Ancient official system in China

Bureaucracy in Spring and Autumn Period

Supreme Consul-In various vassal states, the supreme ruler is the monarch of each country, among which Chu, Wu and Yue have successively become kings. There are officials under it, always leading hundreds of officials and presiding over state affairs. Countries with different names are generally called "rule". Generally speaking, there are many ministers in various countries, such as Si Tuleideng, Sima, Sikong and Sikou, all of whom are important officials of the imperial court. Situ is in charge of civil affairs and household registration; Sima is in charge of the military; Sikong is responsible for civil buildings such as land and fortifications, so it is sometimes called Cheng Si and Sigong. Scott is in charge of litigation and prisons.

Palace extension officials-officials of the imperial court include Zongbo and Zongren, who are in charge of public affairs and sacrifices; Dazzling people, fortune tellers and witches in charge of divination; Music officials and dancers in charge of court music; Government officials and officials in charge of the monarch's property and so on. Palace affairs manager is generally a servant doctor, Guo Song's name is Yin Da.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, local governments in Central Plains countries basically implemented state-owned and non-state-owned systems. The so-called country refers to the national capital and its vicinity; The wild is a remote village outside the country. At that time, according to different organizational forms of fields and fields, officials at all levels were set up to manage them.

Liao and Jin official system

The official system of Liao Dynasty-Northern Officials: There were two Privy Councils in the north and south, and the officials were Tang envoys and Privy Council officials. The Privy Council in the north is in charge of the national military and political affairs, similar to the Ministry of War in the Tang Dynasty; The Southern Privy Council is responsible for civil service elections and tax administration. Under the Privy Council, there are the Prime Ministers' Houses of the North and South (this is the first time in China's history that "Prime Minister" is taken as the official name). Southern officials: most of them imitate the Tang system, and there are also officials from three provinces and six departments, various post stations, hospitals, temples, prisons and guards. Most of them are used to resettle Han people and have no real power. The official system of the Jin Dynasty-Shangshu Province is the highest administrative institution in the country, and there are no two provinces, Zhongshu and Menxia. Shang Shuling is the chief executive. The central power of the Yuan Dynasty consists of Zhongshu Province, Privy Council and Yushitai. Zhongshu province has always obeyed the government, and the Privy Council is the highest military institution in the country. Yushitai is the highest supervision institution in China; The imperial court has Zheng Xuan Academy, which is in charge of religious affairs, Tibetan affairs and other minority affairs. Bank Zhongshu Province became the highest local administrative agency. The province is four levels: Dao, Fu, Zhou and County.

Official system in Ming dynasty

The central government is divided into administration, military affairs and supervision by Zhongshu Province, Dudufu and Yushitai. Then the "Cabinet" appeared. The power of the cabinet is mainly embodied in the "draft ticket", that is, to put forward opinions on handling zhangqin submitted by various places, draft letters according to the will of the emperor, and hand them over to six departments for handling after being approved by the emperor. Jiuqing refers to the six ministers of history and Duchayuan, all of whom are ministers of suggestion, political envoy and Dali Temple. Duchayuan was the highest supervisory institution in Ming Dynasty. North Korea has set up a governor to direct Chinese and foreign military affairs. In order to guard against the excessive concentration of military power, the government abolished the Governor's Office and changed it to the Governor's Office of the Central, Left, Right, Front and Rear Armies, with the left and right governors as its chief officers. The viceroy of the five armies is in charge of the troops in the capital and the local health centers respectively. Although the troops are unified, they have no right to dispatch. The Ministry of War is responsible for the appointment, removal and promotion of officers, and issues military orders, but does not command the army. The command of the army is ultimately in the hands of the emperor. The local administrative system in Ming Dynasty consists of three levels: province, state and county.

Adopted in Qin and Han dynasties

First, central officials such as three public officials and nine public officials.

According to Han Shu Gongqing Table, the Prime Minister, Qiu and Fu were the three officials who presided over the state affairs in Qin and Han Dynasties, collectively called officials, and were the central officials of the imperial court. In fact, they also have a process of development and evolution.

Prime Minister: The prime minister is the highest chief executive of the imperial court. Under the prime minister of the Han Dynasty, there were several prime ministers' histories, all of which were secretaries, and the long history was their long history.

Qiu: The Han Shu Guan Bai Gong Qing Biao says that Qiu is an official of A Qin, but it has not been confirmed in other documents.

In the early Western Han Dynasty, Tai Wei was the highest military officer. Later, Li Fu became the highest military commander in the country. After the death of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Huo Guang presided over the state affairs with the title of Fu and General, and his responsibilities were far from limited to military affairs. At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Fu was cancelled and Qiu's name was restored.

As the deputy of the Prime Minister, the Imperial censor has two functions: one is to take charge of the world's literature and classics, submit them to the official zhangqin, and issue imperial edicts. , similar to the emperor's confidential secretary-general; Second, he is in charge of the internal and external supervision of the imperial court and is the highest supervisor of the country.

Under the Imperial Physician, there is an Imperial Commander who is in charge of the supervision of court officials and the books and archives collected by the state in Lantai. At the same time, the local competent secretariat is responsible.

Local counties have censors to supervise local officials.

Jiuqing:

Jiuqing refers to nine important officials and positions of the Central Court. They are:

Fengchang: renamed Taichang in Han Dynasty, he was in charge of temple etiquette, divination and sacrifice, and was subordinate to historians and doctors.

Langzhongling: Emperor's retinue, including doctors, Langzhongling, worshippers, etc. Lang is the servant and bodyguard of the emperor, divided into Zhong Lang, Assistant Lang and Langzhong. Dr. Tazhong, etc. Yi Lang is an unarmed man, and they are responsible for the discussion.

During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Lang Zhongling changed his name to Guang Luxun, and his position remained unchanged. He also appointed Menlang and Yulinlang as the armed attendants of the emperor when he went out hunting.

Wei Wei: The guards in charge of each palace gate are all junior officials, such as servants shooting and bus marshalling. In the Han Dynasty, the army commanded by Wei Yan was called the Southern Army.

Servant: in charge of the emperor's horses and army horses.

Ding Wei: He is in charge of criminal proceedings and is the highest judicial official in the country. When the imperial court met DaYu, it was tried by Ting Wei.

Guest: Responsible for receiving ethnic minorities and vassal countries coming to Korea. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, it was renamed Dahonglu, who was in charge of the hajj of governors, governors and surrounding tribes.

Zong Zheng: In charge of the royal family (including the princess). People who commit crimes in the imperial clan are generally handled by officials.

Governing the internal history of millet: in charge of the national grain silk rent and tax. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed its name to Dasinong. In the early Han Dynasty, the civil servant who managed millet was only in charge of the agricultural granary, and another official, Oi, was in charge of the state finance. After changing to Dasinong, Ouchi became its subordinate officer, named Dunei, in charge of goods and treasury.

Shaofu: in charge of the land tax of mountains and seas throughout the country for the emperor's private use. The emperor's food, clothing, housing, transportation, medical sacrifices and utensils are all under his command, so he is the general manager of court affairs. After Liang Wudi, his authority was shrinking, but his subordinate Shangshu Province, as the emperor's confidential secretariat, was constantly improving. Later, he finally left Shaofu and became an independent bookshop, with Cao in charge of affairs.

In addition to Jiuqing, the Central Court also has some important senior officials:

Captain: Responsible for the security of Shi Jing area. When Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty was renamed Emperor Wudi of Zhili, he usually patrolled the city, and the emperor's patrol was the leader.

Will be a junior official: in charge of civil construction projects of palaces, ancestral halls and cemeteries. Emperor Han Jingdi changed his name to Master.

Classical country: in charge of returning minority affairs. The Han Dynasty proclaimed itself emperor, and the subordinate countries were merged into Dahonglu.

Captain Shuiheng: Established by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he was in charge of the navigation of ponds such as Shanglinyuan.

Local official system

The county system was implemented in Qin and Han Dynasties. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, a three-level administrative system of state, county and county had been formed.

The administrative organization of Qin capital is responsible for managing the internal history. The rank of literature and history is equal to that of Lieqing, and he also participates in discussing state affairs. After Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, the capital was divided into three parts, namely, Beijing Zhao Yin, Zuo Fengyi and You Fufeng, which were governed by three officials respectively, and were called three assistants. Three auxiliary officials, like ministers, can participate in state affairs.

As the governor, the governor of the state secretariat gradually gained administrative and military power, so the state became a county-level administrative division. The Secretariat has also become a local official with administrative, military and supervisory powers.

A county is an administrative division below the national level, and its leader was called "Shou" or "County Shou" in the Qin Dynasty, and was later renamed "Taishou" by Emperor Han Jing. Under the rule of Jun Cheng, he was helped by him. County commandant, the military commander in charge of a county, was later renamed a captain by Emperor Han Jing.

There were also vassal States at the same level as the county in the Han Dynasty. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, each kingdom had its own army, and its offices were the same as those of the central court. At that time, the imperial court appointed only one teacher (to tutor the king) and one prime minister (to command the officials of the kingdom) to the kingdom, and the officials below the suggestion were appointed by the king himself.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, several counties were under the jurisdiction of the county. In counties with more than 10,000 households, the chief is the county magistrate; County orders below 10,000 households are appointed by the court. Under the county magistrate, there is a county magistrate, who is an auxiliary official; In a county, there is also a county commander in charge of Party A's military affairs.

In the Han dynasty, the main clothing that distinguished officials from good officials was crown and softness.

In the Qin and Han Dynasties, slowness was the most obvious sign to distinguish between high and low official positions. Senior officials in the Qin and Han Dynasties, such as San Gong and Jiu Qing, used gold seals and silver seals respectively.

During the Qin and Han dynasties, officials' clothes were all black. Qin Shihuang thought that virtue was better than water, and the color was still black, so the official uniform was also black. Han inherited the Qin system, and the official uniform was also black.

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