In the new period, international forms and new forms of international capital flow put forward strategic countermeasures for Zhejiang to accelerate the growth mode of foreign trade and improve the qua

In the new period, international forms and new forms of international capital flow put forward strategic countermeasures for Zhejiang to accelerate the growth mode of foreign trade and improve the quality and level of foreign trade utilization. To build Zhejiang's foreign trade development mode, the main line is to optimize the structure, the driving force is independent innovation, the focus is on developing service trade, and the direction is to cultivate local multinational companies and internationally renowned brands.

In the 30 years of reform and opening up, Zhejiang's foreign trade exports have grown from scratch, from a province with large export sources to a province with large foreign trade exports in China. From 1980 to 1997, the export exceeded10 billion USD. It took 18 years for Zhejiang's foreign trade, and by 2006, it had jumped to the level of US$ 100 billion, and the scale of foreign trade was equivalent to that of the whole country 19 1 year. In the whole province's national economic operation, compared with gross national product, per capita GDP, total investment in fixed assets, fiscal revenue and total retail sales of social consumer goods, foreign trade exports have the fastest growth. From 1999 to 2006, the average annual growth of foreign trade exports was about 18 percentage points higher than other economic aggregate indicators in the same period, and the dependence on exports increased from 19.6% to 510.6%, an increase of 32 percentage points. It can be said that foreign trade export is one of the most important factors to promote Zhejiang's economic growth.

Objectively speaking, the current growth mode of Zhejiang's foreign trade is not a simple quantitative expansion. With the continuous expansion of foreign trade export scale, the added value and technical content of Zhejiang's export commodities have been continuously improved, and the structure of export commodities has changed from textile products to electromechanical products. But at the same time, with the rapid growth of foreign trade, some structural contradictions and problems still exist, and some are gradually emerging. The proportion of service trade, import trade, processing trade and high-tech export in Zhejiang is still low, and some structural adjustment targets have not yet been achieved. At present, there are "three major incongruities" and "two unsustainabilities" in Zhejiang's foreign trade development:

-service trade and goods trade are not coordinated. In 2006, the import and export volume of service trade in Zhejiang was US$ 7.5 billion, and the proportion of service trade in goods trade was 5.4%, which was about 4 percentage points lower than the national average (28. 1% in the United States in 2003). At present, the share of service trade in world trade is rising, and the prosperity of service outsourcing has become a new growth point of international trade. The world economic structure is changing to service industry, and the development level of service industry will better reflect the comprehensive competitiveness of a region.

-Inconsistency between import and export. In 2006, Zhejiang's import-export ratio was 1:2.64, the national import-export ratio was 1: 1.22, and Guangdong, Jiangsu and Shanghai were1:/0.34 and1:/kloc-respectively. Imports accounted for 4.8% of the country, 5.6 percentage points lower than exports. From 1999 to 2006, the average annual growth rate of Zhejiang's imports was 32.6%, which was lower than the average annual growth rate of exports 1.6 percentage points. The original base is low, and the average annual growth rate is lower than that of exports. Zhejiang's import development is difficult.

-The export commodity structure is not harmonious. In 2006, the proportion of high-tech products in Zhejiang's total export was only 10.08%, which was lower than the national average of 19 percentage points, and also lower than that of Jiangsu, Shanghai and Guangdong by 33.6, 28.8 and 24.5 percentage points respectively. This is related to the slow development of high-tech industries in this province. In 2006, Zhejiang's GDP accounted for 7.47% of the whole country, but the high-tech output value only accounted for 5.05% of the whole country. The added value of Zhejiang's export commodities is not high, independent export brands are scarce, the industrial pattern of low added value has not been fundamentally changed, and low-price competition and vicious competition still exist. Footwear exported from Zhejiang accounts for 40% of the global similar market, but the average unit price is only 1/5 in Spain and112 in Italy.

-Low-cost expansion is unsustainable. The rapid growth of Zhejiang's foreign trade is mainly based on low-cost competition and low-price quantity expansion, which leads to the phenomenon of increasing quantity and decreasing price and deteriorating terms of trade. At present, although the labor price in Zhejiang is higher than the national average, it is only about 1/20 in developed countries, which is lower than some developing countries. Zhejiang private enterprises account for a high proportion of exports, so the social responsibility of private export enterprises needs to be improved urgently. At present, the production cost of export products has not reflected the value of some scarce factors, such as land, and has not really formed a "factor price". With the implementation of strict farmland protection system, the rising trend of land cost began to appear. The low-cost factors supporting the growth of foreign trade will not last long.

-Lack of core competitiveness is unsustainable. More than 90% of Zhejiang's export products are still mainly produced by OEM, and the proportion of self-owned brand products is less than 6%, far below the international level of 50%. The export products are "made in Zhejiang" rather than "created in Zhejiang", which is at the low end of the international industrial chain. This way of participating in international division of labor meets the needs of Zhejiang's current economic development, but if it is long-term, it will be difficult to promote industrial upgrading, form its own core competitiveness, and restrict the improvement of foreign trade benefits.

The traditional growth mode of Zhejiang's foreign trade has created the prosperity of Zhejiang's foreign trade, but the export dominated by private enterprises is dominated by low price and scale competition in the international market. Export growth is mainly driven by the export of labor-intensive products or labor-intensive manufacturing links. From the perspective of factor contribution, it is obvious that material factor input is the main factor. The export structure is determined by the industrial structure, the adjustment of industrial structure is not in place, and it is difficult to optimize the foreign trade structure. This is a gradual process. Any strategy is staged. Under the new situation, it is imperative to accelerate the transformation of Zhejiang's foreign trade development mode.

Optimizing the structure is the core. The core and foundation of changing the mode of foreign trade development is to optimize the structure. This structure includes trade content structure of service trade and goods trade, trade mode structure of general trade and processing trade, import and export structure and export commodity structure. The adjustment and optimization of foreign trade structure is a long-term and gradual process, and it is impossible to have fundamental changes in the short term. It takes several "five years" of development, perseverance and perseverance. At present, efforts should be made to improve the quality, grade and added value of export commodities and optimize the export structure. While giving full play to Zhejiang's comparative advantages, we will strive to expand the export of high value-added products, high-tech products, products with independent intellectual property rights and brands, and service trade. Traditional superior products focus on technology research and development and striving for brands, which are the two most value-added links. It is necessary to consolidate and give full play to the advantages of general trade exports and support the general trade exports of advantageous industries. By introducing advanced technology and strengthening independent research and development, we can improve the modernization level of manufacturing industry, increase the proportion of independent intellectual property rights in processed and manufactured products, cultivate the comparative advantages and international competitiveness of these industries, and improve the export commodity structure of general trade. To optimize the structure, we should "maintain pressure", deeply understand and implement the intention of national foreign trade policy adjustment, and effectively curb the export of "two high-tech and one capital" products.

Independent innovation is the driving force. The rapid changes in the content and mode of international trade require innovative thinking and development methods. The means of competition should be innovative, and the single-scale expansion with low cost and low price will obviously not last long; The way of development should be innovative, and accelerating the development of international service trade is the exploration and innovation of trade content; Efforts to expand the export of high-tech products need innovative spirit. At present, it is important to build enterprises into the main body of innovation activities and marketization of scientific and technological achievements. It is necessary to formulate and improve policies and systems conducive to innovation, strengthen legislation and enforcement of intellectual property rights, guide enterprises to formulate intellectual property strategies, and actively promote a scientific and technological innovation system with enterprises as the main body and Industry-University-Research as the combination.

Developing service trade is the key. Service trade has high technical content and high added value, which can promote the transformation of foreign trade from relying mainly on material factors to knowledge and technical factors. Developing service trade is an effective way to promote "starting a business to enrich the people and innovating to strengthen the province", and it is also the growth point and focus of changing the development mode of foreign trade. To develop service trade in Zhejiang, it is necessary to clarify functions, give guidance by classification and highlight key points. First, international economic and technological cooperation, international tourism, transportation and other traditional service trade industries account for a high proportion of exports and should continue to be supported and encouraged; The second is the export volume of finance, insurance, telecommunications, posts and telecommunications, franchise patents, etc. At present, they are not large, but they are the fastest growing areas of international service trade in the world, and there is considerable room for growth. It is necessary to formulate development plans and effectively promote them; Third, culture, education, film audio-visual and advertising also need key support; Fourth, service outsourcing, which is mainly based on information technology outsourcing and service process outsourcing, is growing rapidly and has a good development prospect, which should be taken as an important breakthrough.

Cultivating local multinational companies and internationally renowned brands is the direction. Some research and exploration on Zhejiang's foreign trade development are quite advanced. For example, in 2000, it was proposed to accelerate the development of service trade and cultivate multinational companies in China. Now there are much more solid conditions and foundations than six years ago. There are two ways to accelerate the cultivation of local multinational companies in Zhejiang. First, speed up the internationalization of modern private enterprises such as Wanxiang, Huali and Zheng Tai; The second is to establish a number of "aircraft carrier-level" state-owned enterprise groups with great influence at home and abroad with provincial state-owned listed companies as carriers. We should take the opportunity of establishing a new type of "foreign trade carrier" focusing on import and export trade and expanding business, take listed companies as the platform, focus on the core business of modern commercial logistics, make new achievements in capital operation, business model innovation and brand management, and build a local commercial logistics multinational company in Zhejiang Province. At the same time, in order to win new advantages in international competition, Zhejiang must take the road of brand, and realize the evolution from unlicensed, OEM to licensed, licensed to famous, and famous to building international famous brands. Accelerate the cultivation of products with core competitiveness and independent brands, establish effective policy support systems such as brand promotion, brand evaluation, brand promotion and brand protection, build platforms and channels for independent brands to enter the international market, and promote the formation of a number of export famous brands with international competitiveness and influence.

Strengthening the ability of foreign trade to promote economic and social development is the goal. The open economy can no longer "go it alone". It needs to give back to the society and take into account all aspects of economic and social development. To develop foreign trade, we must think about what kind of growth is beneficial to domestic economic development and what kind of growth is harmful to the interests of society and ordinary people. It is necessary to use the external "reverse mechanism" to urge export enterprises to implement social responsibility and take the lead in carrying out social responsibility standardization pilot projects in import and export. The real purpose of foreign trade development is to improve the ability of foreign trade to promote economic and social development and expand opening up to promote social development. It is necessary to promote the optimization and upgrading of domestic industrial structure and the transformation of economic development mode through the transformation of foreign trade development mode, consolidate the foundation of coordinated and sustainable economic development in Zhejiang, and achieve sound and rapid development. (Zhang Qianjiang Author: Zhejiang Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation Department)

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