The main characteristics of the historical development of primary school teaching theory

The development history of curriculum and teaching theory

First, the history of the development of teaching theory

Through consulting materials and my understanding, I divide the development of teaching theory into "teaching"

The embryonic period of theory, the formative period of teaching theory, the development period of teaching theory and teaching theory.

Four periods of prosperity, I will elaborate on the development of teaching theory in each period.

Situation.

(A) the embryonic stage of teaching theory

No matter in China or in the west, educational activities have been formed since their birth.

Various teaching concepts have been introduced.

Confucius advocated "success" in cultivating "gentlemen" and "self-cultivation and calmness"

Taking "people" as the purpose, it is clearly stated that the teaching task is to cultivate "gentlemen"

The ideal personality and various talents of "zi" and "adult";

? Confucius put forward the "Six Classics" (i.e. Poetry, Books and Rites? /question/7dc231f77e8026275.html Confucius' educational thought

Music, Yi, Spring and Autumn) and Six Arts.

? In terms of teaching principles and methods, Confucius put forward enlightenment teaching.

Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, combining learning with thinking, reviewing old things and learning new things, and so on. ? These thoughts of Confucius had a far-reaching influence on the development of curriculum and teaching thoughts in China, and some thoughts (such as inspiring teaching and teaching students in accordance with their aptitude) are still in use today.

The Book of Learning comes from The Book of Rites, which is the earliest education in China and even in the world.

Although the study works are short in length, they involve a series of courses and teaching? Xue Ji

Learning problems (more than 2000 years ago). ? For the purpose of teaching, Yukime clearly put forward "founding the country"

People, teaching first "; On the relationship between teaching and learning, it is proposed that "teaching and learning learn from each other";

In teaching methods, it emphasizes prevention, timeliness, sequence and observation.

Socrates put forward "knowledge midwifery", which became a western heuristic teaching.

The origin of. He believes that in teaching, teachers help delivery like midwives.

Women, like babies, focus on guiding and helping students in a roundabout way.

Draw the conclusion of the problem instead of telling the students the conclusion directly.

? Socrates and quintilian.

? On the basis of practice, quintilian wrote the first pedagogy major in the West.

He wrote The Principle of Eloquence, which systematically summarized the teaching of cultivating public speakers.

Principles and methods. Put forward the methods of practice, drill and observation.

Teaching.

(B) the formation period of teaching theory

German educator ratke was the first advocate in the history of education.

Teaching theory, he submitted to the governor of Frankfurt in 16 12.

Play the book "Teaching Theory or Teaching Technology" of school reform and put forward research.

How to teach-the point is how to make all? Ratke (German, 16 12)

People can acquire knowledge and education most easily and effectively.

problem

The famous Czech educator J.A. Comenius (1592- 1670) theorized,

Founder of systematic teaching theory.

Comenius put forward new principles of teaching methods in "On Grand Teaching":

(1) Interest and spontaneity principle: For children, the desire for knowledge is innate and should be created.

Teaching has become an easy task. All possible methods should be taken to stimulate children's knowledge and learning.

Strong desire to learn. Furthermore, it is advocated that learning should conform to the characteristics of age and the development stage of cognition (appropriate

The principle of adaptability); The imparting of knowledge is a basic project, which should be gradually formed in a certain order.

Sequence principle).

(2) Activity principle: "All kinds of activities should be learned by practical actions.

Craftsmen learn from the beginning by doing practical work, not by preaching at length.

Learned. In this way, they learn smelting from smelters, carving from sculpture, and painting from painting.

Learn to speak from speaking, learn to sing from singing, and learn to reason from reasoning. "So, the school is prepared.

A workshop with excellent work. In fact, the activity principle expounds the idea of "learning by doing".

(3) Intuitive principle: "Everything should be put in front of the senses as much as possible.

Everything that can be seen should be put in front of the inspector. The smell should be tasted in front of the sniffer.

What comes out and can be touched should be placed in front of the taste organ and the tactile organ respectively. If there's one thing that can

Enough to impress several senses at the same time, you should be in contact with several senses. "

Comenius specializes in teaching science, art, Chinese, moral education and faith cultivation.

Learning methods. Distinguish different subjects and study appropriate teaching methods according to the characteristics of each subject.

This is another contribution of Comenius in the research of teaching theory.

In education, he advocates that the purpose of education is to cultivate natural persons; Opposing feudal education is harmful.

Depending on children, it is required to improve children's status in education;

? Rousseau's naturalistic education view respects children's natural nature and dominant position, and respects

Attach importance to children's needs, abilities and interests, follow children's inherent natural development, and make teaching theory

This study took a big step towards the development of psychology and became the later "child-centered theory".

And the origin of "discovery method".

?

The most prominent point in Pestalozzi's educational thought is to emphasize emotion.

Perception education, love education. He stressed that educators must first have

A heart full of love wins the love and trust of students with love.

There are two principles of education and teaching advocated by him: (1) initiative.

Science and education should enable children to live a child's life and rely on nature? Pestalozzi (1746- 1827, Rui

Spontaneous activity, free activity and free development. (2) intuitive and great democratic educator)

Principle-the principle of self-development based on self-activity is in knowledge mastery.

The specific application in the process is nothing more than relying on self-activity and developing self-wisdom.

Principle of force. That is, we must form a concept from intuition and master it.

Knowledge. His intuitive principle emphasizes the acquisition through the active thinking of the subject.

Understanding, so as to develop the subject's intelligence.

John dewey (1859- 1952), whose representative works mainly include: My creed of education;

School and society; Children and curriculum; How do we think? Tomorrow school;

Democracy and education; The change of philosophy; Human nature and behavior; Experience and nature;

The exploration of certainty; Experience and education.

Dewey believes that the traditional school curriculum is subject-centered, without considering children's interests and needs.

Yes, the subject is too detailed and divorced from real life. He advocates that education is not to prepare for future life,

That "education is life", "education is growth" and "education is the continuous transformation of experience"; think

"School is society" and "education is a social process". He opposes that education is subject-centered,

It is advocated that education should be centered on children and curriculum development should be centered on children's activities and life.

This kind of course is also called "activity course" or "life course".

Dewey's four philosophical propositions: 1, education is the constant transformation of experience; 2. Education is a kind of

Social process; 3. Education is life; 4. Education is growth.

In addition, Dewey believes that it is extremely wrong to cut off teaching materials and methods.

Yes Textbooks are textbooks of methodology, and methods are the methods of some textbooks. The unity of curriculum and teaching,

It is essentially determined by the nature of experience. Experience is the unity of subject and object, subject and object.

The process and result of interaction between objects. Cutting course and teaching are the main body of cutting experience.

With the object, it will lead to the binary opposition between subject and object. In this way, the course becomes a teacher's loan.

What is imposed on children by external teaching means, teaching is the control of children. Therefore, cut

The relationship between attacking courses and teaching runs counter to the growth of experience.

Herbart (1776, 184 1) is a famous philosopher, psychologist and philosopher in modern Germany.

Educator, the pioneer of modern science education theory.

1806 The publication of Herbart's General Pedagogy marked the birth of "Science Pedagogy".

Born. The book "General Pedagogy" was originally named "General Pedagogy", which originated from the educational purpose.

This book attempts to explain some important educational problems from a psychological point of view, especially

Theoretical problems in teaching. Herbart pointed out that psychology is the first thing educators should master.

Discipline.

? The basic framework of Herbart's pedagogy thought is as follows: firstly, moral education is recognized as education.

The highest purpose. Secondly, it emphasizes that virtue is mainly formed through knowledge transmission. Third,

Based on conceptual psychology, the process of knowledge teaching is systematically studied. He proposed teaching.

Stage theory: "clarity, association, system and method", and teaching stage theory.

The foundation constitutes the basic procedure of teaching: the understanding of new textbooks, the connection between old and new knowledge and knowledge.

Systematization and application of knowledge;

? Later, supplemented by his student Ziller, it developed into a famous "five-stage teaching"

Method ",that is, preparation, prompt, comparison, generalization and application. This teaching method once ruled

Classroom teaching in Europe and America lasted for half a century, and its influence involved China and Japan.

(C) the development period of teaching theory

Pedagogy, edited by Kailov, discusses the teaching process and education.

And the teaching content, the basic organizational form and teaching methods of teaching work

Examination and evaluation of students' knowledge. His understanding of dialectical materialism

On this basis, this paper discusses the essence of the teaching process and puts forward five inspirations.

The principles of teaching work, namely intuition, consciousness and enthusiasm, consolidation,

Systematization and consistency, universality and acceptability. And five teaching methods:

Organize teaching, review old knowledge, impart new knowledge, consolidate new knowledge and sort it out.

Homework.

Soviet educator babanski (1927, 1987) is "the optimization of teaching process".

Ethics and epistemology are the representatives of educational thought. The connotation of "teaching process optimization" means that from

The basic teaching theory is based on the existing school conditions and the actual possibility of teachers and students, and based on certain standards.

Accurately measure the best teaching effect. In addition, babanski also analyzed

In order to optimize teaching, some methods are put forward which can not only improve teaching efficiency, but also prevent it.

Methods that consume teachers' time and energy excessively.

? Zankov's theory of "teaching and development" is based on his mentor, the former Soviet Union.

The theory of the zone of proximal development of the famous psychologist Vygotsky put forward five teaching principles.

Then: difficult teaching principle, high-speed teaching principle,

The principle that theoretical knowledge plays a guiding role, the principle that students understand the learning process,

The principle of all-round development for all students.

(D) the prosperity of teaching theory

? Teaching Theory Based on Psychology (North America)

Teaching goal: expected behavior results (Skinner's behavior experiment analysis; cloth

Lum's classification of educational objectives)

Teaching process: interdependent organization and behavior strengthening.

Teaching principles: procedural teaching, small steps and quick running, showing obvious reaction, and timely teaching theory of behavioral psychology.

Feedback, self-determined learning progress

Main teaching methods: program teaching, computer-aided teaching and self-study.

Unit, individual learning method, audio-visual teaching

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