History of the Naxi

The origin of the Naxi people, scholars believe that originated in ancient times in northwest China, living in the river (Yellow River) Huanghuang (Huanghe River) zone of the ancient Qiang people, migrated to the upper reaches of the Minjiang River to the south, and to the southwestern direction of the Yalong River Basin, and then westward to the upper reaches of the Jinsha River East-West Zone.

The Book of the Later Han Dynasty (《后汉书》西羌传载：古羌人 "children and grandchildren separately, each for their own species, any with the, or for the cattle species, the Yue Li Qiang is also". It also said: "the Qiang cattle consumption in the Shu Han, its kind of name are not known".

With the continuous discovery of archaeological objects in the Naxi distribution area, some scholars have put forward the view that the Naxi were formed by the fusion of the ancient Qiang people who migrated southward and the indigenous people of the present settlement. Archaeologists first in Lijiang dam southeast of the wooden bridge, found fossilized paleontology and human fossil femur, fossilized skull and old stone tools, identified by the wooden bridge found in the ancient human fossils about 100,000 years ago, archaeology called "Lijiang people". Following the Yongning, Yanyuan Lugu Lake area found in the Neolithic sites and fine rope pattern pottery, iron, copper and so on.

Sarcophagus burial culture has been discovered in Kangding, Yajiang, Xinlong and Batang counties of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan Province, Muzui Autonomous County of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Yanbian County of Panzhihua City, Gongjue and Mangkang counties of the Tibet Autonomous Region, and Deqin, Lijiang and Yongsheng counties of Yunnan Province. These areas basically belonged to the historical scope of activities of the Naxi people. During the Qin period, the Naxi ancestors were distributed in the southwestern part of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in present-day Sichuan Province, Yanbian County in Panzhihua City, Ya'an area and the southern part of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, as well as the northwestern part of Yunnan Province.

During the Han Dynasty, salt, iron and lacquer were abundant in the "Moshayi" area around Dingtao, which triggered a war between officials and soldiers sent by the Eastern Han Dynasty to compete for the benefits of salt and iron under Dingtao. The Wood's Huan genealogy of the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Shu Han Dynasty Moshayi activities in the salt source has been briefly recorded.

By the time of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Naxi ancestors had established direct political relations with the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Yongping seventeen years (74 years), Southwest Sichuan white wolf rays to the Eastern Han Dynasty tribute, dedication poem three chapters, known as the "white wolf king song", which has the same text and modern Naxi language or similar, said the white wolf rays may be the Naxi forefathers, the end of the Qing dynasty in the early years of the Chinese history and folklore, more than said that the ancient white wolf country that is in the present day in Batang, Sichuan province.

According to "Yuan Yitong Zhi" records, about the early 3rd century AD, "some barbarians" chief Meng vinegar vinegar, invasion of "Pu Lu two barbarians" living in the huge Jinzhou (now Lijiang City, Yulong County, Ju Dian) area and "hereditary residence".

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Late in the 5th century (during the period of Qi and Liang in the Southern Dynasty), the chief of Muzha, Naiyuewu, led the people to drive away the Tubo forces that had originally settled in Yongning in the present-day Landlady, and lived and prospered in this area from generation to generation.

During the Tang Dynasty, according to the Book of Barbarians, there were Naxi people in the Xichuan area of Sichuan Province from the east to the present, in the south to Binchuan in Dali Prefecture, in the west to the area of Wisi along the Lancang River, and in the north to the area of Deqin and Zhongdian up and down the Tieqiao.

6th century Liang, Chen dynasties, a Naxi ancestors through the Muli Measureless River Basin, moved south to the upper reaches of the Jinsha River in today's southeastern Shangri-La County, the three dams area.

7th century mid-Tang Gaozong period, the Naxi tribal group leader Ye Gu Nian, seized the "Pu Xie barbarians" inhabited by the "three fine" (or "kind of ditch head", now Lijiang). The dam).

The end of the 7th century to the beginning of the 8th century (around the first year of the Linde era to the Kaiyuan era), from the Yanyuan area south of the Jinsha River to the east of the Erhai Sea Naxi formed a large tribal, in the present-day Binchuan County, Yunnan Province, the establishment of "Yue analyzed the dao" (also known as the Muozha dao), for the "six dao" one. It was one of the "six edicts". Its territory was annexed by Nanzhao, which was supported by the Tang Dynasty. The rise and fall of the "Echizanzhao" lasted for about 70 years.

Between 734 (the 22nd year of the reign) and 737 (the 25th year of the reign), the Tang dynasty mobilized the power of the Yaozhou (present-day Yaoan) governor's office, and sent the royal historian Yan Zhenghai and Wang Chengxun to help the Nanzhao king Pirogue to "unify the six edicts into one" and unify the Erhai region, and the Echidanzhao, which had been established by the Maosi people, was broken up.

794 (zhenyuan ten years), the south imperial decree broke the land of tufan shenchuan dudu (present day lijiang area) and kunming city (present day yanyuan), the muxi tribe distribution area from Tibetan jurisdiction into the south imperial decree within the scope of the jurisdiction. Nanzhao set up the Tieqiao Festival in Tieqiao (present-day Tacheng, Lijiang), and set up the Xiangcheng County in Kunming City to rule over the tribes of the Moshi ethnic group. During the Dali Kingdom, the Lijiang area was under the jurisdiction of Shanju County (present-day Yongsheng, Lijiang). In 1253 (the first year of Baoyou), the Mongolian army under the leadership of Kublai Lie troops divided into three southern conquest of the Dali State, through the Muli to Yongning Riyue and. After Kublai entered the Naxi region, the local tribal leaders have been awarded the "Tea Hanzhang tube people official", "Tea Hanzhang Xuanwu Si" and other official positions, is the prototype of the Tusi Tujia system.

In 1274, the Yuan regime set up "Lijiang road military and civilian governor", "Lijiang" name from the beginning.

1285, changed to "Lijiang military and civilian Xuandu Division", Xuandu Division are inherited by the children and grandchildren of Mai Liang, unified "chiefs and villages star columns" of the Naxi region of the tribes, formally included in the Yunnan Province of the administrative district jurisdiction.

From 1253 Kublai destroyed the Dali State to the first year of the Qing Dynasty Yongzheng (1723) implementation of the "return of land to the stream" of 470 years, the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties directly in the Naxi region to implement the central dynasty under the jurisdiction of the hereditary tribal system. Ming dynasty Hongwu years, the Ming army into Yunnan, the Naxi leader A Tak "rate of the first annexed", Hongwu sixteen years (1383 AD), the Ming dynasty, the central authorization of some aristocrats on behalf of the wood for the Lijiang Province, hereditary land governor.

Lijiang Wood's Tusi adopted a more enlightened policy, and actively introduced the production technology and culture and education of the Han areas in the Central Plains, and widely solicited talents, and introduced some doctors, teachers, painters, Buddhists, Taoists, and mining, smelting, construction, copper, silver and other aspects of the technical personnel into the Naxi areas.

Mu's Tusi has a strong military force, for the Ming Dynasty conquest effect, the emperor personally gave the "series of Ning border", "sincerity to serve the country", "northwestern fence" and so on. No. Wood took the opportunity to expand its power to the north, since Tianshun six years (1462) began to Tibetan troops, to the end of the Ming Dynasty, its sphere of influence up to Muli, Batang, Litang, Kangding and Tibet south of Chamdo. Wood and migrated a large number of Naxi people to the above areas, and thereafter these Naxi people were mostly integrated into the Tibetan people. In 1723 (the first year of yongzheng), lijiang implementation of the "return of land to the stream", the imperial court appointed a stream of officials as governor, descending wood's soil governor for the pass judge. After the "reorganization of the land to the stream", exempted the Secretary of the various harsh faction, abolished the Zhuang Nu more than 500 households, more than 2,000 people, the establishment of the feudal landlord economy. The Qing Court measured the social life and customs of the Naxi people against the lifestyle of the Manchu and Han Chinese and the ethics and morality of Confucian culture, and compulsorily implemented the change of customs in the Naxi area, such as abolition of cremation, reform of clothing, and strengthening of feudal patriarchal system and arranged marriage, which led to major social contradictions and cultural changes in the Naxi area, and exacerbated the decline of the traditional culture.

In 1856 (Xianfeng six years), Du Wenxiu in Menghua (now Weishan) launched the Hui uprising, captured Dali. Lijiang Baisha man and Jian (martial arts graduate), who was then stationed in Dali guarding the battalion of Dushi, was killed. He Li Zhen Department of the thousand general Zhang Zhengtai took the opportunity to provoke the contradiction between the Hui and Naxi, and brutally slaughtered Jinshan, Wenzhi, Lashi area of more than 700 innocent Hui people, in the He (Qing), Lijiang (Jiang), Jian (Chuan), Zhong (Dian), Huai (West) to and from the fight and kill.

In 1859, Zhang Zhengtai died in internal strife in Heqing.

In 1860, Du Wenxiu army captured He, Jian, Li, Yong and other places. Lancang River border guards in Huaxi and Yaozeng (and Jian's son), and Huaxi Yezhi Wang guards leader Yang Yuke killed and the superior Huaxi Xie township guards leader (Hui people), widely recruited the countryside, defected to the Qing government with the Hui insurgents for the tug-of-war. The ancient city of Lijiang changed hands several times and became a ruin, and the neighboring villages were full of sores.

In 1872, the Hui Min uprising failed. According to "Lijiang Province" records: "Lijiang Yi children destroyed in the king's statistics of six thousand hundreds of people, the people of the dead ten of two or three." This is the history of Lijiang "chaos eighteen years". December 25, 1915, "anti-Yuan war" started in Yunnan, Lijiang Naxi actively participate in the national protection movement, to the national protection army sent 3420 young people, against the restoration of the empire to fight on the battlefield, many Naxi warriors blood stained the sands.

July 1937, after the outbreak of the war of resistance against Japan, Naxi children with the Yunnan army fighting in the front line of the war, Naxi children with the Yunnan army to the front line of the resistance against Japan, participated in the major battles of Taierzhuang, Zhongtiao Mountain and other major battles. In the Battle of Taierzhuang, more than 280 Naxi soldiers and officers were martyred.

In 1941, in order to support the long-lasting war of resistance, the Naxi people of Lijiang, without any modern engineering machinery, repaired Baisha Airport near Lijiang with human labor.

In 1943, for the smooth passage of the Sino-Indian "Hump Route", the U.S. "Flying Tigers" set up an "aviation command station" in Lijiang, in which the Naxi people actively participated. The Naxi people actively participated in the construction of radio stations, building houses and other military projects to support the Allied struggle against Japan.

In April 1936, a unit of the Second Front Army of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army led by Ren Bishi and He Long traveled north to fight against the Japanese and arrived in Lijiang, where it was warmly welcomed by the Naxi people.

In 1948, under the leadership of the underground party organization in Yunnan, the Naxi people established the "Peasant Anti-Enemy Association" and other organizations in the countryside.

In April 1949, the armed forces led by the C*** Yunnan Underground Party liberated Jianchuan, a neighboring county of Lijiang, and established the first revolutionary base in northwestern Yunnan.

On July 1, 1949, Lijiang was peacefully liberated. People's Self-Defense Force after training, was ordered to reorganize the "Northwest Yunnan People's Self-Defense Force Third Detachment", more than 90 percent of the combatants are Naxi. This People's Self-Defense Army detachment made positive contributions to the liberation of Yunnan in cooperation with the main force of the People's Liberation Army. From 1950 to 1951, the 42nd Division of the People's Liberation Army marched from Lijiang to Tibet. Lijiang County set up the Tibet Aid Committee, deployed 4,889 militiamen and 500 mules and horses to form the General Grain Transportation Team, which transported 180,710 packages of rice from Lijiang to Deqin, either on backs or on horses' backs. In the Chinese people's liberation army liberation of yunnan yongsheng, huaping, sichuan xichang and other battles, a lot of naxi sons and daughters to participate in the war, for the liberation of new china made a contribution to the cause.

In 1961, Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County was established.

In 1996, Lijiang was hit by a 7-magnitude earthquake, killing and injuring more than 3,200 people and causing economic losses of 4.5 billion yuan.

In December 1997, the ancient city of Lijiang was recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.

In June 2003, the Three Parallel Rivers was recognized as a World Natural Heritage Site, and in September, the Naxi Dongba Ancient Book was selected as a World Heritage Site.