Protection of traditional architecture

-/kloc-updated at 65438+ on October 22nd.

I just want to say that Nazi Germany during World War II also destroyed some relics. Previous wars also destroyed some relics, but they were all restored. Only Yuanmingyuan was regarded as a monument.

China has had enough shame columns.

This is a very good topic!

This sentence is particularly tense:

"The general principle can be found in Article 22 of the Law on the Protection of Cultural Relics. If all the immovable cultural relics have been shattered, they shall cover the site and shall not be rebuilt in the original site. However, if it is necessary to rebuild on the original site due to special circumstances, it shall be implemented by the cultural relics administrative departments of the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government.

Part shall be submitted to the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government for approval; If it is really necessary to rebuild the world's key cultural relics protection units in the original site, the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall report to the State Council for approval. "

Reconstruction must be carried out in accordance with the Basic Law, right?

Then you and I will talk about Europe:

But before we talk about it again, there is one thing, once again exaggerated: this topic is very huge! Every European country's environment is different. Even in reconstruction, people's attitudes towards rebuilding loneliness are quite different!

Don't generalize, don't generalize! Don't generalize! Say the nervous things three times!

During World War II, about 460,000 structures were damaged in France alone, and 15% of the structures on the cover list were damaged, and half of them were damaged. Many tense ancient cities were crushed nervously, including London, Berlin, Dresden, hildesheim, Warsaw, Saint Malo and Florence. .......

Warsaw:

People decided to rebuild Warsaw. There are good reasons for reconstruction, because it is of great significance to deal with the national identity of the Polish people. Reconstruction is also possible because there are actual maps, photos, dialogues (such as Bernardo Belloteau) and other pre-war documents. ...... "By rebuilding ancient buildings, you and I can at least cover the real remains of the original buildings." ......

Leuven, Saint Marlowe:

Completely duplicate the damaged building.

St Paul's Cathedral in London:

Grasp the contemporary architectural situation and rebuild.

Coventry Cathedral in England:

The ruins have been well protected and a new church has been created by using contemporary schemes.

Rotterdam, Netherlands:

Re-planning the city with contemporary schemes

Orleans, France:

Broaden the old streets and rebuild some old facades.

Hildesheim:

On the basis of respecting status, people rebuild the tense Roman church by simplifying the situation; According to the contemporary situation, the broken part of the ancient city was rebuilt to keep the pattern of the old street stable.

Nuremberg:

Churches and camps have been restored as monuments, while the downtown area has been rebuilt according to contemporary architectural conditions.

Berlin, East Germany:

Some politically significant areas were demolished, such as the Royal Castle in Berlin.

Dresden:

Notre Dame Cathedral and other historic sites were "sealed" for future reconstruction.

Italy:

To some extent, the topic of post-war heritage protection happened to be a link between the preceding and the following, which triggered a discussion on the principles of dealing with heritage restoration and revival, and grew into contemporary Italian restoration theory. For Italians, the destruction of World War II was amazing. Many people's first reaction is to repair or rebuild damaged historic buildings and towns, although this seems to violate the established coverage standards.

The ideas of the two men influenced Italy's post-war cover policy;

Giovanni Cabona exaggerates the observation and treatment of objects at the expense of inheritance.

Algin distinguishes between conservative restoration and artistic restoration. The latter has implemented a series of steps according to the evaluation of works of art by historical critics. If the works themselves are disturbed, surrounded by repainting, broken due to poor restoration, and their paint surface is oxidized, polluted or missing, it is necessary to rebuild the aesthetic quality of the works. "

In the post-war period, the principles of construction and restoration were put forward and discussed again. The difference is that this discussion is based on the new foundation of the recent great destruction, so neither historical philology nor scientific recovery and revival can convince the public.

In this discussion, Robert Pane exaggerated aesthetic restoration: elements with historical or artistic characteristics should exist in all periods.

The above content comes from History of Architectural Cover, Youga Youkileto, Zhonghua Book Company, 20 1 1.

In the above example, there are various layouts, from complete reconstruction to covering with various principles and techniques, to replacing with contemporary buildings, to completely covering the remains. This has a lot to do with the post-war economic level and ideology, but I think there are several points about Yuanmingyuan.

1, detailed raw data

I don't know anything about this, but I don't think Yuanmingyuan is as complete as the planning materials in modern western countries.

This is a map of a small town in America drawn by an insurance company when I was doing research in my sophomore year. 1877. This is a map of a small town in America drawn by an insurance company when I was doing research in my sophomore year. 1877.

FromSanbornmaps

2. Reconstruction of fire emergency

Most examples were destroyed in the middle of the whole town, and a large number of mass buildings were shattered. If it is not rebuilt, there will be no laws and regulations to let them return to normal life, but the Yuanmingyuan is no longer built, and Beijingers have a good life.

3, the water temperature and the cause of the crush

Nervously, the appearance of Yuanmingyuan today was not caused by a war. After being abandoned by the British and French allied forces, it experienced many battles and civil wars, and the people's infringement on it during that period should not be underestimated. The rolling environment is huge.

4. Tension

Yuanmingyuan is not an isolated case of the royal hometown forest in Qing Dynasty. In addition to Yuanmingyuan, there are a large number of royal cultural relics, and countless cultural relics in the Forbidden City need to be covered and repaired.

5. The seriousness of reconstruction

Yuanmingyuan is the forest of the emperor's hometown, and the cost is not very high. If we let people rebuild now, can we really spend so much money?

The so-called 1: 1 historical replica of Hengdian Yuanming New Garden and Yuanming Bridge! Whether it is craft or modeling, I believe everyone can see at a glance which is made by the emperor's hometown forest and which is made by the village! "

-update number 65438+1October 2 1.

The coverage and restoration of architectural heritage is usually huge and controversial. In practice, many theories and viewpoints may appear at the same time. At the same time, politics, budget, trade and countless other elements of the city have an impact on this practice.

There is no absolute cost view that can be applied to the topic once and for all to deal with all disputes.

As far as China is concerned, the development of real estate is an example. I just saw it this morning:

"On the east side of Premier Zhou's childhood reading room, an immovable cultural relic, Yishun Lane 16, Qinghe District, Jiangsu Province, was demolished. The House Expropriation Office of the Housing and Construction Bureau of Qinghe District, Huai 'an City wants to forcibly expropriate this century-old house in the name of configuring "the characteristic block around the Prime Minister's childhood reading room". Others use the techniques of smashing houses at night, cutting off water, breaking roads, and even breaking houses directly by many people to bully landlords and make them bow to their knees. Now the landlord is still struggling to support ... "

Personally, the realm of ambition is to "die" and build the old as the old, and "live" to build the old as the new.

After all, architecture is a condensed history, and history can be divided into closed history and copied history. Never force people to stop writing and seal up the copied history. It's as strange as burying the living in a coffin.

It's just that it's actually being implemented ... in many places, it will become tearing off the front and rewriting it at random.

Me:

I don't think it's appropriate to simply decide whether to use it or not. It is more in line with the cost of building a legacy. For example, the Independence Memorial Hall in Philadelphia was tense because of the historical turmoil here, and there was no extraordinary artistic cost (my teaching language), so the historical decoration drafted in accordance with the Declaration of Independence was revived. Among them, the original preserved building components only account for 70% of today's independent memorial hall. But in a place like Yuanmingyuan, the burning of Yuanmingyuan, as a historical accident that originated from Yuanmingyuan, is included in its core cost. Therefore, the historical traces related to this historical accident are more tense than the practical cost and aesthetic cost of the garden itself as a park, so the original site was chosen and preserved.

Is the history of burning Yuanmingyuan a chaotic and tense invasion, or is the layout of countless ancient buildings, religious culture, home furnishings, art plans and the skills of contemporary ancestors represented by Yuanmingyuan tense?

According to you, any destroyed cultural relic has a history of destruction, and there is no need to repair it.

Me:

My opinion is that if you read my reply carefully, you will find that I have been exaggerating. Heritage coverage is a very relative and controversial category. Even if the same restoration is vivid, there will be multiple covers that take care of nurses, opinions and technology at the same time. So I think the words "as long as" and "all" you said have no meaning in this context.

For the case of Yuanmingyuan, it is meaningless if the cost is clear and it is not discussed in the context of China nationalism and modern history. It is against this background that it seems that Yuanmingyuan has a meaning similar to a column of shame, which is complete and cannot be expressed by restoring the glamorous Yuanmingyuan. The most nervous thing is that building restoration is usually an ideology and a manifestation of so-called idealism. It is precisely because of this interpretation of nationalism and its core meaning that Yuanmingyuan is regarded as an example of patriotism teaching by generations of Koreans, rather than exaggerating its artistic cost (although this cost cannot be denied)

-UpdateNo. 1.9.

What kind of structure do you need to cover? What kind of cover is necessary?

The answers to these two questions are not firm. Since the birth of contemporary cover thought, it has been changing with the changes of society.

The first topic, from the cover of Gothic nostalgic architecture in the initial period, to the architecture before Gothic period, and then to civil architecture.

Take the United States as an example, from the ruins of the civil war at the beginning, to the construction during the colonial period, to the ruins that gradually included the entry of aborigines, to the ruins that included the entry of blacks and civil rights activities, and to the ruins that included the entry of various immigrants.

In Italy, for example, the Italian Productive Party in Bologna extended its heritage to workers' houses.

In this way, this category is constantly changing, but overall it is constantly expanding.

As far as the example of American cover I have studied is concerned, the structure that needs to be covered can be due to the construction or artistic cost of 1 itself, 2 is related to nervous people, 3 is related to nervous accidents, and 4 represents nervousness.

Therefore, the reasons for being covered are different, and the tactics and limitations of coverage are also different. As a cultural heritage, its core cost is also different.

Therefore, the differences of these different coping strategies, such as preservation, preservation, renovation and restoration, are not entirely due to the gap between the source and the concept of nurses building shelters, but also related to the structure itself. Therefore, I constantly exaggerate that the restoration of architectural heritage is a huge comprehensive science and cannot be generalized.

You can add examples and pictures when you have time.

-

The problem in China today is that a lot of mending comes from temper. In fact, the restoration of architectural heritage is a huge comprehensive science, which includes various disciplines from material science to historical philosophy. There are countless discussions and controversies in every subject and city. Here is a little supplement.

1, since19th century, the restoration of the Parthenon has an indescribable relationship with nationalism, the restoration of the Parthenon has a direct relationship with the independence of Greece, and the restoration of the Forbidden City has the same idea.

3. Discussion on authenticity in architecture and restoration. I thought that's what you really wanted to ask. As for formality, judging from the early construction and restoration, there are two divisions, namely Violet in France and Ruskin in England. The brains of these two guys will be the French-English school built by cultural relics in the future. The French school values vigorous restoration, which is close to the restoration of the Forbidden City. Restore the building to its most brilliant appearance. This will certainly infringe on the "document cost" of construction, but this restoration also requires very detailed research, implementation and recording of history, which is different from what China often does. . . . On the other hand, the English school believes that architecture should remain as it is now, and what you and I have to do is to cover up its "historical traces", extend the life of the building with the necessary supporting layout, and cover up the silence of tourists' lives. The two factions are still quarrelling. . . .

4. On the authenticity of the restored building: Venice Declaration and Nara Declaration. The Venice Declaration is a guide to how to cover the authenticity of the structure in the practice of covering. It stipulates that all restoration activities must be strictly recorded. All newly added shielding layouts must be clear at a glance and strictly distinguished from other layouts. It is absolutely impossible to repaint the appearance, probably to polish the epidermis of the building surface.

However, after entering the contemporary era, the western world is increasingly at war with the cost concept around the world (probably in the post-colonial period of mediation in Europe), and people begin to discuss authenticity. At this time, the Nara Declaration once again showed the authenticity. The most famous example is the Ise Shrine in Japan. Since the 7th century, the whole shrine has been demolished and rebuilt every twenty years. From the material point of view, this building is new and does not conform to the definition of authenticity, but from the cultural content conveyed and the inheritance of tradition, Ise Shrine is undoubtedly true and credible. This practice of increasingly considering the authenticity and energy level of the group is considered to be more suitable for wooden buildings in Asia. Because materials made of wood are more easily damaged, the damaged parts will be replaced separately in the environment of survival groups. However, I don't think the energy of the Nara Declaration is more and more suitable for China. People and managers lack awe and professional energy when dealing with heritage construction! I think they should be bound by more and more strict requirements. The energy of the Nara Declaration is based on strict inheritance. If it is placed in the present environment of China people, it will only become an excuse for some experts and leaders to make arbitrary changes according to their own preferences!

Finally, the differences of architectural heritage protection policies in different countries will also have a great impact on local protection practices. And in the same cover project, different cover minds will appear at the same time. Therefore, the restoration of architectural heritage is a huge comprehensive science, many of which are still in dispute and have no answers.

If anyone is interested, I will add some pictures and examples.

-Added 1/5.

Of course not! ! ! !

The Venice Charter and all other strict conditions covering all the contents of nursing theory are that there should be enough research and knowledge accumulation on the history of structures (which is of course required in theory), even if violets are vigorously restored, the restorer's plan must be based and the decision-making process must be rigorous and serious (which is required in theory). However, it is obvious that many repairs in the sea are not enough. Please look at the chestnut below:

This is the restoration of the Acropolis. You can see that the new marble supplement on the left is obviously different from the original column base on the right, but you can think that they are the same thing. Is this to restore the integrity of the building components, or to ensure the silence of the above layout (if so, I don't know here).

But China:

Although this chestnut is not suitable, because it is a new antique building, not a repair, and has nothing to do with the tiles below. However, it can be seen that the rigor of dealing with ancient buildings in the sea depends on the building materials and quality. . .

-65438+1updated on October 6th.

It seems that people are still interested. Let's just say a few examples.

There is a dead end and an interesting period about authenticity, that is, does absolute truth really exist? If so, what is the authenticity of time? Even before the contemporary era, most churches in Europe were built in the late Roman style-Gothic-Classical-Baroque. A church usually consists of multiple periods of layout. The Conditions and violette's bold and powerful restoration are criticized, because he personally prefers to deal with Gothic boldness (although it is also mixed with nationalist factors), and he likes to "purify" the restored buildings and tear down those attachments that are not Gothic boldness. Therefore, the so-called "truth" is a vague and sensitive thing even before the practice resumes. Because of this, later generations have to revise, change and argue the definition of "authenticity" again and again.

Here are some examples of buildings that are usually sloppy but have actually been repaired:

1 safoy villa

Before repair

After repair

Safoy Villa was abandoned after the outbreak of World War II, and by the time everyone realized its cost again, it had become like a map 1.

Before maintenance:

After maintenance:

During the Ottoman Empire, due to its solid walls, the Parthenon became an ammunition depot and a refuge for women and children (similar to its original use, the Parthenon originally had a treasury filled with tributes). 1On the night of September 28, 687, the Venetian fleet discovered that there was an ammunition depot in the Parthenon and shelled the temple. The side of the temple was hit and exploded, and the middle part collapsed. Later, the Turks strengthened the Acropolis, demolished the Goddess of Victory Temple, and created a small mosque in the middle of the temple.

Figure 2 is drawn in 1787. It can be seen that the mosque in the middle of the temple still exists, and a small village has grown on the Acropolis. Of course, during the restoration of the19th century, these buildings behind were demolished. Of course, some people may agree that the structure of these quiet foreign people also has historical costs, but no one cared about them at that time.

At the same time, a great change in the restoration of the Acropolis in the19th century was the restoration of the goddess of victory temple with the invented materials. Yes, it is the Nike temple that has been missing for more than 200 years. However, at least the restoration time is mostly the building components of the original goddess of victory temple invented in the archaeological process.

Notre Dame Cathedral

Before recovery (around 1840):

After maintenance:

The restoration of Notre Dame de Paris was mainly due to the massive crushing of French churches by revolutionaries during the French Revolution. Revolutionaries believe that these churches of God are symbols of old power, which has caused great damage to many French churches. If you go to France now, you will see that the statues of churches were beheaded and smashed, many of which were caused by this period. Notre Dame de Paris was also shattered. As can be seen from the figure 1, the statue of your Excellency at the gate and the row of "king statues" on the door are all gone. These statues were either destroyed or sold abroad. Later, Hugo's Notre Dame de Paris promoted people's interest in dealing with this church. During this temporary period, people's views gradually changed, and they began to admit that these churches and royal relics are the cultural and historical heritage of the country. Notre Dame de Paris was restored.

And the serious target of this restoration project is violet himself.

Of course, in addition to the rigorous imagination and speculation based on the existing materials (of course, he thinks so himself), the most important significance of this restoration is to install two things that future generations think are the characteristics of Notre Dame:

The Gothic spire and Gargoyle intersect in the atrium of the church.

Yes, these two things don't exist in the original Notre Dame!

Of course, this is not the most grandiose thing violette has ever done. ...

If anyone is interested, update it again.

References:

History of Building Coverage, Yu Jiayou Critto, Zhonghua Book Company, 20 1 1.