The concept of architecture

Refers to the assets made of artificial buildings, belonging to the category of fixed assets, including houses and buildings. Residential refers to engineering buildings for people to live, work, study, produce, manage, entertain, store things and carry out other social activities. Different from buildings, structures refer to engineering buildings other than houses, such as fences, roads, dams, wells, tunnels, water towers, bridges, chimneys, etc.

The architecture is mainly wood structure, while the traditional western architecture is mainly masonry structure. Modern buildings are mainly reinforced concrete.

[Original meaning of architecture]

Buildings are made of mud, bricks, tiles, stones and wood. Space for people to live and use, such as houses, bridges, factories, gymnasiums, caves, water towers, temples, etc. Broadly speaking, landscape and gardens are also part of architecture. More broadly, nests consciously built by animals can also be counted as buildings. There is a saying in western philosophy: architecture is solidified music. Architecture is a stone history book. Ten Books of Architecture, the classic masterpiece of ancient Roman architect Vitruwei, puts forward three standards of architecture: firmness, practicality and beauty, which has always influenced the development of architecture in later generations.

Architecture consists of three elements: architectural function, architectural technology and architectural artistic image.

The objects of architecture range from comprehensive environmental design, including regional planning, urban planning and landscape design, and related building processes before the formation of the community, to the production of indoor furniture and small objects. And its usual object is a unit in a site.

In the field of architecture and civil engineering, "architecture" refers to the process of building buildings or developing infrastructure. Generally speaking, each construction project will be coordinated by the project manager and architect, and supervised by professionals (professionals) such as contractors, subcontractors, engineering consultants, builders, quantity surveyors and structural engineers at all levels.

An effective plan is necessary to successfully complete each construction project. No matter how to design or even complete the whole construction project, we should fully consider the possible environmental impact of the whole construction project, establish the construction schedule, make good financial arrangements, construction safety, transportation and application of building materials, project delay, preparation of bidding documents and so on.

In recent years, the construction industry in China has developed rapidly. The gross output value of the construction industry increased from1536.2 billion yuan in 20 12 to 135303 billion yuan in 2012, an increase of nearly 9 times. The rapid development of the construction industry has also promoted the development of related industries and greatly improved China's comprehensive national strength and people's living standards. The global construction market is worth about 7.5 trillion US dollars, accounting for 13.4% of the global GDP. It is estimated that by 2020, its value will reach $65,438 +02.7 trillion, and it will increase by 70% in the next decade. By 2020, the construction industry will account for 14.6% of the global GDP. In the next 10 year, the scale of the global emerging market construction industry will expand 1 times, reaching 6.7 trillion US dollars. As the largest developing country, China's construction market will approach 10 trillion yuan in 20 13 years, and will reach 12 trillion yuan in 20 15 years. There will be 23 megacities with a population exceeding100000 in the world, which will greatly promote the globalization of the construction industry.

In the long run, the urbanization rate of China will increase to over 76% in the next 50 years, and the contribution rate of cities to the whole national economy will reach over 95%. The development of metropolitan area, urban agglomeration, urban belt and central city indicates the rapid development of urbanization in China, and also indicates that a broader market of construction industry is coming. According to the incomplete statistics of Zhiyan consulting materials, from 20 13 to 2020, China's construction industry will increase by 130%. Among them, in 20 18, China will surpass the United States to become the largest construction market in the world, accounting for 19. 1% of the global construction output value. The intelligent building market has broad prospects. Before 2020, the investment in energy-saving building projects in China will be at least10.5 trillion. China's blueprint for building energy efficiency contains trillions of dollars of energy-saving materials and technology business opportunities.

The style of ancient buildings in China is simple and elegant. They are mainly made of thatch, wood and brick, and wood structures (columns, beams, purlins, rafters and other components) are combined according to the actual size, shape and spacing required by the structure. This architectural structure embodies the clarity, order and stability of the ancient patriarchal social structure. Because the wooden beams and columns are not easy to form huge internal space, the ancient buildings skillfully use the natural space in other places to form a courtyard. Courtyard is the basic unit of building, which is both closed and open. Both artificial and natural, we can plant flowers and trees, and watch the sun and the moon in Yun Guan, which has become another embodiment of the ancient concept of "harmony between man and nature" and also reflects the national character of China people who are both reserved and enterprising. In ancient times, large buildings were buildings composed of several courtyards. Single buildings and courtyards are arranged along a certain direction, with different emphases and transitions, and become a space with a sense of hierarchy and depth, showing a kind of overall beauty and profound beauty pursued by China people. Among them, palaces, temples and other more solemn buildings often arrange the main buildings one by one along the central axis, and the secondary buildings are symmetrically arranged on both sides, with a balanced and beautiful layout.

The ancients were able to use balance, harmony, symmetry, axis of light and shade and other design techniques very early to achieve beautiful results. China architecture emphasizes artistic decoration, but it is not complicated. It only pays attention to the main parts, such as window eaves, lintels and roofs. And the layout tends to develop in a balanced way, ignoring high-rise buildings. After the introduction of Buddhism, pavilions appeared and high-rise buildings prevailed. All the artistic processing of architecture is also the processing of structural system and components, such as the combination of color, decoration and components, which constitutes a rich and gorgeous artistic achievement, colorful and colorful; The couplet stimulates interest and daydreams.

The architecture in China is very prosperous, including palaces, cemeteries, monasteries, temples, gardens, bridges and pagodas.

The modern architecture in China in "Overview of Modern Architecture in China" generally refers to the architecture in China since the middle of19th century.