Reasons for the collapse of KMT rule?

I. Political reactionary theory:Representing the interests of the feudal landlord class, the bureaucratic bourgeoisie, and imperialism, it betrayed Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles of the People, and engaged in a prolonged anti-*** civil war against the people.

Two, the economic collapse said: that the total collapse of the financial economy led to the defeat of the Nanjing regime, put forward the economic collapse said: after the victory in the war, the economy of the Nationalist Region due to the economic aggression of the United States, the four families of the brutal looting and the huge consumption of the civil war into a serious crisis, the currency reforms accelerated the collapse of the economy. The total financial and economic collapse not only pushed the people in the Nationalist Region to rise up and fight for their survival, but also intensified the intensification of the contradictions among the various factions within the Kuomintang and the military and political crises, leading to the defeat of the Nanjing regime.

Third, the theory that the crisis of legitimacy came in the end before the time for institutional innovation: putting China in the context of the modernization process of the transition from tradition to modernity, we put forward the theory that the crisis of legitimacy came in the end before the time for institutional innovation: China's modernization was initiated against the backdrop of huge population pressure and relative shortage of natural resources, the existential crisis of losing one's country and destroying one's race, and the political decline and fragmentation of the country. Faced with challenges from foreign powers, local forces and civil society, the Nanjing regime did not have time to realize institutional innovation and carry out political, economic and rural reforms to satisfy the aspirations and demands of all social strata, and had to revert to an authoritarian system; thus, it lost its modernization orientation, and not only failed to resolve the crisis of participation in the bombing after its victory in the war of resistance, but also had a crisis of legitimacy, which was ultimately overcome by the revolutionary forces that rose from the bottom up, represented by the Zhong***, and the Chinese government, and the Chinese government. Revolutionary forces emerging from the bottom up were defeated. The Nanking government's extraction of society exceeded the limit of resources that society could afford to extract, triggering social confrontation; the government's centralization of power without fulfilling its obligation to provide society with public **** goods and its inability to complete change through institutional innovation resulted in the loss of the historical opportunity for political transformation and the foundation of legitimacy.

Fourth, the failure of the political implementation of omnipotence said. Scholars have taken the perspective back to the end of the Qing Dynasty, pointing out that between the traditional bureaucratic imperial system to the modern centralized hierarchical system must go through the process of centralization (traditional) - decentralization - centralization (modern), in order to achieve the launch of modernization. The decentralization of power and political disorder since the Republic of China (ROC) until the 1930s induced the emergence of omnipotentist politics. However, the KMT's omnipotentist politics made mistakes at both the levels of power cohesion and decentralization. The government favored the collection of power from the localities without focusing on the hierarchization of decision-making, resulting in a network of power that could be controlled by the central government, an over-concentration of decision-making in the administrative center, especially in Chiang Kai-shek's person, a greater role for the tradition of the rule of man in the operation of power, and a low level of institutionalization. At the social level, where power should have been decentralized, the KMT strengthened its control over society and pursued a policy of weakening and eliminating local forces. As a result, the deprived civil society was deprived of the basic impetus for modernization, and the increasing backstabbing between local forces and the central government continued throughout the Nanjing regime, weakening its rule. As a result, the politics of omnipotence went into total decline, and there was a revolution to change the dynasty.

Fifth, corruption said.

The KMT could not realize the structural transformation to a modern legalistic political party, but also lost the basic elements that a revolutionary party must have, and gradually tended to become corrupt under the circumstances of weakened ideological cohesion, disorganization, and politics without internal checks and balances and external supervision. Political corruption in the form of embezzlement, disorganization, and factional rivalry was the root cause of the downfall of KMT rule. Chiang Kai-shek's view that the corruption of the KMT army was rooted in the corruption of the party infers that the corruption of the KMT was the cause of the regime's failure on the mainland. The corruption of the KMT was combined with the hijacking and reaping after the victory in the war, and the hijacking was the reason for the failure of the Nanjing regime. The political roots of the corruption of the KMT regime were threefold: first, the purging of the party and the compromise with the forces of the old warlords, which led to a fundamental change in the nature of the party and the loss of its revolutionary spirit and vitality; second, the deletion of the revolutionary element in the Three Principles of the People, which resulted in the loss of the ideological weapon to fight corruption; and, third, the shortcomings of the KMT regime's political system in terms of design and procedure, which led to a lack of the proper mechanism of checks and balances and a laxity in the grass-roots organizations.

Sixth, private ownership theory. It is believed that the reason for the failure of the Nanjing regime was the private ownership of the means of production and its ideology, which determined that they were bound to jeopardize and sacrifice the interests of the people in order to satisfy their private interests, and that they were bound to lose the hearts and minds of the people and go into a state of defeat.

Seven, the loss of rural (people) said. It is believed that the rapid collapse of the KMT's rule on the mainland, the rural issue, especially the unresolved land issue of the peasants is of decisive significance. China is a large agricultural country, farmers account for the vast majority of the population, the core of the peasant problem is the land issue. The Nanjing regime, on the other hand, represented the interests of the big landowners and the big bourgeoisie, and its class limitations determined that it was impossible for it to solve the peasants' land problem. The abolition of the imperial examination system resulted in a one-way flow of rural elites to the cities, and class conflicts in the countryside intensified as the rich and powerful bullies gradually took over the power centers at the bottom of the hierarchy. By the time of the Nanjing regime, the government was overwhelmed by challenges on all fronts, and its control over the rural underclass became even weaker. Government functions in the countryside were basically limited to the collection of food, taxes, and dung, which exacerbated tensions with the peasants. Land-hungry peasants were mobilized on a large scale under the ****production party's agrarian reform measures, becoming the most powerful social resource for the change of dynasty.

VIII. Comprehensive factors said:

1. (1) The Nanjing regime lacked a basis for rule. after 1927 the Kuomintang lost the support of the workers and peasants; the landlords and gentry, who were the social basis of the regime, were unable to cooperate with it in a genuine way; the national bourgeoisie gradually broke up with the Nanjing regime under the policy of kidnapping and extortion and the annexation of bureaucratic capital; the army also lost control of the party due to the purge, and its quality was low, its discipline was poor, and it could not be relied upon; thus it lost its strength and became too weak to be relied upon. corrupted and unreliable; thus losing the minimum conditions for the establishment of a state. (2) Although the KMT established a modern form of regime, factionalism, corruption, and administrative inefficiency were always associated with the regime, and the ruling machine was never able to function properly. (3) The existence of local factional forces as a strong dissident force had seriously weakened the rule of the Nanjing regime; the disintegration of the local armies, which constituted the majority of the army during the War of Liberation, was an important cause directly contributing to its military collapse. The long-term confrontation between the local power factions and the central government, and "the act of separation and decentralization undermined the unity of the KMT regime's governmental and military orders", was one of the inevitable factors of the Nanjing regime's downfall. The Nanjing regime should have practiced democratic politics to integrate local forces, but in fact, it weakened and eliminated the local forces, causing the other side to confront it as it did, undermining its rule and contributing to its collapse. The Party regime was hit hard on all fronts, and with the strong competition from the ****producers, the pace of the regime's collapse was greatly accelerated. (4) The Nanjing regime was in a period of transition from tradition to modernity and from chaos to rule in China. Social unrest and wars were frequent; population migration was extremely frequent, and the huge burden of overpopulation accompanied the regime all the time; the government failed to distribute social resources and wealth equitably among different interest groups, generating a large number of social problems and leading to the whole society being trapped in a vicious circle of chaos. Externally, the Nanjing regime also had to deal with severe challenges from the great powers. The collapse of the regime was accelerated by various pressures at home and abroad. The collapse of the Nanjing regime was the result of many inevitable and contingent factors*** working together. The class attributes of the regime, its social base, its mode of political behavior, and the condition of its political parties and army were the inevitable factors of its collapse. The war of resistance against Japan, the defeat of the political democratization scam and the provocation of the civil war were the two contingent factors of its failure

2. During the rule of the Nanjing regime, the factor of feudalism had always been retained in large numbers, the position and role of capitalism in China was relatively weak, while the semi-colonial factor was of great influence. As a result, firstly, the accumulation of national industrial capital in China was exceptionally poor, and it was very difficult to transform commercial capital into industrial capital; on the contrary, the reversal of industrial capital to commercial capital often occurred. The weakness of national industrial capital and the irrational structure of industry and commerce made it impossible for the national bourgeoisie to fight against the imperialist and bureaucratic bourgeoisie's economic oppression and the oppression of authoritarian politics, as China: (1) never formed a group of well-capitalized industrial capitalists. This was the economic root cause of the Nanking regime's ability to exercise political dictatorship and cultural despotism and to lose the hearts of the people politically. (2) Underdeveloped industries and a weak economic base made China suffer from time to time from imperialist economic oppression, plunder and various speculative behaviors, and it was difficult to withstand prolonged war. This was a fundamental economic reason for the collapse of the Nanjing regime. Secondly, bureaucratic capitalism and the bureaucratic bourgeoisie were powerful. In modern China, both the bureaucratic bourgeoisie and the national bourgeoisie were overwhelmingly divided from the feudal landlord class, and were feudal and speculative to varying degrees. Bureaucratic capital, by virtue of its power and the use of super-economic coercion for monopoly, formed a monopoly that was not based on developed and centralized production, but was mainly speculative from the commercial and banking sectors, without the backing of a strong industrial base. At the late stage of the Kuomintang's rule, the speculative nature of the bureaucratic capital was even more serious, and the weak national capital was forced to follow suit due to the pressure of inflation and embezzlement by the bureaucratic capital. As a result, no one in the whole society produced, all went to speculation, and the economy was in chaos and depression until it collapsed. The strength of the bureaucratic bourgeoisie laid the foundation for the collapse of the Nanjing regime. Thirdly, corruption was rampant. Under the feudal system, corruption was common, and bureaucrats used their privileges to make extra money in business. Privileges were transformed into economic behavior, which inevitably led to corruption and political corruption. Feudalism is a large number of preservation, so in the Nanjing regime under the rule of corruption, public for private, robbery and other scandals are endless, "up and down the levy profits and the country is in danger of a big breakthrough," and ultimately presented. Fourthly, the colonial economy was remarkable. (1) The vast majority of modern Chinese industry is distributed in the southeast coastal areas along the river. This industrial layout with significant colonial economic characteristics, so that China in the early war in the loss of about 90% of the modern industrial and mining industry, more than 2/3 of the traffic and transportation lines and accounted for more than 85% of the income of the region, the industrial base and the loss of financial resources, coupled with the huge consumption of the war, the two add up to the formation of a huge shortfall to the economic foundation of the Kuomintang regime to a devastating blow. In order to balance wartime income and expenditure, it had to adopt an inflationary policy, which has been out of control ever since, and has become a direct cause of the regime's financial collapse. (2) Due to the trinity of Chinese bureaucrats, landlords and merchants, the feudal natural economy was difficult to really break until the invasion of foreign capitalism in modern times, which caused the disintegration of the natural economy. This determined the selectivity of commodities and the irrationality of the market price structure, resulting in the irrational exchange of imported industrial goods and exported agricultural products, limiting the commercialization of agricultural products and the expansion of the rural market. In the 1930s, the impact of the world economic crisis led to the depletion of rural finance. Inflation after the victory in the war of resistance led to a rapid widening of the already existing scissors difference between the prices of industrial and agricultural products, a significant reduction in the real income of peasants, and a further impoverishment of the countryside. This was an important reason for the bankruptcy of the rural economy under the KMT regime and its loss of peasant support.

9The Failure of the Unified Economy: The wartime unified economy had enabled "the wartime industry in the rear areas to show a record speed of development in China's industrial history" and "once pushed forward the process of modernization of China's interior"; however, this kind of super-economy of the state intervention also undermined the order of the market economy itself, leading to the serious shrinkage of private capital, the overdevelopment of state capital and even the annexation of private capital. The wartime unified economy was closely associated with corruption and inflation.