Yingtian Academy, the four major academies in ancient China.

Yingtian Academy has an early origin, a large scale, a long duration and a large number of talents, ranking first among the four ancient academies. Therefore, the History of Song Dynasty records: "The study of Song Dynasty began in Shangqiu". 65438-0998, the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications held the launching ceremony of stamps of four major academies in Shangqiu.

Yingtianfu Academy, namely Yingtian Academy and Suiyang Academy, formerly known as Du Nan Academy, was founded by Yang Yun, a Shangqiu native in the last five generations of Jin Dynasty. It is located in Nanhu, the ancient city of Shangqiu, a national 4A scenic spot in Suiyang District, Shangqiu City, Henan Province. It is one of the four famous ancient academies in China. In the second year of the Northern Song Dynasty (1009), Song Zhenzong officially awarded Yingtian Academy, and in the first year of Song Renzong Jingyou (1034), Yingtian Academy was changed into an official school, and Yingtianfu Academy also changed accordingly. In the third year of Li Qing (1043), it was changed to Nanjing (the capital of Northern Song Dynasty, now Shangqiu, Henan Province) and imperial academy. At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, most of the academies were located in mountain resorts, but Yingtian Academy was located in a bustling downtown area with a lot of talents. With the participation of Yan Shu and Fan Zhongyan, Yingtian Academy gradually developed into the most influential academy in the Northern Song Dynasty. It is the only ancient academy upgraded to imperial academy, and is known as the first of the four academies in the Northern Song Dynasty. First, the imperial examination scale in the Northern Song Dynasty was expanding day by day, while the official school in the early Song Dynasty was in a state of depression for a long time. Scholars have a great demand for learning, but they have nowhere to go. In this case, the academy came into being, which played a role in filling the gap in official learning and provided a place for scholars to study.

Second, the court advocated Confucianism and encouraged private learning. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, literary records were advocated, but the state was unable to establish a large number of official schools for a while, so the court commended and sponsored academies in various ways. For example, the famous Bailudong Academy, Yuelu Academy, Yingtianfu Academy, Songyang Academy, etc., all received different forms of support from the imperial court, such as giving books, plaques, fields, rewarding school operators, etc., which was undoubtedly one of the direct reasons for the prosperity of academies in the early Song Dynasty.

Third, the influence of Buddhist Zen forest system. Buddhism chose quiet and beautiful mountains and rivers to build temples for the purpose of seclusion and seclusion. Most of the academies in the Five Dynasties and the early Song Dynasty were built in mountain scenic spots. Buddhist Zen forest integrates the collection of scriptures, lectures and learning, and also has a great influence on the teaching of the academy. For example, the lecture system of the academy is based on monk lectures and popular lectures, and the teaching materials and quotations of the academy are also derived from the Buddhist Zen forest system.

Fourthly, the application of printing makes the production of books more convenient than calligraphy, which is an important foundation for the prosperity and development of academies in Song Dynasty. Books are no longer treasures, but can be owned by the public, so that the academy has a rich collection of books and truly becomes a teaching and research place facing the society. The post-Jin dynasty was established.

In 907, with the demise of the Tang Dynasty, the history of China entered the period of "Five Dynasties and Ten Countries", the official schools were destroyed and the order was chaotic, and a number of private academies began to appear in the Central Plains, resulting in Yingtianfu Academy.

The history of the Academy can be traced back to the Jin Dynasty after the Five Dynasties. With the help of German general Zhao Zhi, Yang Yun gathered to give lectures. Later, his student Qi Wentong continued to manage the school. The predecessor of Yingtianfu Academy was Zhao Zhi. At that time, the Du Nan Academy owned by the German army built a room for him to gather disciples.

In the early days of the founding of the Northern Song Dynasty, talents were badly needed. Students from Suiyang Academy took the imperial examination, and as many as 50 or 60 people won the first place. Scholars admire Qi Qianli, and there is an endless stream of people who come to Songzhou to seek sages, resulting in the grand occasion of "literati returning from far and near". Suiyang Academy gradually formed an academic and cultural exchange and education center, but after the death of Qi, the school was once closed.

Northern song dynasty flourishing age

When he was in Song Zhenzong, he remembered that Song Taizu should be in harmony with the weather and started the Song Dynasty. 1005, Songzhou (now Shangqiu) was renamed Yingtianfu. 1008, Cao Cheng, a local, "Please build (Yang Yun) Mansion with 3 million yuan", and build 150 rooms in its old site, with a collection of 1500 volumes. He is willing to learn from this official, and let Qi Shunbin, Qi's grandson, report to the court through Yingtianfu magistrate.

Xue Hua College

The academy was officially recognized and became the official academy in the early Song Dynasty. When people say, "state and county schools start here", schools all over the world are "excited by this". 1043, Song Renzong changed Yingtian Academy to imperial academy, becoming one of the highest institutions of learning in the Northern Song Dynasty. Later, the academy was expanded by Yan Shu, who was a magistrate and writer. Fan Zhongyan was educated here, and later taught in the academy, which was very popular. Together with Bailudong Academy, Yuelu Academy and Songyang Academy, it is called the four major academies in China.

Ying Tianfu's school-running model has made the atmosphere of local academies flourish. Li Gou first founded Xujiang Academy in Cheng Nan, with more than 1 000 students. Du set up Lugang Academy in Yihuang and Xinglu Academy in Linchuan, and personally formulated school rules and taught, and also hired celebrities such as Ouyang Xiu and Wang Anshi to teach students.

Abolish several times

In the tenth year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (153 1), the imperial envoys rebuilt the academy in the northwest corner of Shangqiu, with its old name, but in the seventh year of Wanli (1579), Prime Minister Zhang ordered the dismantling of Tianxia Academy, which should be abandoned tomorrow. In the 29th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (160 1), Fan Wenzheng College, also known as Zheng Wen Academy, was rebuilt in the east of Guide House to commemorate Fan Zhongyan's taking charge of Tianfu School and giving lectures and educating people. He imitated Fan Zhongyan's spirit, personally held books and gave lectures, and trained many talents for a while.

In the fifteenth year of Shunzhi (1658), Fu rebuilt the lecture hall and taught various philosophers. In the 13th year of Qing Qianlong (1748), Chen Xige, the magistrate, rebuilt Yingtianfu Academy. In the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu (190 1), the imperial examination was abolished, and learning was promoted. It was ordered that academies in all provinces be changed into university halls, and academies in all governments, departments and Zhili Prefecture be changed into middle schools. Therefore, the academy was changed to "Guide House Middle School" (referred to as Guide Middle School).

rejuvenation

In 2003, the Henan provincial government approved the restoration of Yingtian Academy near the former site of the Song Dynasty, and listed it as a key tourism project in Henan Province and Shangqiu City. The planned scenic spot covers an area of 12 1.6 mu, with a total construction area of 4 1 16.8 square meters and a road area of 2523.4 square meters. The project was designed by the Institute of Ancient Architecture of Henan University. From south to north, the layout of the whole academy is screen wall, archway, gate and east-west side door, front lecture hall and east-west side door, Minglun Hall and east-west annex room, library building and east-west side door, dining hall, training center, worship hall, east-west wing room, Kuixing Building and east-west gallery room. In February 2004, the first phase of the restoration project of Yingtian Academy started. By the end of 2005, the main project, Shen Chong Temple, was completed. In 2006, the gates, walls and roads of Yingtian Academy were completed. It was officially opened to tourists on June 1 2007. In August 2009, the second phase of Yingtian Academy started, mainly for the restoration of lecture halls. After the completion of Yingtian Academy, it will display the culture, education, science, knowledge and other contents of the Northern Song Dynasty, increase tourists' comprehensive understanding of the history and culture of the Northern Song Dynasty, enrich the connotation of ancient cultural architecture sightseeing and academic research tourism in Shangqiu ancient city tourist area, enhance the attraction of the ancient city tourist area to China traditional culture lovers, experts and cultural scholars, and enhance the taste and influence of Shangqiu ancient city tourist area.

Yingtian Academy, also known as Suiyang Academy and Nanjing Academy. Song Zhenzong officially presented a book and inscribed Yingtianfu Academy, which is located in the south of Shangqiu Ancient City, Suiyang District, Shangqiu City. Because Shangqiu was called Suiyang County of Songzhou in the Tang Dynasty, it was promoted to Yingtianfu in the third year of Jingde in the Northern Song Dynasty (1006) and Nanjing in the seventh year of Dazhong Xiangfu (10 14), and it was one of the four capitals in Beijing at that time. Shangqiu is close to Bianshui River, with convenient transportation and frequent business trips. Since ancient times, it has been a barrier between the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River. Most ancient academies are located in the deep mountains, but Yingtian Academy is located in the bustling downtown. There have always been a large number of talented people, and countless outstanding people have been trained for thousands of years. Yingtian Academy is located in the south of Shangqiu ancient city. Its predecessor was a private school in Yang Yun in the late Jin Dynasty. Since then, it has developed through the efforts of its student Qi. The Northern Song Dynasty regime began to recruit scholars, and Yingtian Academy was full of talents. There are more than 100 students taking part in the imperial examination, as many as 50 or 60. Scholars have traveled thousands of miles to Songzhou (now Shangqiu) to seek sages in an endless stream, and there has been a grand occasion of "scholars returning from far and near". Among them, Fan Zhongyan, who sang "Worry about the world first, and enjoy the world later", gradually formed an academic and cultural exchange and education center in Yingtian Academy.

In Song Zhenzong, Songzhou (now Shangqiu), the place where Zhao Kuangyin of Song Taizu made his fortune, 1006 was changed to Yingtianfu, and 10 14 was promoted to Nanjing. 1009, Song Zhenzong officially awarded the title of Yingtianfu Academy. At that time, it was said that "state and county scholarships began here" and the world academy "prospered from this". Yingtian Academy pioneered the ancient academy and became a model of ancient academy, which was later called "Qinglixing Academy". In Song Renzong, Yingtian Academy was changed to Nanjing imperial academy in the third year of Li Qing (that is, l043), becoming one of the highest institutions of learning in the Northern Song Dynasty, equivalent to the current Academy of Social Sciences, and equally famous with Tokyo and imperial academy. Since then, with the support of Cao Cheng and others, especially Yan Shu, a famous writer, the academy has developed greatly. In the early years of Song Renzong, Yan Shu, a famous writer, became the magistrate of Yingtian and hired Wang Zhu, a famous scholar, as a storyteller. Wang Zhu is well-read and versatile, and Yingtianfu Academy is "famous in the world" under his auspices. In the second year of Injong (1035), Yingtianfu College was changed into an official school and became a public college recognized by the royal family. Yan Shu hired Fan Zhongyan, who retired to Nanjing (now Shangqiu) for mourning, to teach. Fan Zhongyan studied at Yingtian College when he was young, and later taught at Yingtian College. It can be said that Yingtian College has made Fan Zhongyan, and his reputation is even worse because of Fan Zhongyan. Fan Zhongyan wrote "Nanjing Academy Nomination" during his teaching. At that time, Yingtianfu Academy was the largest institution of higher learning in Zhongzhou, which was famous for several generations. According to the "History of Song Dynasty", "Since the Five Dynasties, learning in the world has been abolished, and since Yan Shu, learning has been promoted." For more than 20 years, students of Dazhong Xiangfu College "graduated one after another, but the hero of Jia Kui, Yu Taige, kept a secret and never stopped". There are Dacheng Hall, Minglun Hall and Crescent Pond. The memorial tablet of Confucius and his disciples stood in the original Dacheng Hall, and Minglun Hall was the school. Both buildings are built on the mountain. Dacheng Hall is the place to worship Confucius, and Minglun Hall is the place to take exams. Yingtian Academy is the only one of the ancient academies upgraded to imperial academy, and is known as the first of the four academies.

In the third year of Song Renzong's celebration (1043), Fan Zhongyan, the political adviser of Song Ting, put forward ten reform ideas, such as "selecting officials with fine tribute", and adopted Hu Yuan's Su Hu teaching method to reform the education system at that time. At that time, Yingtianfu had been upgraded to imperial academy, Nanjing, and took the lead in implementing the reform, which changed the superficial style of study that advocated Ci and Fu at that time and emphasized righteousness, current affairs and reality.

When Fan Zhongyan coached Yingtianfu Academy, he often taught students to "put morality first", not just taking the imperial examination as the ultimate goal of studying. In his preface for learning, learning, asking, thinking and distinguishing are finally put into practice. Later generations set up an inscription on the Fan Wenzheng Public Lecture Hall in the Song Dynasty and built a library, looking back on Fan Zhongyan's teaching career.

In the process of giving lectures in the academy, Fan Zhongyan took the lead in clarifying the educational purpose of the academy (school) with the significance of the times, and established a new talent training model with the task of cultivating the world as its own responsibility, thus promoting the transformation of the academy (school) in the early Song Dynasty in terms of academics and style of study. Later, through some measures of "celebrating the calendar and promoting learning", these achievements were affirmed and encouraged, which further promoted the development of the Academy in the Northern Song Dynasty and made clear the important role and historical position of scholars and masters in the Academy.