is inferred that "Shang Jiu, Kang Long has regrets". Regret means fault and misfortune. Why "Kang Long has regrets"? "Ganyi Classical Chinese" explains: "Confucius said, the monarch has no position, the monarch has no people, and the sage is in the next position without assistance, so he moved and regretted it." He also said: "If you speak loudly, you will know, and then you won't back down. Knowing existence and not knowing death, knowing loss and being a saint. " Therefore, the cautions brought to us by Kang Long You Regret are as follows: First, being in a high position is easy to be divorced from the masses, and the situation of being "high but not popular" should be stopped; Second, high position is not only the center of power concentration, but also the focus of contradictions, which is often "unattainable" and should be cautious; Third, high positions are often accompanied by success, fame and wealth and flowers, and it is easy to become complacent and become "regretful", which should be warned.

"Frost is strong and ice is hard." Walking and practicing, people are walking in the frost, the winter is coming, and the ice is coming. On the surface, this sentence is about nature, but in fact it is about life, which has profound implications and vividly shows that the good and bad of personnel all come from "gradual change" In this regard, "Yi Classical Chinese Kun" further explained: "If there is a good family, there will be many disasters. It is not a matter of time for a minister to kill a king and a son to kill his father, but its origin is gradually disappearing. " This paper emphasizes the concepts of "gradual progress" and "accumulation", and then puts forward the viewpoint of "how many people know": "How much do they know? A few, the slightest move, a good or bad prophet. What a gentleman sees and does, not all day long. " This is a warning to us "don't do it because of small goodness, don't do it because of small evils". We should see the micro-knowledge and prevent the micro-duration.

Modesty, honesty, a gentleman has an end. Here, "modesty" means modesty, "constancy" means prosperity, and "end" means good results. Explain that as long as you are modest, you can prosper and get good results. The Book of Changes expounds the truth of modesty from four aspects: heaven, tunnel, Shinto and human nature: "Heaven loses money and benefits modesty, tunnel becomes surplus and flows modesty, ghosts and gods harm surplus and benefits modesty, and human nature is evil and good and modest." ("qian yao Xun") Open a long scroll of history: Shang Tang, Zhou Wenwang, Emperor Taizong and other famous monarchs are either modest and prudent, or virtuous and talented, or win the world, or win the long-term stability of the dynasty; However, the arrogance and tyranny of Shang Zhouwang and Yang Di destroyed the powerful dynasty. On the long road of life, how many people have achieved great things because of modesty and self-improvement; How many people have ruined their future because of complacency. This is an important warning from Zhouyi.

What is the classic culture of Chinese studies?

Author: Jian Xiao

Sinology, also known as Sinology or China Studies, refers to the traditional culture and scholarship of China. Its connotation includes various disciplines with historical, cultural and artistic characteristics, and it is historic, continuous, national and national.

Specifically, Chinese studies include China's ancient philosophy, literature, history, medicine, mathematics, ethics, religion, customs, textual research, political science, economics, military science, calligraphy and painting, music, drama, astrology and so on. Sikuquanshu contains the main contents of Chinese studies, which are divided into four parts: classics, history, philosophers and collections. Traditional Chinese studies, with pre-Qin philosophers and Confucian philosophy as the mainstream, have a far-reaching impact on China's traditional culture. In the process of development and evolution, legalist thoughts, military thoughts and mixed thoughts of Confucianism and Taoism were formed. These thoughts discussed how to govern the country and society from different aspects, how to establish a harmonious relationship between people, people and society, and people and nature, and gradually formed the traditional cultural concept of the Chinese nation. This idea and thought not only have a profound impact on China society, but also on today's world.

The purpose of sinology is "to establish a heart for heaven and earth, to establish a life for the people, to link the past with the future, and to establish a world for all generations."

The contemporary value of Chinese studies is far-reaching. Learning and popularizing Chinese studies is conducive to arousing China people's cultural consciousness, cultural self-confidence and cultural identity, to national integration and cultural integration, to enhancing national cohesion, to improving people's cultural literacy, moral literacy and spiritual outlook, and to the unity, development and prosperity of the Chinese nation.

The ancient culture of China is a lucky gift left by our ancestors, and it is also a precious fuel left by the national culture after the baptism of wind and rain. Even though mankind has entered the electronic age, technology is changing with each passing day and new inventions are constantly emerging, traditional culture still plays an indelible role. Among the four ancient civilizations in the world, why is China the only one that is full of vitality and never fails? When western powers carved up the world, why did many countries perish or be annexed, while China survived? It is precisely because the Chinese nation has a long and profound traditional culture, Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, and the dragon spirit that its essence is "self-improvement" and "morality-oriented". This is the foundation of our invincible position.

Chinese studies are of great significance to educating people, governing the country and governing politics. Therefore, it is the need of the country, the nation, the individual and the society to carry out the education of Chinese studies. As China people, it's a pity that they don't know their own Chinese studies. Therefore, through everyone's efforts, our national society has been further developed.