What was mechanized in ancient times

Ancient times

Copper plows were used in China in 1300 BC. Copper mirrors were processed by grinding in China. Hand mills for grinding grain appeared in Syria in 1200 BC. The Two Rivers Valley civilization had used simple tools such as levers, rope rollers and horizontal chutes in building and loading materials. Pulley technology spread to Assyria, where it was used by the Assyrians as a mechanism for releasing arrows on castles. Egypt appeared winch, initially used in mines to extract ore and water from the wells. Egypt initially appeared in the water clock, siphon, blower box and piston pump and other fluid machinery. In 1000 B.C., the technology of making iron tools was introduced from India to the neighboring minorities in the Central Plains, and plows with iron ploughshares appeared in the western countries of China (Nan Yue, Chu). In 1000 B.C., China invented the blower for smelting and casting bronze. In 770 B.C., China began casting bronze objects using the lost wax casting method. Malleable cast iron and cast steel appeared in the Central Plains. China has commonly used the funnel pot for timekeeping The Western chronology (solar calendar) is born (48 BC by Caesar, after Caesar's correction, this calendar is called Caesar's calendar), and the Roman civilization establishes the solar calendar with 24 solar terms. In 770 B.C., a wooden windlass shaft survived at the site of an ancient copper mine in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period in Tonglushan, Hubei, China. Workshops for building warships appeared in China. 700 B.C. Pulleys appeared in China. In 600 BC, ancient Greece and Rome entered the classical culture period, this period in ancient Greece gave birth to some famous philosophers and scientists, they made outstanding contributions to the development of ancient machinery. Such as scholars such as Hiero wrote a book to clarify the theory about five kinds of simple machinery (lever, pointed split, pulley, wheel and axle, thread) to promote the theory of heavy objects, which is known to the earliest mechanical theory books. In 513 B.C., China's Zuo Zhuan (左传) recorded China's earliest cast iron pieces, the Jin State casting the criminal tripod. Greco-Roman area woodworking tools have been greatly improved, in addition to woodworking commonly used sets of tools such as axes, bow saws, bow drills, shovels and chisels, but also the development of spherical drills, can pull iron nails of the ram's horn hammer, felling with a double saw and so on. By this time, long shaft lathes and treadle lathes were in widespread use for the manufacture of furniture and wheel spokes. Pedal lathes were used until the Middle Ages, laying the foundation for the development of modern lathes. In 500 B.C., the tomb of Zenghouyi in Suixian County, Hubei Province, China, has survived the most complex and exquisite bronzes from the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods - the Zenghouyi Zun plate and the Zenghouyi Chimes, which consisted of 8 groups of 65 pieces cast in the Hun casting method. China's Qi state in the late Spring and Autumn period compiled a monograph on craftsmanship, "The Book of the Examining Worker". The world's first coin made by punching method was born in Rome, which was a great achievement in metal processing and the germ of modern batch production technology. In 476 B.C., a compass made of natural magnets, the Sinan, appeared in China. China began to cast bronze sword coins using the stack casting method. Hardened steel swords and normalized steel spear and arrow collars survived from the site of Yan Xia Du, Yixian, Hebei, China. A decarburized and annealed white-mouthed cast adze with its surface decarburized into steel survives in Luoyang, Henan Province, China. Amalgamated gilt objects survive from Xinyang, Henan, China. 476 B.C. Bronze ratchet gear (25 mm diameter, 40 teeth) from Torkjiaya, Yongji County, Shanxi, China Iron ratchet gears from the site of the ancient city of Wuji, Wuan, Hebei, China. In 400 B.C., the stone mill was invented by Gongshu Ban of China. In 220 B.C., Archimedes of Greece created the spiral water lifting tool. Archimedes of Greece proposed the theory of floating objects - Archimedes' Principle. The Ancient Greeks made the wheel mill on the basis of the hand mill. The bronze Qin sword unearthed from the Terracotta Warriors in Xi'an, China was born around this time. In 206 B.C., cast bronze translucent mirrors appeared in the Western Han Dynasty in China. In 206 BC, gears appeared in Europe, with their earliest application being in the odometers used in chariots to record mileage. A pulley survives in Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China, in the township of Standing East. Rome invented the compound pulley on the basis of the single-wheeled pulley. Its earliest application was for lifting heavy loads on buildings. Carburized sword from the tomb of Liu Sheng, King of Zhongshan Jing of the Western Han Dynasty, Mancheng, Hebei, China, 113 BC. Around 110 B.C., the use of Roman water lifting tools and bucket waterwheels expanded, and new fluid machines such as the scroll wheel and the Nose water mill appeared. The former relied on the rotation of threaded rods to raise water from a low place to a high place, and was mainly used for water supply in Roman cities. The latter is used to grind grain, by the water flow to promote the square impeller and rotation, its power less than half a horsepower 100 years BC, the Roman power of the Vitruvian water mill appeared, the water wheel by the downward current to promote the water wheel by the appropriate choice of the size of the gear teeth, you can adjust the rotational speed of the water mill, the power of about three horsepower, and later increased to fifty horsepower, the power to become the largest prime mover.

A.D. to 1700

In the 1st century A.D., Silo of Alexandria wrote "Aerodynamics," which recorded the use of steam to rotate the air rotating ball (reaction turbine prototype). At the same time, Silo invented the steam rotating ball (also called the wind god wheel) appeared. As the first device to convert steam pressure into mechanical power, the steam turbine was also the first device to apply the principle of jet reaction. In 9 A.D., China produced the Xinmang caliper. From 25 to 221, Bi Lan of China invented the overturning cart (keeled waterwheel). Du Shi of China invented the smelting, casting and drumming water row. Water wheel cart (prototype of water turbine) appeared in China. From 78 to 139, Zhang Heng of China invented the armillary sphere (water transportation), which was driven by water leakage and could indicate the time of the stars' appearance. In the 2nd century, China made treasure knives and swords from patterned steel - similar to Damascus Kong. In 105, China's Cai Tuo supervised the manufacture of Liang paper. In 220-230, China appeared the Ji Li drum cart. In 235, Ma Jun of China invented the guide car driven by gears. In 265-420, Du Wei of China invented the water-wheel-driven continuous pestle and the water-turned continuous mill. In the 4th century, the Mediterranean coastal countries applied screws and nuts to brewing presses. The development of mechanical technology in the West was brought to a long halt by the demise of classical culture in ancient Greece and Rome. The spread of the Black Death and other plagues plunged the Western world into 400 years of darkness. In the 5th to 6th centuries, the grinding wheel was invented in China. From 420 to 589, carts and ships appeared in China. From 550-580, Qimu Huaiwen of China invented the technique of steel infusion. 618-907, silver quilt-medium incense burners of curious construction survived in the village of Shapo in Xi'an, China. In 700, windmills were used in Persia. In 953, China cast large cast iron pieces - Cangzhou Iron Lion (weighing more than 5,000 kilograms). In 1041-1048, Bi Sheng of China invented movable type printing. In 1088, Su Song and Han Gonglian of China made the Water Transportation Apparatus with escapement mechanism. In 1097, China cast four large iron men - Song Dynasty Iron Men - at the Jin Temple in Taiyuan, Shanxi Province. From 1127 to 1279, China invented the water spinning wheel. 1131 to 1162, China recorded the walking lantern (prototype of gas turbine). In 1263, Xue Jingshi of China completed a monograph on wooden implements, "Zi Ren Zhi Shi" (The Remains of the Zi People). In 1330, Chen Chun of China documented the ironizing furnace (adulterating furnace) in the Obozu. In 1332, China made cannons from copper. Beginning of the Renaissance era, Italy, France, Britain and other countries have organized universities, the development of natural sciences and humanities, training of talents, Western mechanical technology began to recover and develop. In 1350, Italy's Danti made mechanical clock, with a heavy hammer fall as the driving force, with gear transmission. In 1395, Germany appeared rod and bar lathe In 1439, Germany Gutenberg invented metal movable type letterpress. In 1608, Lipsey of the Netherlands invented the telescope. In 1629, Italy's Branca designed by the steam impact rotating wheel (impulse turbine prototype). In 1637, China published Song Yingxing's scientific and technical work "Tian Gong Kai Wu", which contained detailed records of ancient Chinese production apparatus and technology. In 1643, Italy's Torricelli experimentally determined the standard atmospheric pressure value of 760 mmHg high laid the foundation of hydrostatics and liquid column pressure measurement instruments. In 1660, France's Pascal put forward the basic law of pressure transfer in static liquid, laid the foundation of hydrostatics and hydraulic transmission. In 1650-1654, Germany's Gehlich invented the vacuum pump, and in 1664 he demonstrated the famous Madrid hemisphere experiment in Madrid, which showed the power of atmospheric pressure for the first time In 1656-1657, Huygens of Holland created a single-pendulum mechanical clock. In 1665, Levenhuk of the Netherlands and Hooker of England invented the microscope. In 1698, Saffrey of England made the first practical steam engine for pumping water from mines - "The Miner's Friend". It pioneered the use of steam for work.

1700-1800

In 1701, Newton of England proposed Newton's Law of Cooling for convective heat transfer. In 1705, Newcomen of England invented the atmospheric piston steam engine, replacing Savery's steam engine. The power could reach six horsepower. 1709 ~ 1714, Germany's Hua Tuo Hite successively invented alcohol thermometer and mercury thermometer, and the creation of the freezing point of water for 32 degrees, boiling point of 212 degrees, the center is divided into 180 degrees Fahrenheit temperature scale. In 1713-1735, Darby of England invented the method of making iron with coke, and in 1735, Darby's son put the coke ironmaking technology into production. In 1733, Carmi of France proposed the basic law of gear meshing. In 1738, Daniel I. Bernoulli of Switzerland established the Bernoulli equation, an energy equation for viscous fluids. In 1742 to 1745, Sweden's Regulus created the freezing point of water for 100 degrees, boiling point for 0 degrees temperature scale. 1745, Sweden's Linnaeus inverted the two fixed points, that is, to become the Celsius temperature scale.