Culture consists of the following stages

What are the stages of traditional Chinese culture and what are the cultural characteristics of each stage?

Traditional Chinese culture has gone through four stages, and the cultural characteristics of each stage are:

1. The founder of Confucianism was Confucius, known as Qiu Zhongni, a native of the state of Lu (present-day Qufu, Shandong Province). One of the most important elements of Confucius' thought is "ritual". The so-called "ritual" is only the political and social order of the program.

2. What is Taoism? The so-called Taoism was first mentioned in Sima Tan's "On the Essentials of the Six Schools" in the Han Dynasty. Sima said: "Taoism makes the spirit of concentration, moving with the invisible, look at the foot of all things, its art, due to the Yin and Yang of the great smooth, the collection of Confucianism, Mozi's goodness, summary of the name, the law of the key, with the time to migrate, according to the change of things, and the establishment of the custom of things, nothing is not appropriate, refers to the about easy to manipulate, things less and more work". "Knowing the change, because of the change, change" can be said to be the specialty of Taoism.

3. Buddhism was introduced to China at the time of the two Han dynasties, and began to take root and develop under the historical conditions of China, becoming part of the superstructure of Chinese feudal society. Buddhism is a religion with quite strong ethical and moral colors. Buddhism takes life as suffering, so it takes the pursuit of life's liberation as its highest ideal, and in order to realize that ideal, it puts forward a set of theoretical doctrines and ethical and moral norms for eliminating evil and following the good, forming a system of thought on religious ethics and morality.

4. Chinese traditional culture like Laozi is a relatively stable cultural form formed and developed by the Chinese nation in the ancient Chinese society, which is the crystallization of the wisdom of the Chinese nation and the display of the historical heritage of the Chinese nation in real life. This system of thought is rich in the spirit of culture and science, which is mainly reflected in three aspects: first, the science of cohesion, traditional Chinese culture is a culture of internal cohesion, and the basic spirit of this culture is to focus on harmony, and to organically liaise individuals and others, individuals and groups, and people and nature, to form a cultural relationship; second, the science of compatibility, traditional Chinese culture is not a closed system, and despite the fact that in Chinese In ancient times, despite the restrictions on foreign exchanges, it was still open to achieve the compatibility of foreign Buddhism, and the third is the science of the world, the essential characteristic of culture is to promote the humanization of nature and society, traditional Chinese culture highlights the Confucian style of the world, it is the study of heaven and mankind as a starting point, the starting point is to cultivate the body, rule the country, and peace, and strive to realize its value in the real world, and the world is the basic spirit of the culture and science. It is the basic spirit of culture and science.

The development of traditional Chinese culture has gone through which stages, what are the cultural characteristics of each stage

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The development of traditional Chinese culture is divided into four major periods (four major phases):

1. Time: Primitive Social Period: From the earliest primitive culture, Chinese culture has a history of 2 million years.

About 7,000 years ago, mankind entered the Neolithic Age. Agriculture, pottery making, and grinding and drilling of stone tools were the three major civilization achievements of the Neolithic Age.

2. Primitive Art and Primitive Religion:

Primitive art mainly includes: dances imitating labor movements, as well as pottery sculptures, pottery paintings and wood and bone carvings.

Primitive religion mainly includes: nature worship, ancestor worship and totem worship.

Second, the embryonic period of traditional Chinese culture

1. Time: Xia, Shang, Zhou period, specifically 2070 BC to 221 BC (*** about 1800 years). According to the "Xia Shang Zhou break project" research results, the beginning of the Xia dynasty for about 2070 BC, Xia Shang boundary for about 1600 BC, Shang Zhou boundary for 1046 BC.

2. The cultural characteristics of each generation

Summer cultural characteristics: Shangzhong.

From the story of Jiu Ji and Yu, it can be seen that Jiu Ji is the basic spiritual temperament of Xia culture.

Shang culture features: religious color is very strong, which can be called God-based culture.

Characteristics of Western Zhou culture:

(1) The transition from a god-oriented culture to a human-oriented culture, i.e., a human-oriented cultural orientation.

(2) Agrarian cultural orientation

The general characteristics of culture during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods: a hundred schools of thought contended and a hundred flowers blossomed. There was the first wave of ideological liberation in Chinese history. The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period was the "Axis Era" of Chinese culture, which laid down the basic pattern of traditional Chinese culture. Confucius, Mencius, Laozi, Zhuangzi, Hanfeizi, Mozi and Xunzi were the most outstanding thinkers.

Third, the stereotyped period of traditional Chinese culture

General characteristics: institutionalization, modeling, and programming.

And can be divided into three stages:

(I) Development Period (Qin and Han Dynasty - Wei, Jin and North and South Dynasties)

Qin and Han Dynasty:

① Pioneering, enterprising, and innovation are the main theme of the Qin and Han cultural spirit.

② Ideological and cultural unification. The most important cultural event was the "Dismissal of the Hundred Schools and Respect for Confucianism".

Wei-Jin-North-South Dynasties:

① Although the society was in turmoil, cultural pluralism and vividness were the basic features of cultural development in this period.

② The emergence of a new cultural thinking - metaphysics. Metaphysics was developed from the philosophy of Laozhuang, focusing on thinking about the meaning and value of individual life, and advocating spiritual freedom. This influenced the Chinese literati's taste for life.

3) Buddhism and Taoism flourished and developed into the Sui and Tang dynasties, forming a triad with Confucianism.

(2) Mature Period (Sui, Tang - Southern Song)

Sui and Tang dynasties:

① It was a flourishing era in the history of Chinese cultural development, with a grand and epic grandeur. There was a kind of "tolerance is great" style. As a cultural type, "Tang culture" is characterized by openness, outward-looking, and warm tone.

②The Tang Dynasty was the golden age of poetry and calligraphy, as well as the heyday of painting. In the All-Tang Poems compiled by the Qing Dynasty, 48,900 Tang poems and more than 2,300 poets were collected.

3) The major event in Sino-foreign cultural exchange was the Sino-Japanese cultural exchange.

Song Dynasty (Northern Song Dynasty, Southern Song Dynasty):

① As a cultural type, "Song-type culture" is characterized by introspection, closure, refinement, and a light tone.

② The most important symbol of Song culture is the construction of science.

③ Citizen culture (city culture) flourished. Talking books and rap literature emerged, and in some big cities, there was the Tile House Goulan, which was a fixed place of entertainment, and the Goulan was a place set aside in the Tile House for performances, staging puppet shows, military plays, and other dramas.

④ The achievements of science and technology in the Song Dynasty were very outstanding, the compass, printing and gunpowder improvement and use, is the most outstanding achievements of science and technology in the Song Dynasty.

(3) Decline Period (Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasty before 1840)

Yuan and Ming Dynasties to the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the traditional Chinese culture went into decline, twilight, and nurturing new life.

Basic features of Yuan culture:

1. Nomadic and agrarian cultures both clashed and merged.

2. The scale of cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries was grand.

The cultural characteristics of the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty before 1840:

1. Unprecedented severity of cultural dictatorship

Zhu Yuanzhang stipulated that all imperial examinations should be based on Zhu Xi's Four Books of Collected Annotations as the standard answer. Emperor Qianlong took the opportunity of compiling the "Siku Quanshu", to carry out the campaign to ban books, up to 19 years, **** banned more than 3,100 kinds of books, more than 151,000, the destruction of the book plate more than 80,000 pieces. A great deal of word prison.

2. The feudal government presided over the compilation of four large books

Yongle Daxian, is a class book, the income of all kinds of writings of 7,000 to 8,000 kinds of writings, the body of 22,877 volumes, the length of a total of 370 million words, recognized as the world's earliest and largest encyclopedia, but unfortunately, in 1900, the invasion of the Eight Allied Forces was burned, robbed. 1960, the China Bookstore to gather many photocopies of 730 volumes. In 1960, the China Bookstore collected and photocopied 730 volumes of the encyclopedia.

"Ancient and Modern Books Integration", repaired in the Kangxi and Yongzheng, is a class book, the length of about 160 million words, is China's existing class book in the largest, most versatile, the most perfect style of a kind.

"Sikuquanquan", is a series of books, into the Qianlong period, 3503 kinds of books, is by far the world's largest number of pages of the series of books. The Sikuquanquan was copied in 7 parts, and now there are 4 parts, which are hidden in Beijing, Gansu, and Taipei, and there is also a remnant of the book in Hangzhou.

The Kangxi Dictionary, the world's earliest dictionary with the largest number of characters, contains 47,035 characters.

3. At the end of the Ming and beginning of the Qing Dynasty, there was an early Enlightenment trend.

More or less a sense of rebellion among the citizens, Huang Zongxi, one of the three great thinkers, directed his criticism at the autocratic monarch.

4. At the end of the Ming and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Western learning spread to the East.

With the Italian missionary Matteo Ricci as the representative, the Westerners brought the modern concept of the world and natural scientific and technological achievements. However, in the Yongzheng period, the missionaries were expelled from the country, and Western learning was nearly interrupted.

5. The development of the Chinese novel reached its peak in the Ming and Qing dynasties, with the emergence of the four great masterpieces.

Fourth, the transformation of traditional Chinese culture

From the outbreak of the Opium War in 1840 to the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912, it was a period of transformation of traditional Chinese culture. This period of cultural development is generally characterized by a mixture of old and new, foreign Western modern culture and traditional Chinese culture both conflict and mingling, the two cultures to compete, "the dead to drag the living, the new to break through the old," but the transformation of traditional culture to modern culture is an unstoppable trend.

What are the four stages of the traditional Chinese culture debate?

The Spring and Autumn Period was the period of cultural burgeoning. During this period, culture began to take on its own distinctive features, which were manifested in various aspects. In terms of social form, serfdom covered all counties and euphonies, and slavery, on the contrary, was not fully developed. In terms of ethnic policy, the Chu people positioned themselves between Yi and Xia, and practiced the state policy of fostering Yi and Xia. For the countries they destroyed, they relocated their offices, preserved their temples and clans, organized their territories, comforted their subjects, and used their talents, instead of capturing and plundering the slaves. From the point of view of the official system, Chu officials are mostly called Yin, from the central to the local, with few exceptions; from the administrative system, which was later copied by various countries; in the military system, the title and the establishment are also different from those in the Central Plains. These broad cultural backgrounds have fully signaled the individuality and verve of the culture, and the culture has matured as a result.

The Warring States period was the heyday of culture. At this time, copper production was at its peak, iron was widely promoted, silk weaving and embroidery flourished, lacquer and wood were born, and urban construction was thriving, so material culture could be considered to have reached its zenith. With the boom period is obviously different, the heyday of the spiritual culture shine, give later generations great enlightenment, from philosophy to literature, from painting to music and dance, all unique style, a thousand years, more importantly, political and social institutions, national cultural psychology, daily life tends to be mature and stereotyped, so that the Chu culture has become a unique "this one", for thousands of years for the people to enjoy.

The Qin and Han dynasties were a period of cultural transformation. The Qin state destroyed the Chu state and rejected the culture, which suffered a major blow. However, the spiritual aspect of the culture was far more y rooted than the material aspect, which led to the revival of the culture, but it was ultimately impossible for the Chu culture to develop along its own path after leaving its material roots. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the same as the sole respect for Confucianism, became an integral part of the new Han culture. So far, the north and south of the culture intermingle, promote each other, *** with the creation of the Chinese nation's brilliant civilization.

Chinese traditional culture--Calligraphy has gone through those stages?

Beginning stage: oracle bone script, gold script, big seal script (Shang and Zhou)

Development stage: small seal script, official script, cursive script (Qin, Han and the Three Kingdoms)

Matured stage: regular script, running script (the two Jin dynasties, the North and South Dynasties, the Sui and Tang dynasties)

The Jin dynasty is still in rhyme, the Tang dynasty is still in method, and the Song dynasty is still in meaning.

What are the stages of traditional Chinese culture

Different schools of thought have different ways of dividing Chinese culture, but the unified view is that the period before the Qin Dynasty counts as one stage, and is called pre-Qin culture.

After the Qin, the Han and Tang dynasties are generally regarded as one stage, the Song as one stage; and the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties as one stage each.

I think, after the Qin, each dynasty culture is different, can not be summarized and unified, can only be a dynasty a cultural stage, during the inevitable liaison is not much, and even in some places are a broken generation.

The development of traditional Western culture went through those stages

You are generalizing too much about the West. Does it refer specifically to Europe? In fact, the Middle East is also considered to be the West

Europe is roughly divided into six stages of civilization

Greek civilization, the source of European civilization

Roman civilization, the successor and propagator of Greek civilization

Medieval Christian civilization

Renaissance civilization

Enlightenment civilization

Industrial civilization

Culture is not the same as culture, it is the same as culture. p>

Culture is not the same as civilization, it is only a part of civilization, and it is scattered, each nation and region has its own typical traditional culture, so it is impossible to list in detail.

What are the stages of human emergence? What are the characteristics of each stage?

The Bible is religious language, not fact. Human beings were divided from the animal kingdom into classes, and taxonomically, human beings (Homo sapiens) belong to the subphylum Vertebrata, the class Mammalia, the order Primates, the suborder Apes, and the family Anthropoidea. About 4.5 million years ago, humans and apes began to differentiate, resulting in the Lama apes, and later evolved from the Lama apes into the southern apes 2 million years ago, and further developed into modern humans. Regarding the development process of human beings, it is generally divided into four stages: 1. Early ape stage. Survived about 3 million to 1.5 million years ago, has the basic characteristics of human beings, can walk upright, making simple gravel tools. 2, late ape stage. About 2 million years ago to 300,000 years ago, the body like a man, the brain is larger, can make more progress of the old stone tools, and began to use fire, such as China's Beijing Zhoukoudian Peking ape man. 3, early homo sapiens (ancient man) stage. From 100,000 to 200,000 years ago to 50,000 years ago, gradually detached from the characteristics of apes, and modern man is very close, such as Germany's Neanderthals. 4. Late Homo sapiens (new man) stage. About 40,000 to 50,000 years ago, the evolution of human beings at this time appeared to be significantly accelerated, in the form of a very like modern man, in the culture, there have been the art of carving and painting, and the emergence of decorative objects. For example, in 1933, the Zhoukoudian Dragon Bone Mountain caveman was discovered. At this time, the primitive religion has been produced, has entered the matriarchal society. In the late homo sapiens stage, modern man began to differentiate and form, and distributed to all over the world.

Human cognition went through those stages? What characterizes each stage?

Piaget (Switzerland) divided the cognitive development of children and adolescents into four stages: the sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operations stage, and the formal operations stage.

Perceptual-motor stage (0 to 2 years old)

1, acquired object permanence The so-called object permanence refers to the child's awareness of the continued existence of an object even though it is detached from the perception of the object. That is, when an object disappears from the child's field of vision, the child acquires object permanence at about 9 to 12 months.

2. Causal contact is formed

Pre-operational stage (2 to 7 years old)

Piaget subdivided the pre-operational stage into two stages: the pre-conceptual or symbolic thinking stage (2 to 7 years old) and the intuitive thinking stage (4 to 7 years old). The characteristics of children's thinking in this stage are mainly reflected in the following aspects:

1. Early signaling function :Representational symbols - delayed imitation and verbal symbols

2. Panpsychism and egocentrism Egocentrism refers to the tendency of a child to be completely centered on his own body and movements and to perceive things from his own standpoint and point of view, rather than from the objective, other people's point of view. The tendency to recognize things from their own standpoint and point of view rather than from the objective, other person's point of view. (Piaget's Three Hills Experiment)

3. Thinking activity is relatively concrete, not capable of abstract arithmetic thinking.4. Thinking is irreversible: children can't mentally think backwards about the behavior they see, or recall what things were like before they changed.

Concrete operations stage (7 to 12 years old)

1. Conservation is gained, and thinking is reversible The appearance of reversibility is a sign that conservation is gained, and it is also a sign of the emergence of the concrete operations stage. Children are able to think backwards about the changes they see and compare them before and after, thinking about how such changes occurred. Conservation is the ability of an individual to recognize the property of an object that its inherent properties do not change in response to changes in its external form. Children first grasp conservation of number, usually at the age of 6-7 years, followed by conservation of matter, which occurs between the ages of 7-8 years, while conservation of geometric weight and length occur around the age of 9-10 years, and conservation of volume usually occurs after the age of 11-12 years.

2. Formation of group structure Group structure is a categorization system that mainly consists of class cluster operations and serialized cluster operations. Specific operations stage children's ability to categorize and understand concepts are significantly improved. In solving the task of categorizing complex clusters combining two categories, children in the concrete-operational stage differ from children in the preoperational stage in that they are able to categorize objects according to complex rules combining various properties of the objects. Although children in the concrete-operational stage have realized many clusters of operations, children still need the support of concrete things for the operations they perform at this time, and they are not yet able to think about things that do not exist or things that have never happened.

The Formal Operations Stage (12-15 years old)

As mentioned above, in the Concrete Operations Stage, the child can only use concrete things, objects, or processes to think or operate, and cannot use verbal or written statements of things and processes as the basis for operations. For example, Edith, Susan and Lily hair who black problem, the concrete operations stage can not be based on written statements to make judgments. When children's intelligence into the formal operations stage, thinking does not have to start from the concrete things and processes, can use language and text, in the mind to imagine and think, reconstruct things and processes to solve the problem. Therefore, children can answer the question of Susan's black hair without much difficulty without resorting to the concrete image of a doll. This kind of free from the concrete things, the use of language and text in the mind to reconstruct things and processes to solve the problem of arithmetic is called formal arithmetic.

Which stages of traditional Western culture

Phase I: (about BC800 ~ BC166) of the ancient Greek civilization for the European civilization pioneered

Phase II: (8th century BC ~ the end of the 13th century) of the rise and fall of ancient Roman civilization There have to be mentioned the spread of Christianity

Phase III: (14th century) of the Renaissance, which is the first stage of the Renaissance, the second stage of the Renaissance. The Renaissance, which brought Europeans back to Ancient Greece

Phase 4: The rise of the United States in the 19th century, which made Neo-Latin civilization a new European civilization

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