Briefly describe the basic characteristics of Academic art, Caravaggioism, Baroque art and Rococo art?

Baroque is a style of art that became widespread in the 17th century. The origin of its name varies from Portuguese or Spanish, meaning an unrounded bead

, to Italian, meaning strange, eccentric, or wrongly inferred. Overall the name, which at the time had a pejorative connotation, was the term used by 18th-century classical art

theorists for an art style of the previous century. The classicists considered Baroque to be a degenerate and disintegrating art, and it was only later that a fairer assessment of Baroque

art was made. Baroque art arose in the second half of the 16th century, its heyday was the 17th century, and into the 18th century,

it declined, except in northern and central Europe. Baroque art first arose in Italy, and it was undoubtedly related to the Counter-Reformation, and Rome was the center of the church's power at the time, so it is

not surprising that it sprang up in Rome, and it can be said that, although Baroque art was not invented by the religion, it served the church and was used by the religion, and the church was its strongest pillar. In a nutshell

Speaking Baroque art has some characteristics as follows: first of all, it has luxurious characteristics, it has both religious characteristics and hedonistic colors; secondly, it is a kind of passionate

art, which breaks the rational serenity and harmony, with a strong romanticism, and puts great emphasis on the artist's rich imagination; thirdly, it is extremely emphasized, the movement, the movement and the

change can be said to be the soul of baroque art; fourth, it is very concerned about the work of the sense of space and three-dimensional sense; fifth, it is comprehensive, baroque art emphasizes the art form of the comprehensive

means, for example, in the construction of the importance of architecture and sculpture, painting and synthesis, in addition, baroque art has absorbed some of the factors in the field of literature, drama, music and other ideas

Imagination; sixth, it has a Heavy religious colors, religious themes in Baroque art occupies a dominant position; seven is that most of the Baroque artists have a tendency to stay away from the life and times

such as in some of the zenith paintings, the human figure becomes insignificant, as is some pattern. Of course, some positive Baroque masters are not here, such as Rubens and Bernini, whose works still maintain a close relationship with life.

Important painters: Rubens, Caravaggio, Velázquez

2. Rococo

Rococo" (rococo) means "shell-shaped", from (French rocaille).

Also known as "Louis XV style," it refers to the art that was honored during the reign of King Louis XV of France (1715-1774).

It is characterized by its subtle, light, ornate and elaborate ornamentation, the use of C-, S-, or swirling curves, and the use of light, pastel colors. The influence of the 18th century European countries, for the decadent feudal aristocracy.

It was influenced by the arts and crafts of China's Qing Dynasty in the process of its formation, especially in the garden layout, interior decoration, silk fabrics, porcelain and lacquer ware.

Architecture is represented by the Hotel de Soubise in Paris, France and the Wunderkammer in Potts, Germany.

Painting of the French representatives are

Antoine Watteau (1684-1721),

Boucher (Francois Boucher, 1703-1770),

Francois Fragonard (Jean-Honore' Fragonard, 1703-1770),

Francoronard (1703-1770),

Fragonard (1703-1770),

Fragonard (1703-1770),

Fragonard, 1703-1770),

Fragonard, 1703-1770). fragonard,1732-1806) as representatives.

3. Academic Art

In the late Renaissance in Italy, the art of the obvious decline phenomenon at the same time, but also by the impact of Baroque art. In order to defend the existing artistic achievements of the Renaissance

and to oppose the replacement of classical art by Baroque art and the tendency of secularization, many "colleges" appeared in Europe under the support of the government, the most influential of which was

Established by the Carrazzi family of the Italian family of fine arts in 1580 in Bologna, the Carrazzi Academy.

The Carrazzi Academy was established in 1580 in Bologna by the Carrazzi family, an Italian art family. It was also known as the Bologna Academy because it was built in Bologna. Both the ancient works of formal law and the Renaissance masters of art as the eternal can not be slightly beyond

norms, but also to oppose the pursuit of form of Baroque art. However, due to its own stubbornness and opposition to innovation, the result is to go on a detached from social life, lack of vitality

stylized road. Thus, the academy means rigor and standardization, but also means conservative. Academism began in Italy at the end of the 16th century, and became popular in Britain, France and Russia in the 17th and 18th centuries,

in which the French academics were given special attention by the officials, so they had the greatest power and influence.

The norms emphasized by the academy included the norms of subject matter, the norms of technique, and the norms of artistic language. The excessive emphasis on norms resulted in the production of programatization

The academy rejected all vulgar art. Academy rejected all vulgar artistic language, demanding noble and dignified, gentle and elegant, opposed to intense personality expression, and seek reason and **** sex. Academy

The word "academy" initially means "formal" and "walking on the right path, not the evil way. How to follow the right path, in the view of the academy is to emphasize tradition and learn from it, so the academy

opposes all reforms. The academy attaches great importance to basic training, emphasizes sketching, devalues the role of color in the plastic arts, and in this way excludes the role of emotion in art.

These characteristics have had both positive and negative effects on students.

4. Caravaggio

Born into a poor farming family in Lombardy, he was unfortunate to lose his father at an early age. He did not receive any formal education until he was 17 years old. From an early age, he worked for his family as one of the many poor teenage masons in the area. The mason's work was very hard and there was no future for him. Caravaggio was very confused when a distant relative realized that he had a talent for painting and suggested that he learn to paint, and if he could learn to do so, he could make a living at the trade. The relative's words set Caravaggio's heart racing, and he began to envision his future.

The boy, who ate only two meals a day, had a dream that he would change his miserable fate. When he was 11, his family moved to Milan, which gave him the opportunity to learn to paint. Soon after, he was introduced to the studio of Simon Pietrzano, who claimed to be a disciple of Titian. He was apprenticed to the studio of Simon Pietrzano, who claimed to be a disciple of Titian. Simon Petrzano was a local Stylist artist. Simon Petrzano was a representative painter of local stylistic art. With this teacher, he learned the basic techniques of painting and gained a certain understanding of the stylistic art that he was so passionate about. But it was not Stylistic art, but the works of the Renaissance masters and the realities of life in his native Lombardy that had a major impact on Caravaggio's artistic style. 17 years old, he traveled alone to Rome to study under the painter Alpino. He began practicing this "craft", which fascinated him, by copying the works of the great masters of the Renaissance. Caravaggio had a keen sense of observation and talent. He was able to learn from Michelangelo's sculptural lines, from the human body, from the perspective most often used by Leonardo da Vinci, and from the way in which the human body is depicted in the work of the artist, the way in which the human body is depicted by the artist. He was also inspired by the perspective most often used by Leonardo da Vinci.

But he had a completely different experience and approach to life from the two masters. It is said that in his hometown, he was bullied by local bullies for a long time, and in order to defend himself and maintain his dignity, he always wore a sharp blade. In order to defend himself and maintain his dignity, he always wore a sharp blade. Whenever there was any trouble caused by evil people, he would fight back. He would often pull out his sword to help others when he saw injustice, with the spirit of a swordsman in the jianghu. In several armed fights, he caused murders. In order to avoid trouble Caravaggio had to go far away from home, in Naples, the Maltese Islands, Syracuse, Messina, and Malermo and other places to live a wandering life, all the time with the vagabonds.

Caravaggio's unique aesthetic orientation and worldview were determined by his special experience. All his life, Caravaggio has been trying his best to express the living conditions of the lowest class, and to show the hardship and courage of those who share the same fate with him.

Whether it is a religious theme or a character in myths and legends, there should be a shadow of the real-life characters, the saints should appear in the image of ordinary people in order to be accepted by the public. The separation of God and man and the secularization of religious themes are the essence of Caravaggio's realist art.

So in many of his works, especially those early ones, he endeavored to depict the country villagers, the stream of caravanners and peddlers, and the workers and vagabonds with whom he was familiar. We can speculate on his state of mind and his creative philosophy in works such as The Child with the Fruit Basket, Bacchus the Wine God, On the Way to Egypt, The Girl Playing the Mandolin, and The Diviner.

................... The Diviner ................................

"Don't paint what is not in life". This is the rule that Caravaggio has always adhered to. He insisted on using characters existing in life as models for his paintings. He wanted to record the reality truthfully with his brush. He did work hard for his artistic ideal and finally achieved it. The history of art tells us that Caravaggio's realist art achieved success beyond classical art, and was the true beginning of European realist art. This was Caravaggio's great contribution to art, but he also paid a small price for it. He was often criticized for his paintings of venerated saints and sages as if they were peddlers. The "academy" artists were extremely cynical, saying that Caravaggio simply did not know what art was, because his characters had no sense of beauty, and that this lowly fellow could not transcend the limitations of his origins and class consciousness. In time, the criticism of Caravaggio's work turned into a vicious personal attack.

Caravaggio's work was not only criticized from the art world, but also boycotted by the ordering public, and in 1590 he was invited to perform for the St. Luigi del Fiore. Luigi d'Orge. De. Franchège church to paint the famous altarpiece of the Apostle Matthew and the Angels. In the painting, the Apostle Matthew is depicted as a peasant, a far cry from the traditional image of Matthew. The orderer could not tolerate such a vulgar, lowly Matthew and flatly refused to accept the painting. Caravaggio had no choice but to repaint it.

At a later date, another remarkable altarpiece of the same nature as his Burial of Christ, which he completed in a year in 1606, suffered the same fate. This altarpiece, entitled The Death of the Virgin, was dedicated to St. Mary. Della. Scala church. The Virgin Mary is in the center of the picture. The dead Virgin looks like an ordinary peasant woman with a pale face, disheveled hair, and large bare feet. It is as if she had suffered a great deal in life and was tortured in death. Those who surrounded her in mourning were village folk, not the Pope, the Holy Child, the angels, the Virgins and the Apostles. The whole picture is without the slightest embellishment or ostentation, a commonplace country funeral scene. The dead woman seems to be the hard-working, kind and loving woman next door to you, and there is none of the warmth, light and holiness left by Raphael's Madonna. Our Lady is no longer the embodiment of a perfect woman. No one had ever seen such a Madonna, and no one believed that the Madonna would die in such a scene. Naturally, the orderer was adamant about returning the product on the grounds that it was disrespectful to the Virgin.

Because of Caravaggio's obstinacy and refusal to abandon his creative principles, many of his works were rejected by the ordering public.

Using an artistic eye to examine Caravaggio's works, you will find that some of them are indeed too straightforward, so straightforward that they are almost cruel, losing the subtlety and beauty that art deserves. For example, his "Simon receives John's head" and "the boy bitten by the lizard" and other works let people have such a feeling. However, Caravaggio's artistic achievement is still a peak for people to look up to.

Among the likes of Da. Finch, Michelangelo and Raphael "three mountains" in front of the 17th century stylistic prevalence of Italy, Caravaggio does not follow the customary flow, not confined to the stereotypes, I do my own way, showing his realism flag, although repeatedly besieged, but is unhesitatingly, he took a unique way out of the road of his own realism painting.

Not only that, Caravaggio also made a significant contribution to the way of expression in painting. He was good at creating a strong contrast, using light to emphasize the main part of the picture, which is known as Caravaggio's "dark style" of expression. The most representative work is his famous Divination. This method was later inherited and developed by Rembrandt and Velasquez. At the same time, Caravaggio was also the pioneer of European still life painting. After absorbing some of the techniques of miniature painting, he created a unique method of treatment. It is hard to imagine that Caravaggio, who had a violent character, could be as quiet as a child when he entered the creative state. If you look carefully at his Basket of Fruit, you will be surprised to find another side of Caravaggio's character. He painted the dead leaves and the eyes of the insects meticulously. You can imagine the state of his painting, which must be as meticulous and patient as women's embroidery. In his still life paintings, the objects always have a very strong texture. Caravaggio reached a level that no one can match to this day.