British architecture tourism British art architecture

The British Museum, also known as the British Museum, is located in Russell Square, north of New Oxford Street in London, England. This is a huge and magnificent Greek Renaissance building. It is the oldest and most magnificent comprehensive museum in the world, and it is also one of the four largest and most famous museums in the world.

The main building of the museum is in Bloomsbury, London, and the core building covers an area of about 56,000 square meters. On both sides of the main entrance of the museum, there are eight thick and tall Greek Ionian columns. The Grand Court in the center of the British Museum was completed and opened to the public in February 2000. It is the largest covered square in Europe. The top of the square consists of 33 12 pieces of triangular glass. In the center of the square is the reading room of the British Museum, which is open to the public.

2. British University of Art and Architecture Ranking

China Construction Company, China Railway Construction Company, British Construction Company, American General Construction Company, Japanese Construction Company and Korean Construction Company.

3. British architecture

Britain has Buckingham Palace, Tower Bridge, Big Ben, London Eye, Westminster Abbey and other landmark buildings.

1. Buckingham Palace

Buckingham Palace is the main bedroom and office of the British monarch in London. Located in Westminster, the palace is one of the venues for national celebrations and royal welcoming ceremonies, and it is also an important tourist attraction.

2. Tower Bridge in London

TowerBridge, a suspension bridge, is located in London, a stupid country in England, across the Thames. It is named for its proximity to the Tower of London. It is the first bridge from the mouth of the Thames (there are 15 bridges on the Thames) and is a symbol of London.

3. Big Ben

Elizabeth tower, formerly known as Big Ben, is the bell tower of Westminster Palace, one of the world-famous Gothic buildings, and also a landmark building in London.

4. London Eye

The London Eye, located on the Thames in London, England, is the largest in the world. This is the first observation of the largest Ferris wheel since 2005, and it is also a landmark and famous tourist attraction in London and the United States.

5. Westminster Abbey

Westminster Abbey St Peter's College, commonly known as Westminster Abbey, is located on the north bank of the Thames in London. It was originally a Catholic Benedictine monastery.

4. British architectural design

British Museum ~ The British Museum, also known as the British Museum, is located in the Great Russell Square north of Oxford Street in London. It is one of the oldest and most magnificent museums in the world. The cultural relics and books in this huge ancient Roman building are unmatched by any museum in the world. The British Museum was built in 1753 and opened to the public in 1759. The existing houses were built in the middle of19th century, with more than 100 showrooms, covering an area of 67,000 square meters. The original collection of books, followed by historical relics and ancient works of art from various countries, has collected 4 million exhibits so far. The British Museum is open free of charge all day.

St Paul's Cathedral ~ St Paul's Cathedral in London is the central church of the Anglican Church, which was built from 1675 to 17 10. It is known as the monument of classical architecture. It was designed by British architect Christo Lletian (16321723). The original design of the cathedral was a Greek cross with a prominent porch. In order to meet the needs of traditional etiquette, the church required a long hall, so it was changed to a typical medieval Latin cross plane. The total height of the building is108m. The plane of the church is composed of precise geometric figures and the layout is symmetrical. The central dome soars into the sky and is supported by drum seats on the bottom two floors. The dome is 34.2 meters in diameter and has two floors, which can reduce the weight of the structure. The colonnade at the main entrance is also divided into two floors, which properly shows the scale of the building. The surrounding walls are evenly divided by double pilasters, and the treatment style of each bay and its windows is the same, which makes the building look complete and rigorous. However, there are still two bell towers with obvious Gothic connotation on both sides, which are the representatives of British classical architecture. What impressed me the most was the wedding of Diana and Charles in 198 1.

Buckingham Palace ~ Royal Palace, located in Westminster, London. Buckingham Palace is a square building with one or four floors. There are more than 600 halls, such as ceremony hall, concert hall, banquet hall and gallery. In addition, it covers a huge royal garden, which is full of beautiful flowers. In the square in front of the palace, there is a golden statue of the goddess of victory standing on a high marble platform, shining as if it were about to fall from the sky. From April to September every year, the Royal Guard of Buckingham Palace will hold a changing ceremony from 1 1: 30 to 12 in the early morning. In other months, it will be held every two days at 165438+ 0:30 am. In the sound of military music and passwords, it will perform various parades and shoot guns to pay tribute to each other. This is a royal atmosphere, which often attracts passers-by and tourists. Therefore, Buckingham Palace Square has become the most concentrated place for tourists in London.

Parliament House and Big Ben Parliament House are the most striking buildings on Whitehall Avenue, and they are also symbols of the British monarchy. Gothic architecture is magnificent, full of classical charm and magnificent momentum.

The Houses of Parliament that we see now are actually the newest palaces in London. 1834, a fire destroyed the original palace of Westminster, leaving only a tile on the roof of Westminster Hall. It took 12 years to build the present scale. After changing its name to Parliament House, it became the political center of London and the meeting place for members of Parliament.

Westminster Abbey ~ The facade of Westminster Abbey where the Twin Towers are located looks spectacular. Westminster Abbey originated in 970 AD. A group of churches from St. Benedict built a monastery church in London, hence the name. Coronation ceremonies, weddings, funerals, state banquets and other activities of kings of past dynasties were held here, and even the royal tombs were almost all located here. In addition, the tombstones or monuments of many famous people in history are also located in the church.

5. Famous British architecture

St Paul's Cathedral in London

British Museum, British Museum

Buckingham Palace

The Capitol and Big Ben The Capitol and Big Ben

Tower of London bridge

Westminster Abbey West Agile Temple

Wellington Arc de Triomphe

Stadio Olimpico

6. British cultural architecture

London)-Birmingham-Glasgow, the capital of Britain, Manchester, an important industrial town in Britain, Liverpool, the city of tourism, culture and architectural art, Cardiff, one of the most dynamic cities in Europe, and the city of innovation. -Newcastle, the capital of Wales-Leicester, the entertainment city of England-Exeter, the multicultural city-Belfast, the beautiful gateway of southwest England-Portsmouth, the capital of Northern Ireland-Leeds, the heart of a maritime country-Cambridge, the heart of northern England-the most prestigious academic city in Britain.

7. Art Deco Sport Architecture in Britain

The greatest feature of Victorian architectural style is that it is black and white. Chester, a small town in northwest England, is the most representative.

Victorian architecture likes to use red bricks, which is also the most powerful period in Britain. Colonies brought British Victorian architecture to the world, especially school buildings. Red brick building has become a symbol of university architecture.

1. Victoria building is huge and full, and its decoration style is eclectic. Various retro styles use rococo scroll patterns, Gothic spire patterns, Renaissance winding patterns and so on.

2. Victorian architecture began to try various new technologies, making furniture and handicrafts with multi-layer plywood and electroplating.

3. The fruits of animals, birds and flowers in decoration are mainly presented in realistic style. Although it seems contrary to tradition, it is still isolated from tradition and luxuriously decorated. The main features are low roof, arched decoration and wide eaves.

4. Victorian American architecture usually adopts strip structure, that is to say, the towering roof has overhangs, the outer wall and roof are covered with shingles, the horizontal or vertical sloping boards decorate the surface and porch, and the wooden fish-scale curly and smooth decorative pieces add charm to the gables and porches.

5. Indoor floor decoration generally adopts flat pine wood floor, carpet and turpentine for color separation and polishing. If you want to be more personalized, you can use small pieces of hardwood of different colors to lay geometric patterns. Decorative lacquer bricks are usually used to lay geometric patterns in halls, and rich colors make the ground colorful.

8. Unique architecture in Britain

The main functions of buildings are administrative jurisdiction, cages and instruments of torture. The history of British architecture is the most famous. Bloody violence is the main theme, while revenge and killing are the eternal keynote.

In most parts of England, the administrative areas of the United States were affected by the invasion of the Roman Empire, which extended to Hadrian and the Great Wall. Their city is more progressive and armed.

Scotland was not conquered by Rome, so it prefers tradition.

For example, the Tower of London is a famous madhouse. Since the Tudor dynasty, countless dignitaries have been imprisoned here. Yes, they started political persecution.

In addition, there are guillotine, corpse shredder, gallows and other famous landscapes. This is a must-see tourist attraction in London.

The characteristics of housing and urban planning are closely related to the times. For example, in Britain, which has been in war for many years, their houses always take defense as the main purpose. The combination between houses is very compact, forming a narrow and inclined roadway, which is not conducive to large-scale marching. Intruders can only be divided into several teams. Besides, because of the cold weather, they have to build fewer windows and more fireplaces.

During the period of peace and prosperity, they also built some European Gothic churches with glass windows, but the period was much later than other European countries.

9. Ancient architecture in Britain

/kloc-in the 0/8th century, with the excavation of the ancient city of Pompeii and the popularity of Bronnis copperplate prints, classical interest prevailed in France, and people began to pay attention to the remains of some ancient buildings. This aesthetic taste is popular not only in France, but also in Britain across the sea. The classical concept prevailing in18th century is called neoclassicism. In France, the revolution in the18th century swept through Europe like a storm, and the French respected the supremacy of military power in ancient Rome. Therefore, in different degrees, the characteristics of architecture will deliberately imitate the pattern of Roman architecture. In Britain, Britain, which implements constitutional monarchy, also advocates so-called democracy in Greece. It is not difficult to understand why Britain follows the pattern of classical architecture. About 700 years ago, the Baroque movement in the Catholic areas of Europe reached its peak. But in fact, it has not been widely adopted by Protestant countries. Compared with the architectural design of Ryan Borromini, St. Paul's Church is a representative of neoclassical architecture. Now the blueprint of the U.S. Capitol is its broad dome, so later generations imitate it a lot. It can be seen that the charm of classical architecture lies in its wide bay and pilaster, which is stable and quiet, and the handling of lintels is also stable, while St. agnes's Church gives people a noisy and unstable feeling to some extent. The church buildings in Baroque period are full of gorgeous and complicated decorations. The great architect's investigation of its internal structure and Rennes Library give us a sense of rigor and solemnity. As Britain is a Protestant country, abstinence can be imagined. L 1: No, I don't like noise. /kloc-Palladio architecture in the 0/6th century is a model of classicism. We call it stylism, which is a name relative to the Renaissance. In18th century Britain, what happened 200 years ago can be called classicism, which is a relative concept of time. Stylistism once caused an idea before Baroque, and the architectural form that does not follow the traditional style can now be used as a model. But our focus here is not on his subjective creation, such as imitating the Pantheon in Rome. The facade of the Pantheon is used, while the round villa near Vicenza is at 1920, and Palladio uses four facades. There is also the Royal Crescent Bath designed by John Wood and his son, which refers to the Roman Colosseum. The most famous is the Ionian column chimney, which is a model of British architecture, because pilasters and bays are often used in British architecture. Therefore, from the comparison between neoclassicism and baroque, we can easily find the characteristics of British architecture: stability and tranquility. From the perspective of internal history, it is a picturesque landscape in British gardens. Lorraine, a great British landscape painter, used heroic landscapes, mythical figures and historical sites. Those historical sites are naturally some church buildings or houses. British people admire nature, and they also want their works to be close to nature. Therefore, buildings naturally added to the picture will be permeated with naturalistic tendencies.

10. British architectural painting

The development of British gardens has mainly experienced the following three periods.

(1) In manor gardens (18, 1920s-80s), the pursuit of natural beauty in garden art is reflected in the style of a manor garden.

(2) When the picture garden cleaned and simplified the natural gardens and reclaimed the manor in Blanc, with the popularity of romanticism in the European art field in the middle of18th century, a picturesque natural garden represented by William Chambers (1722~ 1796) appeared.

(3) During the period of the Garden School, the English School made the influence of British natural gardens permeate the whole western garden circle. In this process, the professional gardener with modern colors has gradually become a professional and fixed occupation. At the same time, gardening art is gradually controlled and driven by commercial interests. The richness of life and the increasing convenience of information exchange.

AnnMacharg is a famous British landscape architect, planner and educator. She is the founder and head of the Department of Landscape Architecture Design and Regional Planning at the Graduate School of the University of Pennsylvania. Because of his outstanding design and great contribution to landscape architecture, he won numerous honors in his life, including the 1990 American Art Medal awarded by President George Bush and the recently prestigious Japanese Urban Design Award.

Gothic architecture in Britain appeared a little later than that in France and was popular in12 ~16th century. Unlike French churches, English churches stand in the crowded city center, trying to control the city from above. On the contrary, they are often located in an open rural environment. As a part of complex temples, they are relatively low and extend along the water with the temples. They pay attention to structural techniques like French churches, but their decorations are more free and diverse. Generally speaking, the construction period of English churches is very long, and it is difficult to find a unified style of continuous renovation and construction.

Salisbury Cathedral in England and Amiens Cathedral in France were built in similar times. The nave is short and deep, with two halls on each side, protruding flanks and short back flanks, which can accommodate more priests. This is a common layout technique in Britain. The facade of the church is also in the west. The east end is mostly in the square hall, and the ring hall is rarely used. Salisbury church has flying buttresses, but it is not significant.

The steeple of the English church at the crossroads is often very high and becomes the center of composition, while the bell tower in the west takes a back seat. The central spire of Salisbury Church is about 1.23 meters high, which is the highest in English churches. The appearance of this church is English, but the interior is still French, and the decoration is simple. Later, there was a strong English style inside the church. The western tracery of York Church is complex, and the window lattice is composed of many curves and vivid patterns. During this period, the arch ribs were rich, and the ribs of Exeter church were as strong as the branches of a big tree, and a bunch of columns were used.

In the east of Gloucester Church and in the west of Canterbury Church, there are huge windows, which are divided by many straight frames. At most, the windows are flat four-round coupons. The slender rib frame is stretched and coiled, which is extremely gorgeous. The church in Cambridge, the king's treasury, is like many open fans, and is called the fan arch. There are many drooping funnel-shaped flowers on the vault of henry vii Chapel in Westminster Abbey, which is very ingenious. At this time, the rib frame has lost its structural function and has become the object of superb skills of British craftsmen. A large number of small rural churches in Britain are simple and kind, often a tower, using a variety of exquisite wooden houses, which are very distinctive.

British Gothic secular architecture has achieved great success. In the early days when Gothic architecture prevailed, the castles of feudal lords were very defensive, with thick walls, many towers and bunkers, and high nuclear castles in the walls. /kloc-after the 0/5th century, the royal power was further consolidated, and the outer wall of the castle was opened with windows, giving more consideration to the comfort of living. The semi-wooden houses of British residents are frames composed of wooden columns and wooden crossbars with decorative patterns. Dark wooden beams and columns alternate with white walls, and the appearance is lively.

English garden age

Schools that have great influence on modern landscape planning and design.

Tracing back to the development and changes in the field of landscape design for a century, no matter which style, it has a wide impact on modern gardens. On the basis of the development of landscape architecture in the last century, many design styles and some very influential schools appeared in the 20th century.

1. The original expression of French modern garden style was the International Exhibition of Modern Arts and Crafts held in Paris 1925. In the exhibition, people saw some gardens with modern characteristics, representing four identical mangroves, consisting of cross-section columns designed by architect Stevens and huge abstract concrete blocks, and GardenofWaterandLight designed by Rician in ancient Egypt and water. The exhibition opened a new stage of modern landscape design.

French modern landscape design broke the shackles of traditional rules or natural styles, and adopted a new dynamic balance composition at that time, which has strong geometry, but it is not static balance under abstract rules.

2. The modern baroque style is characterized by the extensive use of curves in landscape design works. The representative figure of this style is Brazilian landscape architect Roberto Burleigh Marx. His works expanded the form of ancient flower beds. His crooked flower bed, like a brush full of water, draws bright strokes on the earth. Flower beds limit the growth range of large plants, but they are never trimmed, which is essentially different from the pattern flower beds in Baroque gardens. He creates beautiful patterns by comparing the colors and textures of plant leaves, rather than relying mainly on flowers; This comparison is also applicable to other materials, such as gravel, pebbles, water, pavement and so on. His design language has been widely spread all over the world.

3. The landscape design of Balagan combines modernism with Mexican tradition and opens up a new way of modernism. He often designs buildings, gardens and furniture together to form a unified and harmonious whole with a distinctive personal style. The bright and colorful walls of the garden are in sharp contrast with water, plants and the sky, creating a quiet and poetic shelter for the soul. Some elements in his works, such as colored walls, elevated water tanks and waterfalls at the estuary, have become symbols of Mexican style.

4. The typical characteristics of California school are: simple form, direct connection between indoor and outdoor, hard surface close to the house, garden furniture, irregular grass, mahogany platform, wooden stool, swimming pool, barbecue grill and other entertainment facilities. Fences, walls and obstacles create privacy, and existing trees and new trees provide shade for outdoor space. Some also learn from some characteristics of Japanese gardens, such as low bryophytes, ferns, evergreen trees, natural stones and so on. It is an indispensable part of art, function and society, and each part has been carefully considered and integrated into the climate, landscape and lifestyle. It is a localized, modern and humanized design, which meets the needs of comfortable outdoor life and is easy to maintain.

California School changed the history of American gardens, from reviving and copying European styles to exploring the diversity of American society, culture and geography.

British gardening art

European gardening art has three most important periods:1mid-6th century to the next100th year, which is the dominant trend in Italy; The period of 100, which started from the middle of17th century, was a trend led by France. From the middle of18th century, Britain led the trend. British gardening art can be said to be an exception in western art.

The early British garden art was also influenced by the French classical garden art, but because rationalism philosophy and classical culture are relatively shallow in Britain, the British advocate empiricism represented by Bacon. Therefore, they doubt the decisive role of transcendental geometric proportion in gardening.

/kloc-in the 0/8th century, British gardening art began to pursue nature and deliberately imitated Claude and Rosa's landscape paintings. By the middle of18th century, a new gardening art had matured, which was called natural wind garden. All the gardens in England have changed, geometric patterns have disappeared, and there are no straight boulevards, green sculptures, patterned flowerpots, platforms and neatly built pools. The garden is like a natural pasture, dominated by grassland, with natural ancient trees, winding rivers and ponds. /kloc-Romanticism gradually rose in the second half of the 0/8th century. Under the influence of China, in American gardening art, British gardeners are not satisfied with the plain gardens caused by natural wind, but pursue more twists and turns, deeper levels and richer poetic images. They treated the original pasture scenery a little more, and the garden caused by natural wind developed into a patterned garden with romantic temperament. Some gardens have even preserved or made ruins, abandoned graves, remnants and broken rocks.

In English, traditional gardens are called gardens or parks. From 14 and 15 century to the middle of 19 century, the content and scope of western gardens have been greatly expanded, and the garden design has expanded from the main private courtyard design in history to both parks and private gardens. The function of gardens is no longer just an extension of family life, but to improve the urban environment and provide places for citizens to rest, communicate and visit. In the west, the concept of garden or park has gradually developed into a broader concept of landscape. The word LandscapeArchitecture appeared in the second half of19th century, and now it has become an internationally recognized name of this industry.