Main species of yellow cattle

The representative breeds of China yellow cattle are Qinchuan cattle, Nanyang cattle, Luxi cattle, Jinnan cattle and Yanbian cattle. Nanyang cattle is a famous large-scale cattle breed in China, which originated in Nanyang, Henan Province, and its central origin is in the vast plain areas of Baihe and Tanghe River basins in Henan Province. Nanyang cattle are mainly distributed in the suburbs of Nanyang, Tanghe, Dengzhou, Sheqi, Xinye, Fangcheng and Biyang in Zhumadian.

Nanyang cattle-breed characteristics Nanyang cattle are tall, thin and capillary, muscular, with high acromion, broad shoulders, prominent sternum, straight back and waist, upright limbs, large hoof shape and quick action. The bull's head is square and majestic, with a thick and short wrinkled neck, developed forequarters, high moustache, 8-9 cm high acromion and long shoulders. The bull's head is handsome, narrow and long, with a large and even mouth, a thin and horizontal neck, moderate length, inconspicuous acromion, narrow front chest, prominent sternum and developed hindquarters. There are shortcomings such as short tail, high tail root and poor breast development. According to the role, it can be divided into green angle, black angle, white angle and yellow wax angle. The coat color is mostly yellow, beige, grass white, mostly yellow. The nose mirror is mostly flesh-colored and light beige, and the hoof shell is yellow wax, amber, black and brown.

Meat production performance: Nanyang cattle used in beef cattle production showed good meat production performance. According to the original experiment of Nanyang Yellow Cattle Research Institute in Henan Province, 10 ~10 cows were bred at the age of 2 months. After fattening for 7 ~ 8 months, the weight can reach 44 1.7kg, and the average daily gain of bulls is 8 13g. Every weight gain 1kg consumes 7.6 feed units, digestible protein is 740.6 g, slaughter rate is 55.6%, and net meat rate is 46.6%, among which the highest individual slaughter rate is 60.6%, net meat rate can reach 54.9%, and the meat-meat ratio is 1:5. 12. The area of the eye muscle is 92.6 square centimeters. The slaughter rate and clean meat rate of 24-month-old cattle were 3.2% and 2.7% higher than those of 18-month-old cattle, respectively. The intensive fattening of castrated cattle under concentrated feed conditions can further improve the slaughter rate and net meat rate, which shows that Nanyang cattle have good meat production performance. Reproductive performance: the sexual maturity age of Nanyang cattle and bulls is 10 ~ 20 months old, and mating begins at the age of 2, and the best mating age is 3 ~ 6 years old. The first estrus of cows is 8 ~ 12 months old, and mating begins at the age of 2. The most fertile age is 3 ~ 6 years old, and the reproductive rate is 65% ~ 85%. Calving 1 head per year or 2 calves per three years, the first 1 head calving 10. The gestation period is 250 ~ 308 days. Qinchuan cattle is one of the famous excellent yellow cattle breeds in China, ranking first among the five excellent yellow cattle breeds in China. It is named after Guanzhong Plain, which is located in "800 Li Qinchuan" in Shaanxi Province. 1985 Beijing Jianguo Hotel, international chefs cooked and tasted five famous cows at home and abroad, and Shaanxi Qinchuan cattle was among the best with delicious meat. Wang Zhen, then vice president of China, said, "It's beautiful and famous in Beijing." . Since then, Qinchuan Niu has been praised as the treasure of China.

Physical quality, tall and strong. The average height of the bull is 14 1.66 cm and its weight is 594.5 kg. The height of cattle is 124.5cm and the weight is 38 1.3kg. Symmetrical structure, thin skin with capillaries and purple coat. Bull is big and strong, with thick head, flat forehead, vivid eyes, short and flat horns, thick and short neck, well-developed drooping skin, wide and wide bun, wide and deep chest, straight back and waist, moderate length, compact abdomen, round body, solid limbs, hard hooves, strong posture and majestic strength; Cows have a delicate head, balanced body drive and well-developed breasts.

Meat has good properties. Qinchuan cattle mature early, gain weight quickly, and have high slaughter rate, lean meat rate and bone-meat ratio. Under medium feeding conditions, the daily gain of 6 ~ 18 month-old steer is 0.7 kg, and the slaughter weight of 18 month-old steer can generally reach 400 kg, the slaughter rate is 60.75%, the net meat rate is 52.2 1%, and the lean meat rate is 76.06%. Its meat is tender, soft and juicy, bright red and marbled. There is a history of "tender, textured, pancake beef soup, creamy fragrance". Its meat contains high protein and various amino acids, and its fat content is low. The meat production performance is close to or higher than that of foreign famous beef cattle breeds.

Strong adaptability and rough feeding resistance. Qinchuan cattle are easy to feed and fatten, and can be used for grazing and feeding. Good feeding performance, strong digestion ability, and good growth and development of both coarse and concentrate.

Qinchuan cattle have a good market prospect. In the domestic market, 1999, China's beef output was 1 2.56 million tons, and the annual per capita beef consumption was only1kg. 1999 rose to 5.05 million tons, and the annual per capita consumption reached 4.4 kilograms. It has tripled in ten years. In the international market, the global beef import and export volume in 1998 was 654.38+830,000 tons. Due to the influence of "mad cow disease" and foot-and-mouth disease, the production of beef exporting countries has been hit. Beef importing countries are concentrated in Japan, Russia, South Korea and other Asian and surrounding areas. With China's accession to the WTO, it provides business opportunities for China beef to enter the international market. With the introduction of foreign beef breeds, Qinchuan cattle, as the basic cattle of improved hybridization, its beef series products occupy a considerable share in the domestic and foreign markets.

In May 2002, the Ministry of Science and Technology and other six ministries and commissions approved the establishment of Weinan National Agricultural Science and Technology Park in Shaanxi. According to the advantages of natural resources, the park decided to take the rapid propagation and fattening of Qinchuan cattle as the leading industry, and improved Qinchuan cattle varieties through technology introduction, and now a new strain of Qinchuan cattle has been cultivated. The live weight of an adult bull can reach 730 kg and its body height is 1.50 cm. Under normal conditions, the daily gain is 65438±0.2kg, the slaughter rate of fattening cattle reaches 65%, and the net meat rate reaches 54%. The slaughter rate and net meat rate are equivalent to those of foreign beef cattle breeds of the same age, and the ratio of meat to blood and lean meat rate have exceeded those of foreign beef cattle breeds of the same age.

The core area of Dali in Weinan National Agricultural Science and Technology Park invested13.29 million yuan to build Qinchuan cattle breeding center. With an investment of 4.9 million yuan, the scientific and technological service system of Qinchuan cattle breeding industrialization with the expert courtyard as the main body was built. Combined with the implementation of the cold chain system construction project of the Ministry of Agriculture, 23 grass-roots animal husbandry and veterinary service stations were rebuilt, which improved the construction of animal epidemic prevention system and ensured the safety of animal production. There are 43 breeding communities, 87 specialized breeding villages, 4 live animal trading markets 1 14, and the annual trading volume is 1342000. There are 6/kloc-0 aquaculture professional associations, 65 circulation intermediary organizations and more than 20,000 intermediary service employees. Through the demonstration and promotion of centralized feeding mode, the scale expansion of the park base has been effectively promoted, and the number of Qinchuan cattle in the park has reached 425,000. Luxi Yellow Cattle: It is one of the rare cattle breeds in China. It is tall, well-proportioned, strong and powerful, with high meat value, and is well-known at home and abroad. Its physical characteristics: the coat is light yellow to brownish red, mostly yellow, the nose and skin are flesh red, and some have black spots. Most cattle have completely incomplete three-powder characteristics, that is, the eye socket, mouth chakra and lower abdomen are pink white; Most of the horns are "inverted octagonal angle" or "shoulder pole angle", and most of the horns are "Longmen angle". The bull's head is short and wide, the forequarters are developed, the neck is short and thick, the flesh droops obviously, the shoulders are high, the chest is deep and wide, and the limbs are thick. Cows have long necks, straight backs and stiff limbs? Most of the hooves are amber, and the tail is slender and spindle-shaped.

Reproductive performance:

Luxi yellow cattle have strong reproductive ability. Generally, cows can be bred and pregnant at the age of 8- 10 months. If cows are bred for the first time at the age of 1.5-2, they can produce 7- 10 calves in their lifetime. The calving rate is high, and the bull matures later. Generally, it can be bred at the age of two and can be used for 5-7 years.

Variety characteristics of Luxi yellow cattle: In terms of body shape and appearance, Luxi yellow cattle is symmetrical, meticulous and compact, and is also used as meat. Bulls are mostly flat-angle Longmen horns, while cows are mainly Longmen horns. The drooping skin is well developed. The shoulder peak of the bull is very high and generous. The chest is deep and wide, and the body is obviously a pre-winning type with high front and low back. Cattle's moustache is low and flat, the hindquarters are developed, the back and waist are short and straight, and the hips are slightly inclined. The joints are dry and the tendons are obvious. The forelimb is in the positive limb potential, the curvature of the hind limb is small, and the hock joint spacing is small. The hoof is dense but the hardness is poor. The tail is slender, and the tail hair is often twisted into a spin welding shape. The coat varies from light yellow to brownish red, with yellow being the most. Generally, the coat color of the forequarters is darker than that of the hindquarters, and the coat color of bulls is darker than that of cows. Most cattle have light eyes, mouth chakras, lower abdomen and inner limbs. Commonly known as "three-powder characteristics." Most rhinoscopes are light flesh-colored, and some bovine rhinoscopes have black spots or black spots. Characters are sallow or amber. Body structure is divided into three types: tall cow type, ground tiger type and intermediate type.

In terms of production performance, according to the slaughter test results, the average slaughter rate of 18-month-old steer was 57.2%, the net meat rate was 49.0%, the meat-to-meat ratio was 1: 6.0, the fat-to-meat ratio was 1: 4.23, and the eye muscle area was 89. 1 cm2. The average slaughter rate of adult cattle is 58. 1%, the net meat rate is 50.7%, the meat-to-meat ratio 1: 6.9, the fat-to-meat ratio 1: 37, and the eye muscle area is 94.2 square centimeters. The muscle fiber is fine, the meat quality is good, the fat is evenly distributed, and the marble pattern is obvious. Rapid growth and development, the body size of one-year-old can grow to 79% of that of adults, and the weight is equivalent to 10. 1 times the birth weight. Bull height 146.3cm, body length 160.9cm, chest circumference 206.36cm, weight 685. 18kg, and maximum weight 1040kg. The cortex is good, and there are no sprouting eyes after processing. Mild temperament, strong and disease-resistant, easy to raise and manage. -In terms of reproductive performance, cows mature early, and some can get pregnant in 8 months. Generally, estrus begins at the age of 10- 12 months, and the estrus cycle varies from 16-35 days, with an average of 22 days; Estrus lasts 2-3 days. The average gestation period is 285 days, ranging from 270 days to 3 10 days. The average first estrus after delivery is 35 days, ranging from 22 days to 79 days. Jinnan cattle are produced in Jinnan basin in the lower reaches of Fenhe River in southwest Shanxi Province. Jinnan basin is located in the lower reaches of Fenhe River, with abundant springs and mild climate, which has the characteristics of continental semi-humid monsoon climate in warm zone. It is hot and rainy in summer, with annual average temperature 10 ~ 14℃, annual precipitation of 500 ~ 650 mm and frost-free period 160 ~ 220 days. The soil is cinnamon soil, the soil layer is thick, and the surface organic matter is 0.7 ~ 1.2%, which is suitable for crop growth. Crops are mainly cotton and wheat, followed by peas, barley, millet, corn, sorghum, peanuts and potatoes, known as the granary of Shanxi. The local tradition is to plant leguminous crops such as alfalfa and peas, and rotate them with cotton and wheat, so as to maintain soil fertility. Natural grassland is mainly distributed in the hilly areas around the basin and the flood plain areas of Fenhe River and Yellow River, which provides a large number of high-quality feed, forage and grazing land for herbivorous livestock.

Geographical distribution Jinnan cattle are distributed in Wanrong, Hejin, Linyi, Shuiji, Yuncheng, Xiaxian, Wenxi, Ruicheng and Xinjiang in Yuncheng area, and Houma, Quwo and Xiangfen in Linfen area.

Breed characteristics Jinnan cattle is a large dual-purpose meat breed. Tall and strong, with the appearance characteristics of a working cow. The bull's head is of medium length, with wide forehead, downwind angle, thick and short neck, developed drooping skin, broad chest, inconspicuous acromion, narrow hip end, large and round hoof and dense texture; Cows have delicate heads, stunted breasts and small nipples. The coat color is mainly jujube red, the nose mirror is pink, and the toes are mostly pink. Jinnan cattle are bulky, with large bust, long body, wide chest and lower back. The forequarters of adult cattle are more developed than the hindquarters, and they have a good working body shape.

Breed performance: the height, length, chest circumference, tube circumference and weight of Jinnan bull are 138.6cm, 157.4cm, 206.3cm, 20.2cm and 607.4kg, respectively, and those of adult cows are117.4cm. Jinnan cattle have good service performance, large pulling force, fast speed and strong endurance. Jinnan cattle have good meat production performance. Jinnan cattle is an ancient local service cattle. Tall and stout, muscular, well-developed forequarters and midquarters, heat-resistant, bitter-resistant, hardy and roughage-resistant, with good service performance. When fattening in the later stage of growth and development, the feed utilization rate and slaughter performance are good, and it is one of the promising local breeds for both meat and livestock. However, there are still some shortcomings, such as breast dysplasia, low lactation and oblique tip. Yanbian yellow cattle is one of the excellent local cattle breeds in Northeast China. Yanbian yellow cattle are produced in the long and narrow land in the east of the three northeastern provinces, and distributed in Yanji, Helong, Wangqing, Hunchun and adjacent counties in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Region of Jilin Province. According to the statistics of Ning 'an, Hailin, Dongning, Linkou, Tangyuan, Huanan, Huachuan, Yilan, Boli, Wuchang, Shangzhi, Yanshou, Tonghe in Heilongjiang Province, Kuandian County in Liaoning Province and Yajiang coastal areas, there are 2 10000. Yanbian cattle are the result of long-term hybridization between Korean and local cattle, and also mixed with Mongolian cattle. Yanbian yellow cattle, with strong constitution and good cold resistance, are suitable for grazing in forest areas and have greenhouses in winter. They are important farm animals in northern rice fields and excellent varieties in cold temperate zones.

In terms of production performance, Yanbian yellow cattle were fattened from 18 months old for 6 months, with a daily gain of 8 13 grams, a carcass weight of 265.8 years, a slaughter rate of 57.7%, a net meat rate of 47.23% and an eye muscle area of 75.8 square centimeters.

From the body shape and appearance, Yanbian yellow cattle is a dual-purpose meat variety. The chest is deep and wide, the bones are solid, the coat is long and dense, and the skin is thick and elastic. The bull has a wide forehead, a square head, a thick horn base, a zigzag or inverted octagonal shape, a thick and bulging neck and well-developed muscles. The bull's head is moderate in size, with thin and long horns, mostly Longmen horns. The coat color is mostly yellow with different shades, of which thick yellow accounts for 16.3%, yellow accounts for 74.8%, light yellow accounts for 6.7%, and others account for 2.2%. The nose mirror is generally light brown with black spots.

From the point of reproductive performance, the estrus time of cows is 8-9 months old, and the average sexual maturity age is 13 months old; The average age of bulls is 14 months. The average estrus cycle of dairy cows is 20.5 days, and the duration of estrus is 12-36 hours, with an average of 20 hours. Cows are in estrus all year round, and July-August is the peak season. The normal first mating time is 20-24 months old.

Yanbian yellow cattle are hardy, obviously uneasy when sucking at -26℃, but can maintain normal appetite and ruminate.