The origin and evolution of etiquette

There are different opinions about the origin of ceremony. To sum up, there are five origins: first, the etiquette of the gods; Second, ceremony is the unity of heaven and earth; Third, courtesy comes from human nature; Fourth, courtesy is the product of the contradiction between human nature and environment; Fifth, courtesy comes from reason and comes from vulgarity.

1, theoretically speaking, the appearance of ceremony is the need of human beings to coordinate the contradiction between subjective and objective.

First of all, the appearance of ceremony is to maintain the "human order" of nature. In order to survive and develop, human beings must struggle with nature in the form of social groups and depend on each other. People's sociality makes people interdependent and restrictive. In group life, there are differences between men, women and children, which is not only a natural interpersonal order, but also a social order that needs to be recognized, guaranteed and maintained by all members. The internal relations faced by human beings must be properly handled, so people gradually accumulated and naturally agreed on a series of "human relations order", which is the initial ceremony.

Secondly, it stems from the need of human beings to seek a dynamic balance between satisfying their own desires and realizing them. The pursuit of desire is human instinct. In the process of pursuing and realizing desires, contradictions and conflicts will inevitably arise between people. In order to avoid these contradictions and conflicts, it is necessary to carry out the ceremony of "stopping desire and controlling chaos". ceremony

2. From the specific ceremony, the ceremony originated from the sacrificial activities of primitive religion.

Sacrificial activities in primitive religions are the earliest and simplest "rituals" with the main contents of offering sacrifices to heaven and worshipping God. These sacrificial activities gradually improved the corresponding norms and systems in the historical development, and formally formed a sacrificial ceremony. With the gradual deepening of mankind's understanding of various relationships between nature and society, it is no longer possible to meet the growing spiritual needs of mankind and adjust the increasingly complex realistic relationship by offering sacrifices to the ancestors of heaven, earth and ghosts. Therefore, from the content to the form, from the initial ceremony to all kinds of etiquette in various fields of society, people have extended a series of behaviors in serving the gods and praying for blessings to various interpersonal activities.

(B) the development of Chinese etiquette

Etiquette is constantly changing in the process of its inheritance. From the perspective of historical development, its evolution process can be divided into four stages.

1. Etiquette origin period: before Xia Dynasty (before 2 1 century BC).

Etiquette originated in primitive society, and in the middle and late period of primitive society (about the Paleolithic Age), early etiquette sprouted. The whole primitive society is the embryonic stage of etiquette, simple and pious, and has no class nature. The contents include: (1) formulating marriage etiquette with clear blood relationship; A ritual system that distinguishes the internal levels of the tribe; Some sacrificial ceremonies are determined for the purpose of offering sacrifices to heaven and god; Make some actions to show politeness and respect in interpersonal communication.

2. Etiquette formation period: Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties (2 1 century BC ~ 77 1 year BC).

When mankind entered the slave society, in order to consolidate its dominant position, the ruling class developed the primitive religious etiquette into a ritual system that met the political needs of the slave society, and the ceremony was branded as a class. At this stage, China formed a relatively complete national etiquette and system for the first time. For example, "Five Rites" is a set of etiquette norms and behavior standards involving all aspects of social life. Ancient etiquette books were also written and revised during this period. For example, Zhou Li, Yi Li and Li Ji in the Zhou Dynasty are the earliest etiquette monographs in China. In the history of more than 2,000 years after the Han Dynasty, they have always been the classic works of the state in formulating etiquette systems, and are called the Book of Rites.

3. Etiquette change period: Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period (77 BC1~ 22 BC1).

During this period, a hundred schools of thought contend in academic circles. A hundred schools of thought, represented by Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi, studied and developed ethics, systematically expounded the origin, essence and function of etiquette, and comprehensively and profoundly discussed the division and significance of social hierarchical order in theory for the first time.

Confucius attached great importance to etiquette and regarded "courtesy" as the basis of governing the country and making the world peaceful. He believes that "no manners, no standing", "quality is better than literature, and literature is better than quality." Gentle, then a gentleman. "He asked people to use etiquette norms to restrain their behavior, so that" see no evil, don't listen to evil, don't speak evil, don't move evil ". Advocate "the benevolent loves others" and emphasize that people should be compassionate, care for each other and respect each other.

Mencius interpreted courtesy as being serious and polite to elders and guests, that is, "respecting the heart and courtesy", and regarded "courtesy" as one of the beginnings of good human nature.

Xunzi regards "ceremony" as the core of his philosophy of life, and regards "ceremony" as the fundamental purpose and the highest ideal of being a man. "The ceremony was extremely humane." He believes that "ceremony" is not only a goal, an ideal, but also a process of behavior. "Rude people are not born, rude things are not successful, and rude countries are not at peace."

Guan Zhong regards "ceremony" as the guiding ideology of life and the first pillar to maintain the country, and believes that ceremony is related to the life and death of the country.

4. Strengthening period: Qin and Han Dynasties to the end of Qing Dynasty (22 BC1~ AD 19 1 1).

In the feudal society of China for more than two thousand years, although the etiquette culture of each dynasty has different social, political, economic and cultural characteristics, it has one thing in common, that is, it has always been used by the ruling class, and etiquette is a tool to maintain the hierarchical order of feudal society. The important characteristics of etiquette in this period are respecting the monarch and restraining the minister, respecting the husband and restraining the woman, respecting the father and restraining the son, and respecting the god and restraining others. In the long process of historical evolution, it has gradually become a spiritual shackle that hinders the free development of human personality, hinders the equal communication of human beings and stifles the freedom of thought.

Throughout the feudal society, there are two kinds of etiquette: etiquette involving national politics and family ethics. Etiquette in this period constituted the main body of traditional etiquette in China.

5. The development of modern etiquette

After the Revolution of 1911, influenced by the western bourgeois ideas of "freedom, equality, democracy and fraternity", China's traditional etiquette norms and systems were strongly impacted. The May 4th New Culture Movement liquidated the decadent and backward etiquette, and the etiquette that met the requirements of the times was inherited, improved and spread. Those red tape was gradually abandoned, and some internationally accepted etiquette forms were accepted. New etiquette standards and values have been promoted and disseminated. After the founding of New China, new social relations and interpersonal relations with China characteristics were gradually established with equality, friendly exchanges, mutual assistance and unity as the main principles. Since the reform and opening up, with the increasing exchanges between China and the world, some advanced western etiquette and etiquette have been introduced into China, and they have been integrated into all aspects of social life together with our traditional etiquette, forming the basic framework of socialist etiquette. Many rituals are constantly changing from content to form, and the development of modern etiquette has entered a new development period. A large number of etiquette books have been published one after another, etiquette norms from all walks of life have been introduced one after another, and etiquette lectures and etiquette training have become increasingly popular. People's enthusiasm for learning etiquette knowledge is unprecedented. Politeness has become a common practice. In the future, with the progress of society, the development of science and technology and the increase of international exchanges, etiquette will be improved and developed.

Third, the differences between eastern and western etiquette.

Oriental etiquette mainly refers to the etiquette culture with oriental national characteristics represented by Asian countries such as China, Japan, South Korea, Thailand and Singapore. Western etiquette mainly refers to the etiquette culture spread in Europe and North America.

1. When dealing with kinship,

Orientals attach great importance to family and blood relationship. The traditional concept of "blood is thicker than water" is deeply rooted, and the most stable interpersonal relationship is blood relationship.

Westerners have a strong sense of independence. Comparatively speaking, they don't pay much attention to family blood relationship, but pay more attention to interest relationship. They clearly distinguish between responsibility and obligation, and the responsibility must be fulfilled, and the obligation depends entirely on the actual ability and is never forced. Emphasize personal freedom and the pursuit of personal interests.

2. In terms of expression.

Western etiquette emphasizes practicality and straightforward expression. Orientals take "concession" as a gift, and everything should be courteous. Compared with westerners, they tend to be humble and reserved.

In the face of compliments from others, the attitudes adopted by the East and the West are different. In the face of others' praise, China people often say things like "I'm flattered", "ashamed" and "not enough" to show their modesty. Westerners often use "thank you" to express their acceptance of sincere compliments or compliments from others.

3. As far as gifts are concerned.

In China, interpersonal communication pays special attention to etiquette and reciprocity, and etiquette is often used as a medium and bridge for interpersonal communication. There are many kinds of gifts from orientals. In addition to visiting each other on important festivals, weddings, funerals, weddings, birthdays, promotions and salary increases can all be used as reasons for giving gifts.

Western etiquette emphasizes pragmatic communication, strives for simplicity and convenience on the basis of politeness, and opposes red tape and excessive politeness. Westerners generally don't give gifts to others easily unless they have established a relatively stable interpersonal relationship. It is also much simpler in the form of giving gifts than in the East. Generally speaking, they don't give expensive gifts or cheap items, but they attach great importance to the packaging of gifts, paying special attention to the cultural style and artistic taste of gifts.

At the same time, there are differences between the East and the West in giving and receiving gifts. When westerners give gifts, they always tell the recipient directly: "This is my carefully selected gift for you, I hope you like it" or "This is the best gift". Westerners generally don't refuse gifts from others. When accepting gifts, they first thank the giver. After receiving gifts, they always open them themselves and praise them. The orientals are different. China people and Japanese people do their best and choose carefully when giving gifts, but in front of the recipients, they always humbly and respectfully say something like "A small gift is no respect, please accept it". Orientals usually politely refuse to accept gifts. After receiving a gift, it is generally not opened in person, for fear that the other party will be embarrassed because the gift is too light or dissatisfied, or it will appear to value profit over righteousness and be impolite.

4. In terms of attitude towards "old"

There are also many differences in concepts and expressions between eastern and western etiquette in treating people's status and age. Oriental etiquette is generally dominated by elders and venerable people, and everything pays attention to seniority.

Western etiquette advocates freedom and equality. In terms of etiquette, the emphasis on hierarchy is not as prominent as that of oriental etiquette. Moreover, westerners have a strong sense of independence, don't want to be old, refuse to accept being old, and especially avoid being old.

5. As far as the concept of time is concerned.

Westerners have a strong sense of time and pay attention to efficiency. When you go out, you always take a notebook to record your itinerary and arrangements. Be sure to arrive early, at least on time, and don't change it at will. Westerners not only cherish time like gold, but also often regard whether the communicators observe time as an important basis for judging whether their work is responsible and worthy of cooperation. In their view, this directly reflects a person's image and quality.

Observe the chronological order, cultivate westerners' rigorous work style and do things in an orderly way. Westerners have a clear distinction between working hours and spare time. They don't talk about work on the phone during holidays, and even break off non-life contact during holidays. Relatively speaking, people in China use time casually, and their concept of time is indifferent. Including changing the original time and order, it is common for China people to be late for meetings, teachers to delay classes, and to make reports at meetings and extend the time at will. This is incredible to westerners, who think that disrespect for other people's time is the biggest disrespect.

6. When dealing with the right to privacy

Western etiquette emphasizes the freedom of the individual anywhere (without violating the law) and regards the dignity of the individual as sacred and inviolable. In the west, it is very impolite to offend all the "private" rights of the other party. Because westerners respect others' right to privacy, they also require others to respect their own right to privacy.

Orientals attach great importance to sexual possession, harmony between groups and interpersonal relationships, mutual concern among neighbors, and asking questions about cold and warmth, which is a way of expression of human beings.

Fourth, the concept and connotation of ceremony

(A) courtesy, etiquette, etiquette and etiquette

1 ..

The original intention of the ceremony was to respect God, and later it was extended to a general term for showing respect. The meaning of ceremony is rich, which can refer to both the ceremony held to show respect and solemnity and the politeness in social intercourse. It is a code of conduct established and recognized by people in their long-term life practice. It also refers to the hierarchical social norms and moral norms in slave society and feudal society. In the Chinese Etiquette Dictionary, etiquette is defined as the values, moral norms, corresponding laws and regulations and behavior patterns formed by a specific nation, group or country based on objective historical traditions. The essence of courtesy is "sincerity", that is, respect, friendship, humility, concern and consideration. "Courtesy" is an act of mutual respect, goodwill and friendship in interpersonal communication and even international communication.

polite

Politeness: the code of conduct and spirit that people show respect and friendship to each other in the process of communication, which is the external performance of a person when communicating with others. It shows respect for the people it touches through its appearance and behavior. It reflects the fashion and moral standards of the times and embodies people's cultural level and civilization.

polite

Etiquette: It refers to the usual forms in which people express greetings, greetings, wishes, condolences and give necessary help and care to each other in daily life, especially in communication occasions. Etiquette is a concrete manifestation of politeness, with formal characteristics, which mainly refers to the polite behavior of individuals in daily life.

polite

Etiquette includes "Li" and "Li". "Rite" means politeness and etiquette; "Instrument" means "vessel", "ceremony", "ceremony" and "appearance", which is the general name of etiquette and ceremony.

Etiquette: In the concrete communication of various societies, people adopt established and recognized norms and procedures in terms of appearance, manners, etiquette and manners in order to respect each other.

In a broad sense, it refers to people's code of conduct and communicative art in social communication.

In a narrow sense, it usually refers to a ceremony that conforms to social norms and moral norms to show respect, respect and attention on large or grand formal occasions.

(2) The relationship between politeness, etiquette, etiquette and etiquette.

Ceremony is a social moral standard and a code of conduct in people's social communication. Courtesy, courtesy, etiquette and etiquette all belong to the category of etiquette. Politeness is the code of words and deeds to show respect, and etiquette is the usual form and specific requirement to show respect. Etiquette is a complete process, which consists of a series of manners that specifically show politeness. "Politeness", "Etiquette" and "Etiquette" have different names, but they are all behaviors that people show respect and friendliness in communication, and their essence is respect and care for people. The three complement each other and are inseparable. Polite but impolite is often rude; Familiarity with etiquette is a mere formality, at best, it's just politeness. Politeness is the basis of etiquette, and etiquette is the basic component of etiquette. Ceremony is the essence of ceremony, and ceremony is the external expression of ceremony. Etiquette is higher than polite etiquette in level, and its connotation is deeper and wider. It consists of a series of specific manners. Etiquette is only a concrete practice, and etiquette is a systematic and complete process of expressing politeness.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) the function of etiquette

1. Educational function

Etiquette is the product of the progress of human society and an important part of traditional culture. Etiquette contains rich cultural connotations and embodies the requirements of society and the spirit of the times. Etiquette corrects people's incorrect behavior habits through evaluation, dissuasion, demonstration and other educational forms, guides people to coordinate interpersonal relationships according to the requirements of etiquette norms, and maintains normal social life. Let all citizens receive etiquette education, which can improve the overall quality of the people.

2. Communication function

Etiquette behavior is a kind of behavior with a lot of information, and each etiquette behavior expresses one or even more kinds of information. In interpersonal communication, only in accordance with the requirements of etiquette can both parties express their respect, admiration, goodwill and friendship for the communication object more effectively, and interpersonal communication can proceed smoothly and continue. Warm greetings, friendly eyes, friendly smiles, elegant conversation and decent manners can not only arouse people's desire for communication, but also establish mutual goodwill and trust, which can promote the success and expansion of communication, thus contributing to the development of the cause.

3. Coordination function

In interpersonal communication, no matter what kind of relationship is embodied, the etiquette that maintains interpersonal communication plays a very important role as a lubricant. The principles and norms of etiquette restrict people's motivation and guide people's behavior in the world. If both parties can restrain their words and deeds according to etiquette norms, it will not only avoid some unnecessary emotional opposition and conflicts, but also help to establish and strengthen a new relationship of mutual respect and friendly cooperation between people, making interpersonal relationships more harmonious and social order more orderly.

4. Plastic function

Etiquette pays attention to harmony and attaches importance to the unity of inner beauty and outer beauty. Etiquette in behavioral aesthetics guides people to constantly enrich and improve themselves and subtly edify people's hearts. People's speech is more and more civilized, people's decoration is more and more personalized, and their manners are more and more elegant, which conforms to the aesthetic principles of the public and reflects the characteristics and spiritual outlook of the times.

5. Maintenance function

As a social code of conduct, etiquette has a strong binding force on people's behavior. In maintaining social order, etiquette plays a role that the law cannot play. Social development and stability, family harmony and tranquility, neighborhood harmony, and trust and cooperation among colleagues all depend on people's compliance with etiquette norms and requirements. The more people who speak etiquette in society, the more harmonious and stable society will be.

Section 2 Characteristics and Principles of Tourism Etiquette

Tourism etiquette: it is a series of behavior norms that show respect and friendship to tourists in the process of tourism reception service, and it is the concrete application of etiquette in the process of tourism reception service. Tourism etiquette is based on etiquette and has the same basic principles as etiquette: respect, friendliness and sincerity.

First, the characteristics of tourism etiquette

1. Broad

Modern tourism includes six links: tourism, food, accommodation, travel, shopping and entertainment. It is a comprehensive and long-span service industry with a wide coverage of reception and service. The six links of tourism need to do a good job of service and reception according to certain etiquette norms. Tourism etiquette runs through the whole process of tourism activities. Any mistake in any link will affect the overall image of tourism. Therefore, only by improving the etiquette quality of the whole industry, receiving guests in strict accordance with the norms of tourism etiquette in all aspects, and paying attention to the coordination and convergence between industries (departments) can we meet the consumption needs of tourists.

Step 2 be practical

Tourism etiquette directly serves the tourism industry, and it is a concrete application of etiquette in tourism activities, with strong practicability and pertinence. Different types of tourism services have their own characteristics, and the reception procedures and operating norms are also different. Therefore, different service categories, different departments and even different positions have their own highly targeted etiquette norms. For example, hotels and travel agencies have their own set of etiquette norms; In terms of transportation services, the reception service etiquette of airplanes, trains, ships and cars is also different.

3. Same sex

The identity of tourism etiquette refers to some normative requirements that people should abide by in the process of tourism reception. Although the "six elements" involved in tourism are different in reception procedures and reception norms, they are all the most common behavioral norms to regulate the relationship between guests and operators in tourism reception activities, and the basic connotation of etiquette is the same. "Guests first" and "respect for guests" should be the constant code of conduct of all departments in the tourism industry, and also the interpersonal communication and social norms that all members of the tourism industry should abide by.

4. Flexibility

The norms of tourism etiquette are concrete, but not rigid dogma, it is flexible. Tourism workers should handle all kinds of situations flexibly on different occasions according to the different characteristics of communication. At the same time, tourism workers should pay special attention to the differences in cultural background, customs and habits of tourists from different countries, regions and nationalities, fully respect their customs and taboos, and receive every guest more thoughtfully.

Second, the basic principles of tourism etiquette

1. Respect principle

Modern tourism emphasizes "guests first" and requires that guests be put first, that everything is for the sake of guests, and that all reasonable needs and wishes of guests are actively and enthusiastically met. Among all the needs and wishes of the guests, the demand of respect is the strongest and most sensitive, and it is also the normal, reasonable and lowest requirement, which is the right of the guests. only

2. The principle of "equal treatment"

"Equal treatment" in service work means that all guests should be respected, and in this respect, we must not favor one over the other. The specific application of etiquette can vary from person to person, and different forms of etiquette can be adopted according to different communication objects, but we must treat guests equally when respecting them.

3. Enthusiasm principle

It is an important standard to measure the quality of tourism service whether we can actively solve the various requirements of guests and meet their psychological needs, so the etiquette behavior in tourism activities should be proactive.

4. The principle of propriety

Modern etiquette emphasizes that interpersonal communication must be moderate, pay attention to social distance, control emotional scale, and keep in mind the truth that too much is too late. Therefore, etiquette behavior should pay special attention to the differences in etiquette and manners on different occasions, and adhere to the principle of adapting to the time, place and person.

5. The principle of tolerance

The principle of etiquette tolerance is not to care too much about each other's etiquette mistakes. When using etiquette in tourism services, we should not only be strict with ourselves, but also be lenient with others. We should be more understanding and considerate of others, not picky, not haggle over every ounce, and not aggressive. In the face of excessive or even disrespectful requests from guests, our staff should calmly and patiently explain, and never chase after them and push them into trouble, otherwise they will have rebellious mentality, form confrontation and cause disputes. When the guests are at fault, they should be "reasonable and let others", learn to tolerate each other, let the guests go down the stairs with dignity and save their face. When guests criticize us, listen carefully with the attitude of "if there is something, change it, if there is nothing, encourage it".

6. Self-discipline principle

The highest state of etiquette is self-discipline, that is, without any supervision, you can still consciously restrain your behavior according to etiquette norms. Tourism workers should not only understand and master specific etiquette norms, but also establish a moral belief and behavior accomplishment in their hearts, so as to gain internal strength. Starting from the self-discipline of customer service, we should always check whether our behavior conforms to the etiquette norms, receive and serve the guests in strict accordance with the etiquette norms in our work, ensure that there is no superior supervisor present and the guests are consistent, and turn the etiquette norms into conscious behaviors and internal qualities.

The third section is the significance, standards and training ways of tourism professionals's etiquette cultivation.

Cultivation: refers to a person's hard study, self-discipline and constant edification in morality, knowledge and skills, so that he gradually has a certain quality and ability or reaches a certain level.

Etiquette accomplishment: refers to people's self-exercise and accomplishment in etiquette quality and consciousness according to certain etiquette norms and their own actual situation.

First, the significance of etiquette cultivation of tourism workers

1. Etiquette literacy reflects the image of a country.

Tourists from all corners of the country can't get to know a certain region or country for a long time. They often judge and evaluate the degree of civilization and spiritual outlook of a country or region through the tourism workers they contact. Good manners of tourists will produce positive publicity effects, establish a good image for their own enterprises, cities and countries, and win honors.

2. Etiquette literacy is the key to high-quality tourism services.

In tourism activities, in addition to material needs, it is more important for tourists to meet spiritually. The research shows that the main factors affecting the quality of tourism service are service awareness and service attitude under the same hardware facilities of tourism enterprises. Tourist workers' service consciousness of "guests first", warm, friendly, sincere and cordial service attitude, elegant manners and proper conversation will have a very positive effect on tourists' psychological satisfaction, which will directly make guests feel respect and intimacy in sense and spirit and leave a good impression on tourists.

3. Etiquette accomplishment is the lubricant to solve tourism service disputes.

Tourism service reception has a wide range of contacts, and different countries, nationalities and even individuals have different beliefs and living habits. In the process of tourism service, some disputes are inevitable. To handle disputes well, tourism workers need to have a high level of etiquette. Whether it is disputes caused by material services or spiritual services, whether it is disputes caused by our problems or tourists' problems, the first principle of handling disputes is rational and prudent handling. No matter what happens, we should carry forward the spirit of "comity" to calm things down, and we are not allowed to have any impolite words and deeds to quarrel or fight with tourists. Because the impolite behavior of tourism staff will only intensify contradictions and make things worse.